1.

1 INTRODUCTION TO E-Bikes

An Electric Bike or Scooter is a battery operated vehicle that is very economical with low
maintenance cost and zero pollution. Electric two wheelers use the electrical technology of
rechargeable battery that converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. The battery of
an EV can be charged easily using a power connection. There are many possible types of
electric motorized bicycles with several technologies available, varying in cost and complexity;
direct-drive and geared motor units are both used. An electric power-assist system may be
added to almost any pedal cycle using chain drive, belt drive, hub motors or friction drive. The
power levels of motors used are influenced by available legal categories and are often limited
to under 700 watts.
Electric bicycles use rechargeable batteries, electric motors and some form of control. This can
be a simple as an on-off switch but is more usually an electronic pulse width modulation
control. Electric bicycles developed in Switzerland in the late 1980s for the Tour de Sol solar
vehicle race came with solar charging stations but these were later fixed on roofs and connected
so as to feed into the electric mains.[13] The bicycles were then charged from the mains, as is
common today. Battery systems in use include lead-acid, NiCd, NiMH and Li-ion batteries.
Electric motorized bicycles can be power-on-demand, where the motor is activated by a
handlebar mounted throttle, and/or a pedelec (from pedal electric), also known as electric assist,
where the electric motor is regulated by pedalling. These have a sensor to detect the pedalling
speed, the pedalling force, or both. An electronic controller provides assistance as a function
of the sensor inputs, the vehicle speed and the required force. Most controllers also provide for
manual adjustment.
Range is a key consideration with electric bikes, and is affected by factors such as motor
efficiency, battery capacity, efficiency of the driving electronics, aerodynamics, hills and
weight of the bike and rider. The range of an electric bike is usually stated as somewhere
between 7 km (uphill on electric power only) to 70 km (minimum assistance) and is highly
dependent on whether or not the bike is tested on flat roads or hills.[14] Some manufacturers,
such as the Canadian BionX or American E+ (manufactured by Electric Motion Systems), have
the option of using regenerative braking, the motor acts as a generator to slow the bike down
prior to the brake pads engaging.[15] This is useful for extending the range and the life of brake
pads and wheel rims. There are also experiments using fuel cells. e.g. the PHB. Some
experiments have also been undertaken with super capacitors to supplement or replace batteries
for cars and some SUVS.
1.2 WHY E-BIKES?

Global warming is a major concern all around and to save Mother Earth, there are several
policies, promises and pledges. With the ever increasing emission of greenhouse gases, there
is an increased fear of environment pollution at every step. With modern technology and
innovation, transportation and communication have undergone a paradigm shift. Along with
this, we are also experiencing the negative effects of industrialization in the form of global
warming. Under these circumstances, when there are traffic jams, when you need to run an
errand at an odd hour of the day, when you need to go to workplace quickly, you stumble and
fumble as there are so many vehicles emitting soot and CO2 polluting the air incessantly. With
increased number of fossil-fuel dependent vehicles, they not only add to greater level of
pollution but are also leading to depletion of fuel resource. It is here that automobile companies
felt the need to innovate motorized vehicle that will get charged through electricity and will
not be depending on fossil fuels.

This led to expansion of eco-friendly initiatives and many automobile manufacturing

companies invested in research and development to bring forth electric bikes that will help
people save a few bucks by reducing consumption of already spiraling fuel price, besides
fighting global warming. Most electric bikes are emission-free bikes and this is the USP of the
company’s manufacturing them in these days of global warming. It will not add to urban
pollution. The only thing required is to keep this bike charged with a battery.

Electric bike manufacturing is considered as a grass root movement away from fossil fuels.

Definitely, electric bikes are not the only answer to our environment problem, but it definitely
will help us to treat environment better. These electric bikes will not make pollution worse and
that makes e bikes environmentally safe vehicle. It can be charged with the help of inverter and
generator too. In one charge, these electric bikes can go up to 50km and has no tail pipe
emissions. It also makes no noise while under operation. The best part of electric vehicles is
that they can be run with no registration and license.

In the manufacture and production of electric bikes, the main constraint is the battery in the
bumpy roads. Batteries get deteriorated at a fast rate due to excessive current fluctuation.
Batteries need frequent replacement and that is the greatest concern for the most Indian
companies who manufacture these electric bikes. The replacement cost of the batteries hover
around Rs. 5000, but otherwise the maintenance cost of electric bikes is almost negligible.
There is a growing market potential of electric bikes in India; however, speed might not be the
attractive feature of these e-bikes, they will cater you to run the short distances maybe home to
office or home to college; but these are safer vehicles with benefit of almost no pollution. So
instead of kicking a 100 cc motorbike, just press the start button of electric bike and vroom
your way friendly on the roads.

It is evident that electric bikes can reduce the air pollution. But there are also some
environmental problems caused due to these electric bikes. Disposal of worn out batteries can
be a cause of major concern for environmentalists. If this can be addressed, electric bikes can
definitely reduce environment pollution.

1.3 INDIAN ELECTRIC SCOOTER AND MOTORCYCLE MARKET OVERVIEW

India endeavours to be on a path of energy transition in the road transport sector. The National
Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020, launched in 2013, aimed at paving the way
for a shift from fossil fuel-based mobility to an electric powered one. The mission set an
ambitious target of 6–7 million electric vehicles in the country by 2020. The impact of
subsequent schemes and initiatives by the Government of India, mostly channelled through the
FAME schemes, has been limited in achieving the targets of NEMMP. As of June, 2019, just
about 2.7 lakh electric vehicles have been sold under the FAME scheme since its
implementation in April, 2015 including about 1.7 lakh electric two-wheelers. The government
has announced that the country would shift to an entirely electric public transport along with
30% electric private vehicles by 2030, lending a further push towards the goal of electrification
(Sasi, 2019). Recent data collated by SMEV1 indicates that 54,800 electric two-wheelers and
1200 electric four-wheelers were sold in 2017–18. In terms of the total cars and two wheeler
sales, these figures translate into a miniscule proportion. Electric two-wheelers constituted an
insignificant, 0.002%, in the entire two-wheeler sales in 2017–18. Similarly, electric cars
formed a mere 0.0003% of the total car sales in India for the same financial year (FY).
Considering the total market sales in FY 2016–17 were only 39,000 (electric two-wheelers and
four wheelers), India has certainly shown a progress towards electric vehicle adoption, but a
slow one (SMEV, 2017). The sluggish growth as compared to the visioned numbers clearly
indicates the presence of unforeseen challenges impeding the targeted electrification. There is
a need to acknowledge that a quick transition, howsoever well-desired, might be challenging
to achieve in the absence of a clear policy, limited understanding about technological
challenges, infrastructural deficiencies, and lack of consumer acceptance and awareness in the
Indian market. Quick technological transitions may also have negative externalities on the job
markets. To enable faster adoption of electric vehicles, it is imperative to develop an
understanding of these challenges. Against this background, Society for Development Studies
aims to bridge the vital gap between the expectations of the consumers and the industry actors
vis-à-vis government policies, initiatives, and actions.

The Indian electric scooter and motorcycle market has experienced continuous growth
since 2014. In 2019, about 152.0 thousand electric scooters and motorcycles were sold,
a 20.6% rise on an annual basis from 2014. It is predicted that the yearly retail sales
volume will reach 1,080.5 thousand units by end of 2025, with a CAGR of 57.9% during
2020–2025 (forecast period). Meanwhile, the retail sales value is expected to rise to over
$1.0 billion by 2025, a CAGR of 63.9% during the 2020–2025 period. Back in May 2017,
India's economic policy think tank, fuelled by the government's 'Make in India' initiative,
commenced discussions to form a new policy. The think tank proposed electrification of all
new vehicles by 2030, by mainly offering subsidies to buyers. The recommendation faced
strong resistance from car makers and auto parts manufacturers alike, since the shift would
have been too sudden and ambitious. The target was then dialled back to 30 percent. The
government is now working on a new policy, that's aimed at incentivising investments in
manufacturing electric vehicles and related items such as batteries, smart charging, etc., instead
of offering benefits only on sales. The government also reportedly wants to extend the
revolution brought about by e-rickshaws through the propagation of the use of electric vehicles
as a means of public transportation. According to the consulting firm P&S Market Research,
the sales of these ubiquitous vehicles have been predicted to double to 9,35,000 units a year by
2023.

India is the third-largest carbon emitting country in the world, accounting for around 6%
of the global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. According to a report published by
IQ Air, in 2019, 21 of the world’s 30 most polluted cities were in India. Also, according
to the WHO’s Global Air Pollution Database (2018), 14 out of the 20 most polluted cities
in the world are in India. Two-wheelers are the largest vehicle class in India, accounting
for 70% of the 200 million on the road currently and 80% of new vehicle sales every
year. They represent an important source of pollutant emissions, responsible for 20% of
the total CO2 emissions and about 30% of the particulate matter (PM) emissions in urban
areas.
To regulate the pollution by vehicles, the central, state, and local governments have taken
several initiatives in recent years, including tax exemptions, purchase rebates, and
financial incentives to the buyers of electric vehicles (EV). The rising government focus
to curb pollution levels in the country promises a positive regulatory push for electric
two-wheelers, thus helping the Indian electric scooter and motorcycle market grow.
However, the preventive measures taken by Government of India during the COVID-19
crisis, such as the nationwide lockdown and even curfew in infection hotspots, have
impacted the Indian electric scooter and motorcycle market. Moreover, electric vehicle
companies are highly dependent on Chinese imports for assembling EVs in the country.
The lockdown in China, especially in Wuhan, which is ground zero for COVID-19, has
led to severely slashed imports of batteries, motors, and other electrical and electronic
components.
However, industry experts believe that in post-COVID days, people would be paranoid
about shared commute, and the ridership would be nowhere near previous levels. They
are likely to choose a form of personal mobility, with electric two-wheelers being a
preferred option due to their convenience.
India is a massive market for two-wheelers which accounts for 70% of the 200 million total
vehicles running across the length and breadth of this huge nation. This common man’s
commute is also responsible for over 20% of the total CO2 emissions, and about 30% of the
particulate emissions in urban areas (PM2.5). Since this segment is bound to grow further, there
is an urgent need to switch to cleaner mode, mainly in the urban areas, as 7 of the 10 most
polluted cities across the world are in India. The growth engine of the electric two wheeler
(E2W) market would be fuelled by various drivers, of which strong governmental push and
affordability would play key roles. NITI Aayog is targeting 30% EV penetration in India by
2030. To make EV adoption easier for manufacturers and consumers, the Government of India
has taken some keys steps in the last few years. Various incentives and subsidies are provided
under FAME 1 and FAME 2 schemes by the government. Under the FAME-II scheme, the
subsidy outlay is increased to nearly ten times that of FAME-I allocations. India has shown
considerable progress in the E2W space with serious players entering the EV market. With the
entry of significant two-wheeler brands such as TVS, Bajaj, and Hero in this segment
compounded with the Government’s EV push, the investors are much more confident and have
shown an active interest in the EV ecosystem. In the last two years, more than $600 million of
investments have been raised by E2W companies in India. The electric two-wheeler (E2W)
market in India has grown by a CAGR of 62% from FY2016 till FY2020. The FY2020 sales
of electric two-wheelers stood at 152,000 units, which is a marginal increase of 20% over that
in the previous year. E2W space is anticipated to witness significant disruption after 2024 when
the battery prices fall below $100/ kWh. This price is seen as the point around which EVs
would reach at price parity with the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. As per JMK
Research estimates, this market is likely to grow from 1.52 lakh units in FY2020 to about 34.5
lakh units by FY2025 (CAGR of 87%). However, there are concerns that need to be addressed
for faster growth of this segment. As per JMK Research “E2W CXO Survey” where about 12
key players participated, high upfront costs of E2W and Government incentives linked to local
manufacturing are imperative roadblocks for higher adoption and growth of e2W segment in
India.

As in most Asian countries, India has a love for two-wheelers — motorcycles, mopeds and
scooters have been a primary feature on Indian roads, and before them the humble bicycle. The
sense of owning a two-wheeler has always been the initial aspiration for a lot of Indians living
in small towns and villages, and a symbol of success for many.
But this aspiration is mixed with practicality. The Indian consumer wants the most economical
option and that doesn’t just mean in terms of price; it extends to fuel economy as well. And
even when it comes to the electric mobility segment, this has been the primary focal point. For
ages, electric two-wheeler manufacturers have tried to match this among their products, but
things are changing slowly as more and more manufacturers diversify the product.
In 2020, the electric two-wheelers market segment is slowly beginning to diversify. Today, the
consumers are spoiled for choice, and electric two-wheelers are in par with conventional
vehicles both in terms of cost, style, looks, power and convenience. According to the
PwC report, in FY19, over 7.6 Lakh (0.76 Mn) electric vehicles were sold, which was primarily
dominated by two-wheelers (16.4%) and three-wheelers (83%), respectively. The government
is walking the extra mile by pushing the electric vehicle adoption in the country, where it is
planning to take the Indian electric vehicle market to 28 Mn units by 2030.
According to DataLabs by Inc42’s Electric Vehicle Market Outlook report 2020, the market
share of two-wheelers in India is approximately 20% while three-wheelers with 70% market
share lead the way. While electric rickshaws or three-wheelers have seen higher adoption by
municipal corporations, two-wheelers have become the focal point for the consumer market.

Today, most electric two-wheelers that you see on the roads do not require a license to buy or
ride them (lesser than 25kmph). The options are plenty and the vehicle price also ranges from
anywhere between INR 35K and 85K, which is surprisingly lesser than petrol two-wheelers.
Joginder Singh, the owner of an Ampere showroom in Delhi-NCR told us the outlet had sold
close to about 1000 electric vehicles since 2017. “There has been an increase in the demand
each passing day as people are seeing the value of electric vehicles,” he added.
Interestingly, the Ampere Zeal, which is the most expensive model, cost about INR 85K, and
after subsidy, it comes up to 67K, which is almost the same price as Honda Activa. As per the
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME), the
government had planned to provide financial support of INR 600 Cr for two-wheelers (with a
maximum speed greater than 25 km per hour) through incentives.
The electric mobility subsidiary of Greaves Cotton, Coimbatore-based Ampere Vehicle was
founded by Hemalatha Annamalai in 2008. The company is backed by marquee investors such
as Ratan Tata, the chairman emeritus of the Tata Group and Senapathy “Kris” Gopalakrishnan,
former Infosys VP and chairman of Axilor Ventures.

Another prominent player in the electric two-wheeler segment, Hero MotoCorp-backed Ather
Energy, a Bengaluru-based maker of electric scooters said that it has been integrating
intelligence and connected features in a high-performance electric scooter. Recently, the
company launched its flagship product 450X, which offers the quickest acceleration in the
125cc category (ICE +EVs). Ather Energy declined to reveal sales figures, but claimed that it
has the largest market share compared to the rest of the players in the market.

1.4 GOVERNMENT EV POLICIES IN INDIA

Multiple initiatives have been taken by the Government of India to promote manufacturing as
well as the adoption of EVs. This has led to increased penetration of EVs in the Indian
market. The significant requirements for accelerated adoption of EVs call for the need for
adequate infrastructure, regulations, and policies. This can be encouraged further by
proposing and enabling framework. The regulations and policies under this framework
should enable faster adoption of EVs in India by ensuring an affordable, reliable, safe and
accessible eco-system as well as infrastructure (considered herein as the main objective).

1.4.1 Current Scenario

Many states in India are racing ahead through policy groundwork, boosting the adoption of
EVs. The popular ones amongst these are National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020,
Scheme for faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles in India
(FAME India), as well as EV@30 campaign. This is because there is a dire need to shift to
clean mobility as vehicular pollution is inflicting much damage to the environment. EVs are
thus becoming popular due to varied reasons such as lower maintenance costs, cheaper fuel
cost, eco-friendliness and few more. People are willing to make the sensible switch to EVs,
provided there is a required infrastructure in place. Policies that govern and support research
development, charging infrastructure and skill development incentives need to be undertaken.

Ø Policies and regulation to be considered

Various regulations and policies can be introduced that can further fuel the adoption of EV in
the country. To start with, it is significant to have a policy to create a conducive environment
for the transition from Internal Combustion Engines to EVs. Regulations that focus on
developing research and development for EVs are important to be introduced. This would
lead to effective and fuel-efficient manufacturing of EVs in the long run.

Ø Industrial land for EVs

It is understood that there would be the increasing importance of policies and regulations that
make industrial land available for EV manufacturing zones. With the rising number of EV
companies, easy availability of land at subsidy would be an immediate push.

Ø Special incubation centre

Business models focused on EVS can be developed and encouraged by starting an incubation
centre for EVs. Initiatives for collecting a venture capital fund for research in EV sector need
to be promoted. Policies can be framed for exemption of tax payments of electric vehicles
such as e-rickshaws and e-carts.

Ø Regulations to promote EV adoption in public transport

Though the market is still nascent, but in the long run, even public transportation needs to be
included in the gamut. Further policies need to be framed to provide incentives to shift
corporate fleets, cabs, public transport systems, and auto-rickshaws into EVs. Waiving auto-
rickshaw permits, parking fees, registration charges and road tax for e-autos should be
encouraged. The adoption of electric good carriers should be encouraged.

Ø Charging infrastructure
Appropriate policies and regulations need to be framed for charging infrastructure in public
and private places, through subsidized investment. It is observed that petrol and diesel-
powered vehicles pay an ‘increased pollution cess’ on fuel which is obviously exempted for
EVs.

The provision of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives can be made, so as to increase the viability
of EVs in the long run. Regulations need to be framed wherein petrol pumps would be
allowed to set up charging stations freely.

Also, one of the major concerns for EV manufacturers in safe battery disposal. Though, the
government is in the process of formulating norms for battery recycling procedures and
incentives for companies setting up recycling facilities, the same needs to be fast-tracked.
Lastly, employment opportunities in the EV sector need to be emphasised significantly
considering it is a rising sector. This will also enhance the creation of a skilled workforce for
the industry. Thus, to conclude, appropriate implementation of policies and regulations shall
further promote the infrastructure and adoption of EVs.

1.4.2 India Central Government EV Policy

The central government of India launched the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid
and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme for a two-year period at an approved outlay of INR 795
Cr in 2015. The scheme, extended till September 2018, focussed on technology development,
demand creation, pilot projects and charging infrastructure.
Under phase II of FAME, the government is planning to extend financial support of INR 8,730
Cr for three years. The government will be largely focussing on the deployment of electric
buses on the Indian roads. This move comes from the response received by the centre during
the first phase FAME from 2015-2018 when it received around 47 proposals which demanded
deployment of 3,144 buses across 44 cities. There is no fixed timeline mandated by any
government (state or central) to complete the transition of state transport union (STU) buses to
EVs.

5595 electric buses have been sanctioned to 64 cities and the related STUs. 5095 units out of
it are for intra-city transport. Currently, there are approximately 1.95 lakh buses under several
STUs in India. The fund support includes INR 2,500 Cr for buses, INR 1,000 Cr for four-
wheelers, INR 600 Cr for two-wheelers (with maximum speed greater than 25 km) and INR
750 crore for high speed three-wheelers. With this policy, the central government is planning
to prioritise the development of public transportation, shared mobility, and smaller electric
vehicles such as two-wheelers.

The government-backed Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) has issued tenders for 20K
EVs to be deployed across the country for government use. With this the government aims an
EV sales penetration of 30% for private cars, 70% for commercial cars, 40% for buses, and
80% for two- and three-wheelers by 2030.
The government, in a recent move, has approved green license plates for electric vehicles in
order to encourage people to use them. The purpose behind is their easy identification for
proposed benefits such as concessional toll, preferential treatment for parking and free entry in
congested zones.

As India is also slowly moving towards formulating an effective EV policy, here is a rundown
of different policies that are in place in India:

1.4.2 a) Andhra Pradesh EV Policy

The policy released by the Andhra government mainly focusses on promoting innovation
through grants and venture funds to research organisations, incubators and startups working on
next-generation battery technology, fuel cell technologies, EV power trains and EV electronics
and enable investment in charging/battery-swapping infrastructure and hydrogen generation
and fueling station development.
The government plans to attract combined investments of more than INR 30K Cr in the next
five years with an employment potential for 60,000 people. It also targets to bring in
manufacturing units of high-density energy storage of at least 10GWh capacity in the next five
years to cater to both domestic as well as export market. The complete APSRTC bus fleet of
over 11K buses will be converted into electric buses (BEVs/FCEVs) by 2029, the government
has claimed with the first phase of 100% conversion of the bus fleet in top 4 cities by 2024.

1.4.2 b) Bihar EV Policy

Still in the draft phase, Bihar Electric Vehicle Policy 2019 is aimed at the creation of
manufacturing ecosystem for e-vehicles in the state, fulfilling sustainable development goals
in the transport system and making Bihar the most preferred investment destination for EV
sector.
Mission of the state policy: End manual paddling of rickshaws in the state and upgrade them
into 100% electric mobility by 2022
Create fast-charging stations at every 50 km on state highways/national highways in the state
Attract on-ground investments of INR 2,500 Cr and create direct empowerment opportunities
for 10K persons in the state

1.4.2 c) Karnataka EV Policy

Karnataka government formulated the policy in September 2017. The policy mainly aims to
create an environment that would attract investments of INR 31K Cr and also create
employment opportunities for 55K people. It aims to make Karnataka the preferred destination
for development of electric mobility and to develop human capital to meet the needs of the
industry. Being one of the early policymakers, the state provides incentives like interest-free
loans on the net SGST for EV manufacturing enterprises. Karnataka also plans to develop
charging infrastructure as a commercially viable business venture that attracts private
investment.

1.4.2 d) Kerala EV Policy

Kerala plans to build world-class training and skill centres for EV professionals with niche
skills for the global EV industry. The policy targets a 200K two-wheelers, 50K three-wheelers,
1K goods carriers, 3,000 buses and 100 ferry boats by 2020.
The policy has a strong focus on the production side in both the EV value chain and the
infrastructure value chain.
1.4.2 e) Maharashtra EV Policy

Last year, Maharashtra came up with an effective EV policy to develop Maharashtra as the
leader in EV manufacturing and use of EV and promote export of EV, components, battery and
charging equipment.
It aims to increase the number of EVs registered in Maharashtra to 5 Lakh and grab an
investment of INR 25K Cr in EV manufacturing and component manufacturing, battery
manufacturing/assembly enterprises and charging infrastructure equipment manufacturing in
the state. The policy also offers incentives for the purchase of e-buses and buyers and end-users
of private vehicles.

1.4.2 f) Madhya Pradesh EV Policy

Madhya Pradesh also joined the EV bandwagon this year with the main objective to promote
sustainable electric mobility and bring about a material improvement in Madhya Pradesh air
quality by bringing down emissions from the transport sector. To do so, this policy will seek
to drive the rapid adoption of electric vehicles in a manner where they contribute to 25% of all
new public transport vehicles registrations by 2026.
This policy will also seek to put in place measures to support the creation of jobs in driving,
selling, financing, servicing, charging and manufacturing of EVs. It further provides incentives
like free parking, free road tax/registration, swappable battery to e-rickshaws, financial aid
from the DUTF (Dedicated Urban Transport Fund) for electric buses.

1.4.2 g) Delhi/NCR EV Policy

Delhi being the state with utmost need for clean mobility thanks to its problems with pollution,
the updated policy released in late 2019 aims to bring down emissions from the transport sector.
The policy aims at pushing rapid adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with the goal of
their constituting 25% of all new vehicle registrations by 2023. The policy prioritises two-
wheelers, three-wheelers, public transport (bus) and taxi fleets. Delhi plans to add 50% e-buses
to public transport by 2023.
The state reportedly also plans to encourage long-term investment by dealers and charging
facility providers to create enabling conditions for private and public charging infrastructure.
Delhi’s policy provides a unique electricity tariff for EV charging and encourages discoms to
work with owners of residential and non-residential buildings to ensure adequate power supply
infrastructure for the installation of these charging points. Additionally, the policy also
promises that the state will have public charging infrastructure at least every 3 Km.

1.4.2 h) Tamil Nadu EV Policy

Like other states, TN also aims to attract huge investment for the EV industry in the state. The
state has set a goal of INR 500 Bn in investment in EV manufacturing and created a
comprehensive EV ecosystem in the state and thereby targetting the creation of 1.5 Lakh new
jobs. The policy aims to:
Create robust infrastructure for electric vehicles including adequate power supply and network
of charging points with favourable power tariff.
Promote innovation in EV for automotive and shared mobility by providing the ecosystem and
infrastructure to make Tamil Nadu, the EV hub of India.
Create a pool of skilled workforce for the EV industry through the technical institutions
available in the State and create new jobs in the EV industry.
Make Tamil Nadu the preferred destination for electric vehicles and component manufacturing
units including battery and charging infrastructure.

1.4.2 i) Telangana EV Policy

India’s newest state Telangana aims to attract investments worth $3 Bn and create employment
for 50K people by 2022 through EVs in shared mobility, charging infrastructure development
and EV manufacturing activities. It also clearly defines incentives on the demand and supply
side of the EV ecosystem, draws a clear roadmap for developing charging infrastructure in the
state and provides incentives related to various components of ownership cost of Electric
Vehicles
There is also an emphasis on skill development for EV design, development & manufacturing
and aims to promote manufacturing of battery cells and packs through special status/
incentives. The Telangana government targets 100% electric buses by 2030 for intra-city,
intercity and interstate transport with 25% targetted by 2022 and 50% by 2025.

1.4.2 j) Uttar Pradesh EV Policy

Drafted this year, the policy encourages the use of HEVs and plug-in EVs during the transition
phase. It targets 2 lakh (200,000) charging (fast, slow and swapping) stations by 2024 and 1
Mn EVs on the road in all categories and 70% electric vehicles in public transport by 2030.
The state offers incentives such as capital interest subsidy, infrastructure interest subsidy,
industrial quality subsidy, exemption from stamp duty and electricity duty, SGST
reimbursement etc. for EV manufacturing units – large, medium, small and micro alike. It also
has a single window system in place for all approvals for EV and battery manufacturing units.

1.4.2 k) Uttarakhand EV Policy

The policy aims to promote the adoption of EVs to create a clean Uttarakhand and establish
the state as a preferred destination for EV and EV component manufacturing. The policy talks
about 100% electrification of public transport (e-buses), shared mobility including e-bike-taxis
and goods transport using electric 2W, 3W and 4W and other mini goods-transport vehicles in
five priority cities by 2030.

1.5 EMISSION AND ENERGY IMPACT OF ELECTRIFICATION OF TWO-

WHEELERS IN INDIA

According to TERI analysis, Two-wheelers which composed of more than 80% of the vehicle
sales in India were responsible for about only 13% of the emissions from all on-road vehicles
in 2018-19. To estimate the emission and energy savings from phased adoption of electric two-
wheelers, the analysis followed a bottom-up approach. Growth scenarios in two- wheelers by
2025 and 2030 across different segments were projected based on GDP and population growth.
This was followed by estimation of EV penetration under three scenarios. In the business as
usual (BAU) scenario, a growth trend similar to what has been observed till now for this
segment is assumed. The other two future scenarios are based on technology improvement and
high ambitious policy pursued by the government with a very high degree of policy push along
with technological improvements. Further savings in energy consumption and CO2 emission
were calculated under these EV penetration scenarios. The analysis reveals that the impact on
emissions and energy savings is only significant in high ambitious scenario and is further
limited in scope of consideration. The calculations consider only tank to wheel scope i.e. the
emissions are estimated only for the use phase of the vehicles. If the scope is expanded to
include well to wheel, the impact of transition may be lesser with projected mix of sources of
generation of electricity in India. To achieve the energy independence and emission targets,
phased adoption of EVs will have to be complimented with change to greener energy mix and
thrust on expanding the reach of public transport systems.
The market penetration of electric two-wheelers in new sales under the three scenarios is
assumed to range between 2-5% in 2025 and 10-30% in 2030. Corresponding range of expected
emission and energy savings in 2030 are 2.7- 6% and 3-7% respectively. The High Ambition
scenario is assumed with several unlikely factors playing in favour like policy support
continuing at central and state level and falling battery prices in order to ensure parity between
ICE and EV in two-wheelers.

1.6 THE SCOPE FOR EVS IN INDIA

With some of India's biggest automobile makers foraying into electric vehicles segment,
electric scooters and bikes are gradually going mainstream. Indigenous start-ups like Ather
Energy, Tork Motorcycles, Emflux, Ultraviolette Automotive, Orxa Energies and Yulu are
adding to the influx, backed by the government's 'Make in India' initiative.
The government has fixed a target of taking electric vehicles (EV) production up to 30 per cent
of new cars and two-wheelers by 2030, from the current stand of less than 1 per cent. The sector
holds immense scope since middle and lower-income groups are often hit by the hike in fuel
prices, and hence are most likely to make the 'big switch' from petrol and diesel-run
automobiles to EVs.

With annual domestic sales surpassing 19 million in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 (six
times the sales of cars over the same duration), India reigns as the world's biggest market for
scooters and motorcycles. The next largest market is China, with annual motorcycle sales of
about 17 million. Even as most car makers resist bringing electric cars to India, the sales of
electric scooters are expected to exceed 2 million a year 2030. Although electric scooters
currently make up a fraction of the total, the market is growing rapidly. Reports from the
Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV) reveal that in fiscal 2017-18, sales of
electric bikes and scooters from a year ago doubled, while electric car sales dropped to 1,200
from 2,000 during the same time period.
1.7 ADVANTAGES OF AN ELECTRIC BIKE

Ø They are rechargeable

Electric bikes and motorcycles are powered by either lithium ion or nickel-metal hydride
batteries. Charging the batteries is easy as you can plug-in at any wall outlets. On an average,
they take eight hours to recharge completely.

Ø Very Little Maintenance

Electric bikes require less maintenance in comparison to the standard bikes. While standard
bikes need a regular check on lubricating and adjusting; an electric bike saves you from all the
fuss. However, you still have to be aware of the brake pads, tyres and the fluid flush.

Ø Low Fuel Cost

Electric bikes also enjoy the advantage of a low fuel cost. Around 250 watts of power is used
for 20 minutes of driving. The cost of electricity per unit is Rs 5 which makes electric bikes
quite affordable.

Ø Does not add to the Noise

Indian roads are perennially noisy. With the unnecessary honks and endless squabble of people,
the roads are always in a state of pandemonium. Electric bikes breeze through the streets with
surprising silence. Some bikes have now come up with an artificial noise device so as to warm
the commuters of the approaching vehicle.

Ø Spearheading the E-revolution

Electric scooters are definitely spearheading the E-revolution in India, since the roadblocks for
scooters are fewer. They are lighter as compared to the cars, meaning they can use less powerful
and cheaper batteries. Also, the scooters can be charged quickly and more easily, often using
the existing plug points in homes. The price of these e-scooters is also at par with the petrol-
powered models. However, the biggest challenge these electric scooters face is that while they
are utilitarian, they are not as powerful as those that run on petrol (which can go faster and
climb gradients easily). Also, the supply chain is not robust, resulting in manufacturers largely
relying upon importing components.
1.8 GROWTH OF ELECTRIC TWO WHEELERS IN INDIA

With Hero Electric and several start-ups including Twenty Two Motors, Okinawa and Ather
Energy selling electric scooters already, two-wheeler companies are carrying the baton. Hero
Electric reportedly sold 31,000 electric scooters in 2017-18, and is now expecting to double
sales every year for the next few years, breaking even on costs within one year. Recently,
Subrata Roy-led Sahara India Pariwar also announced its foray into the electric vehicle
business under a new brand name 'Sahara Evols'. While this is the first time the company is
entering the automobile sector, Sahara Evols will offer a range of electric vehicles, along with
advanced allied services. The group aims at revolutionizing the sector, in the same fashion it
transformed the country's para-banking and micro-savings scenario. Sahara Evols electric
vehicle portfolio includes everything from electric scooters and motorcycles to electric three-
wheelers and cargo vehicles. The company is also planning on introducing a network of battery
charging-cum-swapping stations.
The electric two-wheeler market in India is emerging on account of increased government
policies supporting battery-powered vehicles, the growing awareness toward the environment,
increasing petrol prices, and stringent emission norms. The Government of India has taken
several initiatives to boost the sal of electric vehicles (EV), including two-wheelers. In 2013,
with the launch of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, which aims to increase
the adoption and manufacturing of EV in India (FAME India), around 90% of the vehicles that
availed incentives, were battery-powered two-wheelers. Similarly, in the Union budget 2019,
the government had framed several policies and announced rebates on battery-powered
vehicles. Hence, the remission to customers on interest to buy battery-powered vehicles is
expected to increase adoption and demand for battery-powered scooters and motorcycles.

Another important driver contributing to the growth and adoption of EV, especially scooters
and motorcycles, is the growing awareness of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental
pollutions. Electric vehicles have the potential to reduce dependence on crude oil. India is
witnessing a rise in environmental consciousness, thereby driving government agencies to take
initiatives to curb the practices that are increasing environmental risks. Therefore, the cost-
effectiveness of EVs due to government incentives and long-term fuel savings along with
environmental friendliness are key factors increasing the purchase of electric vehicles in India.
The following factors are likely to contribute to the growth of the electric two-wheeler market
in India during the forecast period:

• Government-Industry Collaboration
• Increase in Affordability
• Increase in Government Initiatives
• Growth in Environmental Awareness

The study considers the present scenario of the electric two-wheeler market and its market
dynamics for the period 2019-2025. It covers a detailed overview of several market growth
enablers, restraints, and trends. The study offers both the demand and supply aspects of the
market. It profiles and examines leading companies and other prominent companies operating
in the market.

1.9 ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET SEGMENTATION

This research report includes detailed market segmentation by technology, battery, vehicle,
voltage, speed, and geography. The removable battery segment is expected to grow at the
highest CAGR during the forecast period. As electric scooters and motorcycles face the
challenge of charging infrastructure, removable batteries have emerged as a solution in India.
Removable batteries are more in demand than non-removable ones as they provide charging
at home. They are expected to be a gamechanger. The change to detachable batteries will
double the country's speed toward electrification. Swappable batteries are also a major idea,
which is currently emerging among several electric two-wheeler companies.

Currently, several electric two-wheeler manufacturers utilize lead-acid batteries as they are
easy to procure and cost-effective. However, lithium-ion batteries are also witnessing demand
as they are better in terms of range, speed, and charging. Although the share of lead-acid
batteries is expected to lead during the forecast period, lithium batteries are likely to grow
significantly by volume. A high-speed lithium-ion battery-powered scooter or motorcycle costs
two times than a low-speed lead-acid battery strapped version. Therefore, due to the low cost
of manufacturing, manufacturers continue to produce electric two-wheelers based on lead-acid
batteries, thereby driving the segment growth. Although lead-acid batteries are expected to be
phased out due to their low capacities and efficiencies, depths of discharge, and reduced low
lifespans, lithium-ion batteries are the future of electric transportation. The availability of
subsidies and increasing efficiencies in lithium-ion battery technology is expected to increase
application.

With India's major automobile manufacturers entering battery-powered vehicles

manufacturing, electric scooters and motorcycles are gradually becoming mainstream
transportation. Backed by the "Make in India" initiative and the rise of indigenous start-ups,
the government has targeted to be 90% electrical by 2025. The e-scooter and motorcycle market
has grown significantly in the last three years on account of government subsidies and
initiatives. Battery-powered scooters and motorcycles are spearheading the e-revolution
in India. Although electric scooters and motorcycles make up a fraction of the total two
wheelers currently, the demand is expected to pick during the forecast period. Scooters, as well
as motorcycles, can be charged fast and easily via existing plug-in points at homes. By the year
2030, the sale of electric scooters is expected to exceed 2 million. However, after the launch of
the FAME II scheme in April 2019, there was a sharp decline in the sale of electric scooters
and motorcycles on account of low subsidy, which eventually increases the cost of electric
scooters and motorcycles. Further, with decreasing air quality and rising traffic becoming the
most worrying challenge in major Indian cities, e-scooters hold the potential to emerge as a
safe and viable alternative.

The voltage of a battery is a major differentiator in EV as it impacts range, speed, mileage,

price, and weight. 48V batteries experience high importance in the electric vehicle market as
they are cost-effective and safe. These batteries are in demand from automotive, industrial, and
communications industries. 48V batteries with suitable current capacity are the most
reasonable combination in terms of range and safety. Hence, 48V voltage batteries are expected
to have the majority share in the electric vehicle battery segment.
60V batteries are the second most preferred in the electric two-wheeler market. In terms of
battery type charger, 60V Lithium-ion battery chargers are designed with ultra-high efficiency
and complete metal case enclosures. The extraordinary performance of low-power dissipation
provides high reliability and a super long service life, which is increasing their penetration.
Moreover, manufacturers are shifting toward low to medium range (60V) electric vehicles due
to stringency in emission norms. The shift of consumers toward low-cost and medium-range
electric vehicles is expected to influence the demand for 60 voltage batteries during the forecast
period.

Electric two-wheelers have greatly penetrated the market. The high-speed two-wheeler
segment receives support from the government in the form of subsidies. According to the new
standards (FAME II), battery-powered scooters and motorcycles with a minimum range of 80
km and a top speed of 40 km/h are eligible for the subsidy, thereby boosting the segment.
Hence, manufacturers are coming up with several types of high-speed electric scooters and
motorcycles, which are expected to have a top speed range between 40 and 80 km/h. Thus,
high-speed two wheelers are projected to be high demand during the forecast period.

Although low-speed electric two wheelers are not eligible for any incentive under the FAME
II scheme, they have a high share on account of cost-efficiency. Nearly all low-speed batteries
run on lead-acid batteries, making them feasible and less expensive. Therefore, it constitutes
the majority of battery-powered vehicles. However, a low load carrying capacity and the use
of lead-acid batteries are the major limiting factors for the adoption of low-speed battery-
powered two-wheelers in India.

Market Segmentation by Technology

• Removable
• Non-removable

Market Segmentation by Battery

• Lithium-ion
• Lead Acid

Market Segmentation by Vehicle

• Scooters
• Motorcycles

Market Segmentation by Voltage

• 48V
• 60V
• 72V& Above

Market Segmentation by Speed

• High
• Low

1.10 INSIGHTS BY GEOGRAPHY

The Indian automobile industry became the fourth largest producer in the world by
manufacturing more than 30 million passenger and commercial vehicles in 2019. The Indian
automobile market is among the top five markets with the highest FDI inflows. There is a huge
scope in the automobile market in India with the growth in infrastructure, technology, and
consumer demand. With the increase in population and automobiles in India, pollution levels
are soaring. Hence, the introduction of electric two wheelers is the preferable solution in the
country. India is recognized as one of the fastest-growing countries in terms of technology
usage, literacy, disposable income, and provides a conducive business environment. These
factors have been the major attraction for domestic and foreign investors to invest in the EV
industry. With the government pushing toward electric two-wheelers to curb pollution and
reduce dependence on fossil fuel, the adoption of EV is expected to increase.
Long-term investments in R&D are expected to generate robust growth during the forecast
period. The electrification of the automotive industry aims at achieving the stated objectives
by decarbonizing the transport system. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh are ten states and union
territories that are leading the way in building production, infrastructure, and services to
increase the momentum of electric vehicle usage in India.

1.11 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHY

o Eastern
Bihar
Odisha
West Bengal
Assam
Others
o Western
Gujrat
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Others

o Northern
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
Delhi
Uttarakhand
Southern
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
1.12 INSIGHTS BY VENDORS

The Indian electric two-wheeler market is a highly competitive market with several regional
and local players. A majority share of the market is captured by Hero Electric (Ather Energy),
Ampere, Okinawa, and many others. To maintain a competitive edge in the market, the players
are focusing on developing innovative products and increasing their product portfolio by
making high R&D investments.
Although the established players dominate the market, growth opportunities for regional and
local players also exist. The competitive intensity is higher in the Northern and Southern
regions of India due to growing technology and infrastructure projects in the electric two-
wheeler market. Northern and Southern India states majorly contribute to the electric vehicle
segment. In contrast, few states such as Maharashtra and Gujrat in Western India also
contribute higher than other states of India.

Vendors
• Bajaj
• Okinawa
• Menza Motors
• Ather Energy
• Hero Electric
• BattRe Electric Mobility
• Avon Cycles
• Ultraviolette
• YoBykes
• Yukie

1.13 KEY MARKET INSIGHTS

The analysis of the electric two-wheeler market in India provides sizing and growth
opportunities for the period 2020–2025.

• Provides comprehensive insights on the latest industry trends, market forecast, and growth
drivers in the market.
• Includes a detailed analysis of market growth drivers, challenges, and investment
opportunities.
• Delivers a complete overview of market segments and the regional outlook of the market.
• Offers an exhaustive summary of the vendor landscape, competitive analysis, and key
market strategies to gain a competitive advantage in the market.

While the government is pushing the rapid adoption of electric vehicles and incentivising
industries through its policies and subsidies, the sales are still sluggish compared to other
markets in the world. This is because of a gap in how consumers perceive electric vehicles
compared to their conventional counterparts.

1.14 PURPOSE AND NEED OF ELECTRIC-BIKE

Economic conditions around the world have been very encouraging. Global growth which as
4.8% in 2005 reached 4.9% in 2006 and is expected to hover around this level in the current
year also. While the Chinese economy is growing at around 10% without any signs of slow
down, the Indian economy is also continuing to grow at more than 8%. In the coming years, I
am expecting that the Indian economy will be booming owing to the heavy demand on
infrastructure. Energy sector is growing by leaps and bounds as it is receiving the highest
attention of both the State Governments and Central Government.

India has moved from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy. The manufacturing
sector now contributes around one-fourth of the total GDP and the industrial output has now
crossed USD 65 Billion in value.

Sustainable economic growth of India as well as rest of the world will depend on effective
energy planning. Nearly 40% of the world’s energy comes from petroleum. Natural gas
contributes to another 20% and these two natural resources account for 60% of the world’s
energy. The growth in consumption of oil and natural gas in the past has been such that the
consumption has been doubling every 15 years. This trend is likely to continue and will lead
to complete depletion of natural resources in next 30 years.

It is significant to note that more than 20% of the world’s total primary energy is consumed in
transportation. There are more than 410 million cars currently in the world and in another 20
years the automobile population will reach one billion mark. It is also significant to note that
after 1970 the new oil discoveries have been very few and any new discoveries will not make
any significant contribution to the world’s energy pool.

Transportation sector which consumes a large share of energy resource of the country also
contributes significantly towards pollution. We at Electrotherm have made it our mission to
provide vehicles which are emission free, which do not use petroleum products and which are
inexpensive to acquire and operate. Our launch of battery operated YoBykes has been highly
successful and Electrotherm is now developing several new vehicles for the Indian market. Our
launch in India has developed interest for our vehicles for international market also and in the
future we will be exporting these vehicles to other countries. Electrotherm will continue to
provide leadership in this segment by delivering innovative, cost effective, practical and
environmental friendly electric vehicles.

Economic and environmental forces are frequently pitted against each other and many a times
the financial cost of environmentally friendly technologies and goods is so high that one has
to strike a balance or look for Government subsidies. Our Electric Vehicles are unique in this
aspect as they are not only economical but also environment friendly. You will be pleased to
note that the “2007 Overdrive Automotive Product of the Year” award was given to Yo-Bykes
of Electrotherm.

1.15 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC BIKES

STRENGHTS

Environment friendly
Economic to drive (0.4paise/km)
No competition in EV sector
Energy saving
Simpler mechanism
Silent

WEAKNESS

Low consumer awareness

High price
Low top speed
Needs time to recharge
Lack of recharging infrastructure
Batteries are expensive

OPPORTUNITIES

Government subsidies for ownership

Advanced infrastructure setup
Synergies with renewable electricity development
Advances of battery technology
Brand value in the market

TREATHS

Rise in cost of electricity

Uncertain consumer behaviour
Poor roads and traffic conditions
Competition in the form of electric hybrids, alternative fuels, hydrogen powered vehicles

1.16 IS THE FUTURE OF THE TWO-WHEELER MARKET ELECTRIC?

To flesh out the EV ecosystem, Ather said that it has started a corporate programme called
‘Together Electric,’ where it plans to build a network of organisations to accelerate the
adoption of electric vehicles in the country. Phokela said that the growing research and
development activities are likely to result in a wider product portfolio for electric two-wheelers,
thereby positively influencing the country’s electric two-wheeler market.

Today, we are moving towards a cleaner and sustainable future, and it becomes imperative to
reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Looking at the way the electric two-wheeler industry is
heading, the technology is more advanced and many companies and startups are offering
significantly higher than existing IC engine powered vehicles.
Most importantly, increased efficiency, battery performance, lower maintenance costs,
preventive maintenance, smart and connected features are some of the immediate
advancements that we see with electric vehicles. And EV two-wheeler makers believe an
important aspect is to educate customers, and spreading awareness and breaking myths
associated with EV performance so that demand kicks off the chain reaction that catalyses the
EV industry.

The way ahead Not just e-scooters, the entire electric vehicle industry is currently on the rise,
and would continue to do so if the government introduces some policies that facilitate the
manufacture and sale of these vehicles. With deteriorating air quality and increasing traffic
becoming the most alarming concern in all major Indian cities, e-scooters definitely hold the
potential to emerge as the cleaner and viable alternatives to petrol and diesel-run personal
vehicles.

1.17 INDIA’S NECESSITY FOR EVS

Ø Controlling Pollution
According to the International Council for Clean Transportation (ICCT), an estimated
74,000 premature deaths were attributable to air pollution from transportation tailpipe
emissions in India in 2015.
Also, many top polluted cities in the world are from India. For example, New Delhi.

Ø Mitigating Climate Change

In December 2019, in the Climate Risk Index 2020 released by the environment think
tank, Germanwatch, India’s rank has worsened from the 14th spot in 2017 to 5th in
2018 in the global vulnerability ladder. This makes it all the more reason for India to
make electric cars and vehicles a priority in the fight against the reliance on fossil fuels.

Ø Sustainable Energy Options

Shifting towards EVs will help India to reduce oil dependency while solving the
challenge of energy scarcity and moving towards renewable and clean sources of
energy.
1.18 ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES OF EV’S

Ø Lack of Battery Cell Manufacturing

There is a complete absence of primary battery cell manufacturing in India which poses
the risk of increasing trade deficit. At the moment, most manufacturers rely on batteries
imported from Japan, China, Korea and Europe.

Ø Building Charging Infrastructure

Another big challenge is the development of charging infrastructure which will need to
be combined with existing refuelling stations and at alternative locations closer to
homes.

Ø Limited Grid Capacity

According to a Niti Aayog report, India’s EVs market needs a minimum of 10 GW of
cells by 2022, which would need to be expanded to about 50 GW by 2025. However,
currently, India is able to add only 20 GW every year to its grid for all of our other
increasing energy needs. Thus, the fulfilment of the requirement of 10GW additional
capacity only for EVs would be a huge task.

Ø Local Issues
Bringing transportation decisions closer to the people is understandable and necessary.
Transport challenges such as congestion, affordability, infrastructure and transit
systems availability are localized issues, impede the standardization of EVs. Also, it
will be a challenge to create a competitive advantage in electric vehicle manufacturing,
or even a market for them, given that India does not have the infrastructure or deep
pockets like China (world's current leader in electric mobility).

1.19 TOP 5 UPCOMING MADE-IN-INDIA ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLES IN 2021

The electric two-wheeler market looks really promising in the coming year with several
home-grown brands introducing new electric motorcycles in various segments, including
fully-faired sports bikes.
We have now stepped into an era in which it is now no longer surprising to see electric
scooters scampering along the streets in India. You’re in the market to buy an electric two-
wheeler and you now have plenty of choices. And the market is slated to expand even further
next year as several Indian startups are set to spice up the segments with all-electric fully-
faired motorcycles, streetfighters, commuters, and more.

Ø One Electric Kridn

The upcoming Kridn electric bike promises a top speed of 95 km/h and has a peak torque output
of 165 Nm. With these numbers, the Kridn electric bike will be one of the fastest electric
motorcycles on sale in India. The bike gets suspension set up from Munjal Showa along with
CEAT tyres.
The brand aims to bring another entry-level model in 2021 with 75 km/h top speed from a 2
kW Motor with a target price of Rs 1 lakh. The company is planning to launch the KRIDN
electric bike in India at a price of Rs 1.29 lakh (ex-showroom) with a 2+1 year warranty.

Ø Okinawa Oki100
The first electric motorcycle from Okinawa, codenamed Oki100 has been in development for
about three years now and offers a conventional commuter bike appeal. Moreover, it will also
boast a 150-km range and 100-120 km/h top speed. It will offer several connected features
through a smartphone app and allow the rider to stay informed of vital information about the
vehicles. The battery is swappable and there is also fast charging available. The motorcycle
was showcased at the Auto Expo 2020 and will retail for less than Rs 1 lakh.

Ø Tork T6X
T6X electric motorcycle is powered by a lithium-ion battery that claims a range of about 100
km per charge and the bike can do a top speed of up to 100 km/h. The battery can be charged
up to 80% in one hour. Tork Motors has also equipped the T6X with its TIROS (Tork Intuitive
Response Operating System). Apart from analysis and compilation of data for every ride,
power management, real-time power consumption, and range forecasts, TIROS also collects
data on how it is ridden. Expect a price tag of about Rs Rs 1.4 lakh.

Ø Ultraviolette F77
Ultraviolette F77 is a connected all-electric bike that gets features like remote diagnostics over-
the-air (OTA) upgrades, regenerative braking, multiple ride modes, ride diagnostics, and more.
It can accelerate from 0 to 60 km/h in 2.9 seconds and 0 to 100 km/h in 7.5 seconds. The battery
pack includes three modular Li-ion modules for a total output of 4.2 kWh and offers a range of
130 km to 150 km per charge. Expect a price tag of Rs 3 lakh and above.

Ø Evolet Hawk
Not many details are known about the Hawk yet however it is expected to have a restricted top
speed of 85 km/h or below and a healthy range of about 150 km. It’ll get disc brakes at both
ends with a combined braking system. It will likely come with 17-inch multi-spoke alloy
wheels with MRF rubber on them. The instrument console will be fully-digital connectivity
features using the Evolet app for vital statistics of the bike. Expect a price tag between Rs 1.3
lakh to 1.5 lakh.