Jaisati g

Pim
Design e , r e p o r t g e n e r a t i o f i
generatho
and
Architecture report

e
e x
x a
a nmmpplle
e,,

Things:
of for
or

generatestheo.
e outpu
Internet

s o f t w a r e ,
s o f t w a r e ,
a
annd
a
40 input
t h e input
s
seer
r v i
icce
e

ses
the
An operating syste
controls
processes operating
s
m e a n s

which An
data.
Servce
the
c o m p o n e n t ,

the
o t the process
process.

e r s of
acquiring
service
s o f t w a r e or
data
ures fotor
parameter

Process
m e a n s
a
analysing
the
and
other
models
arch
and architectures
models arnd the
after
process
reference
reference

for
example
for the frameworks,

eir loc
memory
conceptual devices.
devices,
for connecting
process,
connecting
models,
framework
fo
f r a m e w o r k

Suggested following:
the c o m m unication
nication
suggest
ioT/M2M

designing
a tor
data
gathering.
and data nsformation
transf

Need of
c o n s o l i d a t i o n

provisions
and data
enrichment,
networking
area data
a with
Need of
designing
the d e v i c e ' s
network
the
for connecting
framework. components
gateway applicatio
.
Need of designing frameworks for services,
web/Internet. applications-support
and
Need of application
data-adaptation layers, which
and processes.
cum data-link and
describes physical
the also describes
communication
This chapter This chapter
network layer.
communicate with the
area networks
and applications. Subsequent
devices, local
frameworks for connecting device networks with the
components for connecting
will describe the gateway
chapters frameworks.
web/Internet, application and application-support describe
for connected devices. They
Following sections
describe design principles
and wireless and
standardised layers in an loT system, communication frameworks, domain.
framework in the devices and network
wired technologies for connectivity
for communication, data management
Following sections also describe the frameworks
and data ernrichment.

2.2 JoT/M2M SYSTEMS, LAYERS AND

LO 2.1
DESIGNS STANDARDISATION Summarise
recent initiatives
of international
Anumber of international organisations have taken action for
l0l
organisations for design
design standardisation. Following are the examples: standardisation of loT
internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), an international M2M architectural
DOdy initiated actions for addressing and working on layers and domains
tne recommendations for the engineering specifications for the Internet
IET of Things.
Suggests the specifications for the layers, and the
communication, networks and engineering aspects for the loT
application5
international Telecommunication Union for Telecommuncation
reterence model for loT
domain, network and
(lTU-T) suggestedaa
e transport capabilities for the IoT services
applications at the application and application-support layers. es
European Telecommunication Standards Institute
a set of
standards for the network, and devices and (ETS) initiated the development
of
gateway domains tor the
communication
 Design Principles for Connected Devices 41

between machines (M2M). ETSI proposed high-level architecture for applications and
service capabilities.
has also
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an International Industry Consortium,
suggested open standards for sensors' discovery, capabilities, quality and other aspects
with support to geographical information web support.2
Following subsections describe these standardisation efforts.
2.2.1 Modified OSI Model for the loT/M2M Systems
OSI protocols mean a family of information exchange standards developed jointly by
is a standard model. It gives the basic
the ISO and the ITU-T. The seven-layer OSI model
outline for designing a communication network. Various models for data interchanges
it for simplicity according to
consider the layers specified by the OSI model, and modify
the OSI model for the loT/M2M.
the requirement. Similarly, IETF suggests modifications in
Figure 2.1 shows a classical seven-laer OSI model (on the left) and the modifications
in that model proposed by IETF (in the middle).
Data commurnicates from device end
to application end. Each layer processes the
received data and creates a new data stack
the in-between layers, i.e.
which transfers it to the next layer. The processing takes place at
Device end also receives data from
between the bottom functional-layer to the top layer.
an application/service after processing at
the in-between layers. Figure 2.1 also shows a
similarity with the conceptual framework in Equation 1.2:
Gather+ Enrich+ Stream+ (Manage + Acquire + Organise +Analyse) =loT Applications

and Services
= loT Applications
Layer 7- Application Application and Services

Layer 6 - Presentation +Manage

Application-Support +Acquire
+Organise and
Layer 5 - Session
Analyse
Layer 4-Transport Transport Stream

Layer 3 - Network Network

+Enrich
Layer 2- Data-link Data Adaption

Layer 1 - Physical
Physical cum Data-link Layer
Gather
Figure 2.1 Seven-layer generalised oSI model (on left) and IETF six layer modified OSI model for loT
M2M (in the middle), and similarity with the conceptual framework Equation 1.2 (on right)
for loT applications and services

Höller Jan et al., Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things, pp. 163-165, Elsevier, 2014
htp://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorwebdwg.
 42 internet of Things: Architecture and Design Principles
New applications and services
to this is that the
present at the application layer 6
are
application-support layer 5 uses A
3.1.1). IoT
The CoAP
protocol at the layer is used for the
protocols,
applications and services commonly use them
request/responsei
uch as
such as Co
for network cor
network com modification
Seciom
client and server at the network.
processes for data managing
Similarly, the
by applications and services. acquirin8 organising
and

interactione
interactions nica
application-support laver
analysing which
ich are
een
may nclud
induge
nmuni
betweencationthe
are
Modifications are also at the data-link used
mostly
layers are layer 2 (L2) and physical laver 1 (a1
data-adaptation (new L2) and
physical LI).
adaptation layer includes a
devices network and the web.gateway.
The
gateway
cum data-link (new L1). The nenew
enables
communication hotTh data
A physical loT/M2M device hardware may etween the
communication protocol as well as a data-link
integrate wireless transceiver
a
and L2. protocol for linking the data stacer sing a
Example 2.1 explains the IETF
six-layer OSI model for
Internet of
Example 2.1 streetlights.
Problem
What are the architectural layers in a modified OSI model for Internet
Example 1.1? of smart
Solution streetlights application in
Consider a model for Internet of
the modified OSI
model: streetlights (Figure 1.1). Following are the
.L1:It consists of smart layers for data
interchange in
to L2. sensing and data-link circuits with each
.L2: It consists of
streetlight transferring the sensed data
group-controller
aggregates and compacts
a
the data for
receives data ofwhich
each group through Bluetooth or
as per the
L3: It
program commands from communication to the
a central
station.
Internet, and controls the group
ZigBee,
communicates a network stream
on the streetlights
e L4: The transport Internet to the next layer,
layer does device identity management,
layer 1dentity registry and data
. 15: The routing to the next
application-support layer does
functionalities of standard
protocols such aataCoAP,
nadging,
UDP andacquiring,
as
organising and
L6: The application
apptication layer enables IP. analysing, and
tayeof services remote
on-off and commands progranng
ces dnd
along isSue central station
of
controllers
to the controllers
with manit
monitoring don directions to switch
in the whole city.
each group of
2.2.2
streetlights
ITU-T Reference Model
Figure 2.2 shows the ITU-T reference model RM1.
model with the It also shows
six-layers modified OsI
model (Figure 2.1).
comparison with CISCO loT reference model
RM2 (Figure he
correspor
Orespondence
pondence of
of the
which are
1.4). RM1 figure also shows a
considers four layers
 Design Principles for Connected Devices 43
Collaborations and
Application (Services and Applications) (L4) Application
Processes
tApplication
Services and Application-Support Layer
Application Data Abstraction
Support Data Accumulation
Generic and Specific Support Capabilitics) (L3)
Data Element Analysis
and Transformation
tTransport
Network Layer (Transport and Network Capabilities) (L2)
Connectivity
Network
Data
Adaptation
Device Layer (Device and Gateway Capabilities) (L2) Physical cum Physical Devices
Data-link
Layer
Figure 2.2 mUT reference model RM1, its correspondence with six layers of modified OSI and a
comparison with seven levels suggested in CISCO IoT reference mode RM2
.Lowest layer, L1, is the device layer and has device and gateway capabilities.
.Next layer, L2, has transport and networkcapabilities.
.Next layer, L3, is the services and application-support layer. The support layer has two
tvpes of capabilitiesgeneric and specific service or application-support capabilities.
lop layer, L4, is for applications and services.
ITU-T recommends four layers,each with ditterent capabilities. A comparison of I'1TUT
RMI with the six-layer OSI model can be made as follows:
RM1 device layer capabilities are similar to data-adaptation and physical cum data-
link layers.
.RM1 networklayer capabilities are similar to transport and network layers.
RM1 upper two layer capabilities are similar to top two layers.
A Comparison with the CISCO loT reference model (RM2) can be made asfollows:
RM1 L4 capabilities are similar to RM2 collaborations and processes, and application
top two levels.
RM1 L3 capabilities are similar to RM2 three middle-level functions of data abstraction,
accumulation, analysis and transformation.
RMI L2 layer capabilities are similar to RM2 functions at connectivity level.
RM1 LI device layer capabilities are similar to RM2 functions at physical devices level.
 44 Internet of Things: Architecture and Design Principles
RFIDs.
for Internet of
ITU-T reference model
Example 2.2 explains
Example 2.2
Problem Internet of RFIDs application?
reference model for
architectural layers in ITU-T
What are the
layers and data intr
Solution
Consider a model
for Internet of RFIDs. Following
are the capabilities of
the
interchange
reference model. device cum RFID road.
the ITU-T in the RFID physical
Device and gateway
capabilities are present to a wireless protocol to a
witie
Layer 1: communicates the
enriched data according
acquires the ID data, and
point (AP). network consisting of APs and Tns
2: Transport and network capabilities are present at access
Intene
Layer
server are RFID device's reaistn,
connectivity to servers.
Services and application-support
layer capabilities at
Layer 3: for the time-series device DP
data routing to server or
data centre, data analysis preseng
management, RFIDs
and device tracked positions. and business prora
and applications of RFIDs are tracking,
inventory control of goods cesses
Layer 4: Services
management.
for example, supply-chain
2.2.3 ETSI M2M Domains and High-level Capabilities
architecture means architecture f
functional areas. High-level
A domain specifies the and architecture
2.3 shows ETSI M2M domains
functional and structural views. Figure the architectue
each domain. It also shows that
and the high-level capabilities of four layers of the
modified OSI model as well as the
correspondences with the six-layer
ITU-T reference model.
The ETSI network domain has six capabilities and functions:
1. M2M applications
2. M2M service capabilities
3. M2M management functions
4. Network management functions
functions
5. CoRE network (for example, 3G and IP networks, network control
interconnections among networks) N
wLn"
6. AccesS network (for example, LPWAN (low power wide area network}),
(Wi-Fi) and WiMax networks)
The ETSI device and gateway domain has the following functional units:
Gateway between M2M area network, and CoRE and access network, poSSE
M2M service capabilities and
applications
M2M area network(forexample, Bluetooth, ZigBee NFC, PAN, LAN)
.M2M devices
Example 2.3 explains M2M ETSI domains and high-level architecture forapplications
appua and
services ATMs-to-bank servers.
 Connected Devices 45
Design Principles for
Application (Services
Application
Application and and Applications)
Network
Domain Application Services and
(Applications, Support Application-Support
Management, Layer (Generic and
Service Specific Support
Capabilities, and Capabilities)
Core and Access
Transport Network Layer
Networks)
(Transport and
Network capabilities)
Network
Device Layer
Data
Device and Gateway (Device and Gateway
Adaptation
Domain [Gateway Capabilities)
(M2M Service
Physical cum
Capabilities,
Applications), M2M Data-link
M2M
Area Network and Layer
Devices
with
and its correspondences
architecture and its high-level capabilities,
ETSI M2M domain reference model
Figure 2.3 modified OSI and four layers of ITU-T
six layers of
Example2.3-
services
applications and
Problem
service capabilities in
ETSI high-level architecture for
What are domains and their
machines?
in Internet of ATM
Solution machines has two domains:
services in Internet of ATM
for applications and capabilities and ATM
ETSI high-level architecture cards and ATMs, while ATM
service
domain: Device refer to the card as well
Device and gateway has system for acquiring
the ATM gateway. The gateway through
applications are present at an ATM machine
and the bank server takes place
as banking data.
Data interchange between ATM systems network
surveillance systems. All the
has cash dispensing and
the gateway. The domain communicates the data after enriching and transcoding
network. The gateway machine. A domain subsystem
through an access AP and data for the
network protocol between an
according to the
monitors cash dispensing
and other services. functional units--ATM
network domain has two
domain: Application and and service
Applications and network functions. It has banking applications
and network management which connects all the access
management functions the bank CoRE network
ATMs. It communicates with
capabilities for the
networks of ATM gateways.