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Remote pipeline monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks

Conference Paper · March 2017

DOI: 10.1109/C-CODE.2017.7918897

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 2017 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Digital Systems (C-CODE)

Remote Pipeline Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor

Networks
Khawar Rehman1, Faiza Nawaz2
Department of Electrical Engineering,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan.
1
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— Identification and localization of anomalies in vehicle to physically examine and repair them as needed.
pipeline structure is an essential requirement in many Remote monitoring is the latest trend for pipeline
industries. There are numerous reasons that can lead to monitoring. Different architectures are proposed and
pipeline damage and impairment. In chemical and petroleum deployed for reliable and long term monitoring of aging,
industry this damage is directly connected to the safety of corrosion, leakages, cracks and physical damages from third
assets as well as humans. Hence, continuous monitoring and
parties. In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hundreds of kilometers
timely response is expected. This paper provides an insight
into different leakage problems that may arise in various of underground pipelines are laid to connect the cities with
pipeline industries. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) solutions the Arabian Gulf through the desert. Maintenance and
that may be applied to these problems are deliberated and monitoring of such large infrastructure is a challenging but
evaluated. Based on this comparison recommendations and essential task. Russia is a renowned exporter of crude oil. In
solutions are specified. 2007 Russia exported almost 1.3 million barrels of crude oil
per day via underground pipelines. The oil traveled from
Keywords- Wireless Sensor Network, Pipeline monitoring, Russia all the way to Ukraine, Germany, Poland, and other
leakage detection, leakage localization method. destinations in Europe [2] . Underground pipelines are
I. INTRODUCTION considered as the safest way to transport liquids and gases
far across the globe. However statistical observations have
Pipelines are the primary mean to transport various goods proved that large pipelines experience at least one harmful
from one point to another. Liquids, gases, chemicals, oils, leakage every year. Junior, et al. [3] reported that pipeline
bio fuels and many other important assets of a county are leakage can cause economic loss, and environmental
usually shipped using pipelines. Water pipelines are one of pollution problems. Risk of human injuries is also increased.
the most vital structure for transporting water for drinking Thus, the security and monitoring of pipeline infrastructure
or irrigation over long distances. This transportation can be becomes a major challenge [4]. Some of the factors
from over hills, canals or other cities [1]. This long distance contributing to leaks are old and weak pipeline construction,
transportation must be carefully and remotely monitored poorly maintained valves and not enough corrosion
against security threats, pollution problem, environmental protection [5]. Economic losses caused by leakage
impact and leakage loss. Oil and gas pipelines are made increases annually and cause accumulating losses [6].
from steel or plastic which are usually buried under the soil Pipeline monitoring system can be wired, wireless or a
or exposed to temperature pressure loads. Some of the combination of both to transfer data from pipelines to
pipelines are operated at high pressure and temperature, control station. Since pipeline networks are in line,
which can often result in pipelines breakdown, causing connectivity always remains a critical feature. Pipeline
severe damage to humans and unwanted interruption of oil, inspection can be classified into three major categories
gas or water supplies. Hence there is a need for active and
remote monitoring system for these pipelines. However, the • Using smart moveable sensors.
system should remain scalable and cost effective. Pipeline • Using standalone monitoring system or device.
inspection and repair presents a number of challenges that • Using resident pipeline sensors.
are quite unique. Pipelines extensive deployment, high cost,
high risk and often hard to access conditions require Smart movable sensing devices are robots, pigs, or crawlers.
uninterrupted monitoring as well as an optimization of These are intelligent robotic devices that can move inside or
maintenance interventions. Active monitoring is an above a pipeline to inspect the interior/exterior conditions.
expensive process using traditional maintenance systems, Standalone inspection systems utilize phased array
especially in a hazardous environment and elevated ultrasonic technology. They are usually mounted on the
temperature and pressure load. It is also a time-intensive outer surface of pipelines where they use the
procedure that involves workers covering large areas by electromagnetic waves to detect corrosion and defects at a

978-1-5090-4448-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 32

given point. Handheld devices are also used for manual nodes. The architecture is divided into two layers, the upper
operation at certain locations. end nodes and low-end node. The data routing is performed
by the upper end nodes while the task of sensing and data
II. WIRELESS LEAKAGE DETECTION reporting is performed by the low-end nodes. Hence the
Pipeline leakage is defined as the undesirable outflow of mobile sensors only focus on performance efficiency
fluid. It causes heavy economic and material loses as well as without worrying about the complex route calculation
it greatly effects the environment if the material moving in process. Figure 1 shows the mechanism of mobile sensor
pipes is corrosive or harmful. based monitoring.
Remote monitoring and wireless leakage detection
technology is growing very fast due to its cost effective
implementation and reliable reduction of fluid loss. Leakage
can be detected by identifying the fluid escaping out of pipe
using the following wireless sensor based monitoring.

A. Mobile Sensor based monitoring:

Smart mobile sensing devices are the nodes which can
easily move inside the pipeline along with the liquid [7].
They are put inside the pipe from a source point and they
keep traveling until they reach the designated sink point.
When the sensor reaches the sink the information stored in
the memory of sensor is copied to the backend system. This
information includes the sensors readings, as well as
location information taken by the node throughout its long
trip inside the pipeline. The node observation is subjected to Figure 1. Mobile sensor based pipeline monitoring
offline analysis to locate the leakage. The sensor nodes may
locate its location based on its signal exposure to the Radio SPAMMS [9] uses a combination of RFID with MICA
Frequency Identification (RFID) tags that are placed outside based mobile sensors to provide remote and effective
the pipe on fixed places. The number of tags used is pipeline monitoring. A prototype model was designed in
inversely proportional to the distance between the tags (∆d). which a topology-aware robot agent performs sensing of
desired parameters where the actuators are able to react to
N= D ∆d (1) the detected anomalies. Enormous testing proved the cost
effectiveness and scalability of this system however more
examination is required to monitor the effect of fluid on
Active RFIDs based sensors are also used as mobile sensors mobile sensors.
within the pipelines. These battery operated sensors have Authors in [10] have recently proposed a wireless sensor
more computation powers and can also be replaced by the network of mobile sensors that can be used inside the water
solar cell battery. Localization of leak can efficiently be pipelines. The sensors collect and transmit the collected data
performed using RFIDs. Usually a group of sensor nodes from mobile sensors to fixed access points. Location
move inside the pipes and only one sensor node is active at accuracy is achieved using Integer Nonlinear Programming
a time to perform sensing and localizing while the other (MINLP). A disjoint scheme is also proposed that can
sensor nodes are sleeping. When the active node has calculate the respective number of mobile sensors and
completed its duty the other nodes become active and start access points by extensive search in linear time. Another
the sensing and localizing functionality. Each node is well study was performed to increase the security of water
aware that when it should commence its duty and hence pipeline systems [11]. Mobile sensors that can wirelessly
wakes up as required. Time driven wakeup methods are acquire and transmit data are being designed and fabricated.
often employed in which the timer of the sensor nodes keeps Various testing results revealed that complementing online
working even when it is in sleep mode. Interrupt-driven monitoring systems with inline observatory system is a good
wakeup approach is also used in mobile leakage detection way to increase security and decrease the mean time of
sensors. When this approach is used, the nodes in sleep threat detection.
mode can neither locate the position nor can they count the
time. They remain in this situation until they are awaked by B. Magnetic Induction Based monitoring
an interrupt signal generated by an active node[8]. Underground wireless sensor networks can be used for
Hierarchical networking approach is a better option to numerous applications such as remote pipeline monitoring,
reduce the total energy consumption and delay. Sensed data power grid maintenance, or mine disaster prevention.
is efficiently and reliably transmitted towards the sink. Also Magnetic induction (MI) based sensors are an ideal choice
the network remains connected at all the time. It can be an for underground pipeline monitoring as they provide slow
architecture of a wireless sensor network with mobile sensor cost reporting of leakage and problem localization. MISE-

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PIPE is a project based on magnetic induction based transmitting coil. A time-varying magnetic field is produced
pipeline monitoring. The system consists of two types of in the near field of the transmitter. Another sinusoidal
sensor placement i.e. inside the pipeline or outside the current is induced at the receiver because of this time-
pipeline. Both these types provide the following varying magnetic field resulting in successful
functionality communication. The basic principal is show in figure 3.

• The velocity and pressure of liquid is measured by

the sensors, which are inside the pipeline. Leakage
at any point results in acoustic vibration, which is
detected by these sensors.
• The sensors installed outside the pipeline are
responsible for monitoring the temperature and
humidity.

Both the inside and outside sensors cooperatively work

together for timely and effective localization of leakages. Figure 3. MI-based wireless communications.
The magnetic induction based sensors can provide robust
wireless communication in underground environments. Two In magnetic induction based communication the path loss of
clustered layers of heterogeneous sensors are used: the the transceiver is usually high this is because the strength of
central hub layer and the in-soil sensor layer as shown in magnetic field decreases much faster than the EM waves.
figure 2. Pressure and acoustic sensors are installed at the Hence in order to reduce the path loss between the
hub layer. Transient based detection method is employed by transmitter and receiver, relay points can be used. The relay
the pressure sensors to identify the pipeline leakage area. In point work as a waveguide which does not has any energy
order to increase the accuracy of detection, acoustic sensors source or processing device. It only guides the magnetic
are used to complement the pressure sensors, as they are induction wave and provides the following advantages
capable of detecting very small leaks.
• Reduces the total path loss.
• Does not require any regular maintenance
• Does not consume energy and are low cost.
• The lifetime of the system can be maximized.

Authors in [12] also used the MI waveguide technique for

communication which resulted in reduced path loss as
compared to the traditional EM wave system. MI-based
communications has also been tested under water [13]. The
research work revealed numerous advantages such as very
low signal propagation delay, constant channel response and
extended communication range. Another recent work
deployed an underwater test bed of MI based
communication system [14]. The system consists of six
Figure 2. System architecture of MISE-PIPE. coils, deployed between MI transceiver to serve as MI relay.
By the use of EM wave high signal strength is achieved and
The sensors placed inside the pipelines are equipped with MI waveguide increases the range of communication.
magnetic induction transceivers, helping them to
communicate with other sensors. The inside sensors at each
checkpoint are connected to the above ground gateway C. Magnetic flux Leakage(MFL) based monitoring
wirelessly or with wire. Gateways are installed above the Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is also a promising technique
ground that send the measurements of pressure and acoustic for detecting corrosion and leakage in pipeline [15]. In this
sensors wirelessly towards the central administration server. technique a huge magnet is used to apply a saturating
The communication between the gateways follows the magnetic field into the pipeline. The change in applied field
multihop communication fashion. The numbers of is sensed to locate the defects. When creating an MFL tool,
checkpoints are limited hence the acoustic sensors can only two or more bodies are used. One of the body must me
perform accurately close to the checkpoints. magnetized with the magnets and sensors while the further
The magnetic induction based sensors are a favorable choice bodies encompasses the electronics and batteries. Pipelines
for signal propagation in soil medium. The magnetic wall thinning is a critical issue in maintaining pipelines.
induction happens with the use of a coil of wire. A MLF based method can be used in estimating the pipeline
sinusoidal current is used to modulate the signal in the wall thinning. Authors in [16] estimated the thinning under

34
plates in nuclear power plant using MFL. In case there are ii. HALL Sensor
no defects in the wall, uniform magnetic field is distributed. Hall-effect is created by placing a thin electric conductor/
As soon as a defect appears, the sensor is capable of semiconductor in a magnetic field which results in
detecting the MFL and hence revealing the defect. This producing an electric field. The standard technique used in
technique can detect cracks, welding scars and various leaks CMOS Hall sensors is spinning current method in which the
very efficiently. The working principle of MLF is shown in offset voltage is reduced [19]. MFL Monitoring systems
figure 4. using Hall-effect sensors are increasingly becoming popular.
As they are capable of measuring the magnetic field
directly, and convert it to an output voltage. Flux density
and field are related by a constant and the output voltage of
a hall sensor is directly proportional to the flux density[15].
Authors in [20] have presented a low cost and high speed
hall sensor for motor applications. The circuit of the
proposed sensor consists of a Hall plate, Hall bias block and
spinning timing control. Hall bias is used to introduce a time
delay in the signal path by using the spinning current
method. The proposed sensor is especially designed in view
of automotive and industrial field.
Figure 4: Principle of MFL
D. Acoustic emission based monitoring
As shown in figure 4, the sensors are placed in between the Acoustic emission (AE) based monitoring is gaining
north and south poles to detect the magnetic field leakage. considerable attention as it is a nondestructive examination
The placement of sensors is in the form of a row. Various method. Most commonly AE leakage detection is performed
level of detection sensitivity can be chosen according to using dynamic pressure sensors. These sensors are inserted
testing needs. Standard low resolution is the most typical into the pipelines for efficient leak noise detection. The
form of MI based detection. High resolution or extra high escaping liquids and gases produce friction or a noticeable
resolution are the newest generation MI based systems in impact which results in acoustic emission as it passes
which high number of sensors are used. Following are the through the leak hole of a pipeline. As soon as the leak gets
most common types of sensors that can be used in MFL stable the acoustic signal also gets continuous and stationary
based detection. [21]. The escaping material from the pipeline produces an
acoustic emission signal that can be observed for remote and
i. COIL sensor timely monitoring of pipelines[21, 22]. Figure 5 depicts a
Induction coil based sensors are most frequently used in commonly used leak detection arrangement in gas pipelines
MFL tool. Steel coil sensors can be ideally used for using AE sensors. The AE sensors are placed apart on the
detecting corrosion in pipelines. This type of sensor is pipeline where the leak is suspected. The sensors are
created using a coil resonator upon which voltage is applied. mounted on the outer surface of the pipeline. A data
The change in resonant frequency due to the applied voltage acquisition unit is used to collect and process the obtained
can be monitored by a coupled coil [17]. Authors in [18] information. A computer is also used for signal processing.
have successfully used Rogowski coil sensor for detecting A leak can easily be localized by using simple algebraic
open circuit fault and short circuit faults. In this work the relationship as stated in equation (3)
sensor can capture the inductor current derivative and hence
can realize the faults. Whenever there is a change in the !!!!!
magnetic field across the coil of a sensor, voltage is !! (3)
!
induced. The coil can be designed in a variety of shapes and
sizes to improve the performances in various ways. The Where T is the time delay and d is the distance between two
output voltage of the moving coil can be calculated as in (2). sensors.

! ! ! !" !!! !! (2)

Where B is the time rate of change in flux density and A is

the aperture/area of coil. The regions with no imperfections
have a constant flux density. Hence with no defects, no
voltage will be induced. A commonly used strategy for
designing a coil is to use differential coils, as it can help in
reducing the noise. Most coil sensors have a more sensitive
response for MFL signals [15].

35
 observed. This pulse is reflected back and the time travel
difference of ultrasonic wave is used to measure the
corrosion and thickness of material. In [28] also, authors
used an ultrasonic detection method to detect the submarine
pipeline corrosion. In another research the authors used a
unique arrangement of octagonal cells using ultrasonic
sensors for pipeline monitoring [29]. In [26] an ultrasonic
sensor based fiber directional coupler was used to detect the
discharge from pipelines. The sensors based on the
directional coupler were fabricated and the acoustic
emissions of partial discharges were detected. Table 1
describes and compares the most recently proposed pipeline
monitoring systems.
!
Fig 5. Leak localization and monitoring system Table 1: Comparison of various pipeline-monitoring techniques

Authors in [21] used the principle of over-coupled fused Authors Year Type of Parameter Result
coupler (OCFC) for the detection of acoustic emission in sensor measured
power transformers. AE sensors are also used in detecting Abdulaziz 2014 Mobile Leakage Non real time leakage
the fault in the planetary gearbox. In[23] heterodyne S.A et al.[ 7] sensors Medium detection
technique is used to sample the AE signals (heterodyning is level
a radio signal processing technique which down shifts the Jong H.K, 2010 Mobile Leakage cost effective and
et al. [9] sensors scalable system
frequency of AE signals so their sample rates are
comparable. The sampled AE signals are then processed Zhi Sun, et 2011 Pressure, Leakage Real time, high
using empirical mode decomposition to extract faults. al. [2] Acoustic reliability
sensor
E. Ultrasonic Based Monitoring Ian F. A, et 2015 Acoustic Underwater Low signal
al.[ 13] sensor localization propagation delay,
Ultrasonic technique (UT) is a family of non-destructive high bandwidth.
technique that can effectively observe corrosion problems in Yang 2009 Coil sensor, Leakage Greater sensitivity
pipelines. It is also commonly used for thickness Lijian [15] Hall sensor detetction
monitoring. In most UT application a very small ultrasonic Ebrahim 2016 Rogowski Fault low cost,
Farjah, [18] coil sensor diagnosis compactness, higher
pulse wave is used, the wave is transmitted into the accuracy
pipelines to be monitored, with a central wave frequency of Shuaiyong 2012 Acoustic, Leakage Reduce location error
0.1-15 MHz. Authors in [27] used an ultrasonic flowmeter Li, et al. Pressure high reliability
for liquid monitoring. They measured the liquid flowrate by [24] sensor
Ma Yifan , 2014 Acoustic Leakage Mean error < 5% ,
installing two transducers on the wall of pipe. These et al.[ 22] sensor high efficiency
transducers can transmit and receive the ultrasonic Bin Yang, 2012 Multi-crystal Corrosion Higher feasibility and
alternatively. Figure 6 shows the mechanism of ultrasonic et al.[ 25] ultrasonic reliability
wave based detection. wave
Fengmei 2015 ultrasonic Leakage Exponentially
Li, et al. sensor enhances strain
[26] response

III. CONCLUSION
Fluid leakage is a worldwide hassling matter that needs to
be dealt with effectively; otherwise it will cause huge
economic and raw materials losses. In this paper, we
introduced four WSN technologies for detecting leaks.
Magnetic induction based WSN for underground pipeline
leakage detection and localization was discussed. This
solution provides low cost monitoring system and power
! consumption for underground wireless communications that
Figure 6. Ultrasonic wave detection seems to be effective due to its low attenuation. MI-based
sensors can be utilized both inside and outside the pipes for
Authors in [25] used ultrasonic pulse echo to detect and better leakage detection. Despite introducing the theoretical
measure the corrosion of pipelines. A probe is used to structure for MI-based monitoring, deploying this system in
launch an ultrasonic pulse through the pipeline to be real life application needs much work. Mobile sensors move

36
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