Numerical Solutions of Integral Equations
Numerical Solutions of Integral Equations
İ.H. TUNCER & Y. ÖZYÖRÜK 61 AE305 - Numerical Methods in Aerospace Engineering @ 20201
• The conservation laws, conservation of mass, momentum and energy, are formulated in
integral equations.
• Each equation employs a certain physical quantity as its dependent variable being mass,
momentum, energy per unit volume, and implies that there must be a balance among the
factors that influence the distribution of the variable in space and time.
• Dependent variables are, in general, a function of three space coordinates, and time. Thus
φ = φ(t, x, y , z)
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Conservation Laws
• Let’s consider a scalar quantity per unit volume, q, in a control volume (open system) Ω,
non-deforming and fixed in space, bounded by a closed surface S.
• The general form of a conservation law states that
• the rate of change of the quantity q within the control volume Ω
Z
∂
q dΩ
∂t Ω
• is equal to the contributions from the sources of the quantity q in the control volume Ω.
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• In the absence of sources, the integral conservation equation , which is the basis for the
Finite Volume (FV) method, becomes:
Z I
∂ ~ · d ~S = 0
q dΩ + F
∂t Ω S
• Note that with the application of the divergence theorem, the surface integral can be
converted into a volume integral:
Z Z
∂ ~ ·F~ dΩ = 0
q dΩ + ∇
∂t Ω Ω
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∂q ~ =0
~ ·F
+ ∇
∂t
which may be solved numericall by the Finite Difference method.
• 2-D CONSERVATION OF MASS
The differential equation for the conservation of mass is given by
∂ρ ~ ~) = 0
+ ∇ · (ρV
∂t
∂ρ ~ ~
+∇·F = 0
∂t
where the flux vector is the conserved quantity multiplied by the flow velocity:
~ = ρV
F ~ = (ρu)~i + (ρv )~j
∂T ∂2T ∂2T
− α[ 2 + ] = 0
∂t ∂x ∂y 2
∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
− [ (α )+ (α )] = 0
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂T ~ · (α ∂T ~i + α ∂T ~j) = 0
−∇
∂t ∂x ∂y
where the flux vector is
which is a function of the gradient of the conserved quantity, and called a diffusive flux
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• Neumann BC: The normal gradient of the dependent variable, which is related to the flux,
is prescribed along the boundary.
~ = −k ∂T = qs00
−k~n · ∇T s ∂n s
• Robin BC: A linear combination of Dirichlet and Neumann BC is specified.
~ = −k ∂T = h(T − Ta )
−k~n · ∇T s ∂n s
s
• Mixed BC: A certain portion of the boundary is Dirichlet type, another portion is of
Neumann type.
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3 n1
d(qe Ωe ) X ~ ~
s2
e s1
+ (F · S)e,s = 0 C s3
dt s=1
A
n3
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Finite Volume (FV) Method (cont’d)
• If the flux and the surface area vectors are defined as B
C
~
F = f ~i + g~j
~S f dy
= ∆y ~i − ∆x ~j
= ∆yAB ~i − ∆xAB ~j g dx
S
= (yB − yA ) ~i − (xB − xA ) ~j A dx
• Here ~S points outward normal to the cell surface. Note that |~S| = S = |AB|.
~ ~S is
~
obtained by rotating the AB vector 90 degrees clockwise. ∆x and ∆y are evaluated as
the boundary edges are traversed in the counter-clockwise direction.
• Then, the total flux for a triangular element e may be expressed as follows:
X 3
X
~ · ~S)e,s =
(F (fe,s ∆ye,s − ge,s ∆xe,s )
sides,s s=1
• The conserved quantity/variable qe is taken as an average value of the variable over the
cell volume. It is usually attached to the cell centroid.
• Finite volume method can, in general, be applied to any cell structure. Unstructured grids
with triangular/tetrahedral cells offer greater flexibility for discretizing complex domains.
• Cells should cover the whole solution domain, Ω.
• Cells should not overlap.
• The coordinates of the cell nodes, A,B,C, are needed to determine the cell volume (area in
2D) and the surface areas(lengths in 2D).
• The total flux through a cell edge contributes to the neighboring cell with the opposite
sign.
• The flux vector on a cell edge should be evaluated exactly the same for both cells.
• Neumann type boundary conditions are applied naturally. For example solid walls..
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Evaluation of Volumes/Areas
• For a triangle ABC, the area, Ω, can be evaluated from the e : elem.
s : elem. surface
vector products of two edge vectors: n : elem. neighbor
B
1~ ~ n2
Ω = AB × AC n1
2 s2
e s1
1 C s3
= [(xB − xA )(yC − yA ) − (yB − yA )(xC − xA )] A
2 n3
1
= (∆xAB ∆yAC − ∆yAB ∆xAC )
2
1~ ~ n3
n
n1
Ω = AC × BD D
2
A
1 n4
= [(xC − xA )(yD − yB ) − (yC − yA )(xD − xB )]
2
1
= (∆xAC ∆yBD − ∆yAC ∆xBD )
2
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1 1
fAB = [f (qe7 ) + f (qe3 )] ≡ (fe7 + fe3 ),
2 2
1 1
gAB = [g (qe7 ) + g (qe3 )] ≡ (ge7 + ge3 )
2 2
• Similarly,
1 1
fBC = (fe7 + fe9 ), fCA = (fe7 + fe1 )
2 2
1 1
gBC = (ge7 + ge9 ), gCA = (ge7 + ge1 )
2 2
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Explicit Time Integration with Cell-Based Flux Evaluation
1 1 n1
+ (fek + fn2k
)∆ye,2 − (gek + gn2
k
)∆xe,2 s2
e s1
2 2 s3
C A
1 k k 1 k k n3
+ (fe + fn3 )∆ye,3 − (ge + gn3 )∆xe,3
2 2
where
∆xe,1 = xB − xA , ∆xe,2 = xC − xB , ∆xe,3 = xA − xC ,
∆ye,1 = yB − yA , ∆ye,2 = yC − yB , ∆ye,3 = yA − yC ,
1 ~
~ | = 1 (xB − xA )(yC − yA ) − (xC − xA )(yB − yA )]
Ωe = |AB × AC
2 2
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where in 2D d ~S = dy ~i − dx ~j
and Z I
∂T ~ ∂T ~
( i+ j)dΩ = Tdy ~i − Tdx ~j
Ω ∂x ∂y S
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Evaluation of Gradient Vector (cont’d)
s1 s2 s3 n1 n2 n3
Cell Faces (sides) : 5-->7, 7-->2, 2-->5; and neighbor elements : 9, 10, 8
İ.H. TUNCER & Y. ÖZYÖRÜK 79 AE305 - Numerical Methods in Aerospace Engineering @ 20201
• With the introduction of a pseudo time derivative and a diffusion constant Laplace’s
equation may be cast as a diffusion equation:
∂φ ~ · ∇φ
~ = 0 where F ~ = −ν ∇φ
~
− ν∇
∂t
• The integral form of the equation then becomes
Z I
∂ ~ · d ~S = 0, ~ = f ~i + g~j = −(ν ∂φ~i + ν ∂φ~j)
φ dΩ + F where F
∂t Ω S ∂x ∂y
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k
• The discrete form of the equation for a triangular cell e at time level becomes :
3
∂φ k X ~ k ~
Ωn + (F · Se,s ) = 0
∂t e s=1 e,s
3
φk+1
e − φke 1 X ~k ~
= − (F · Se,s )
∆t Ωe s=1 e,s
3
∆t X ~ k ~
φk+1
e = φke − (F · Se,s )
Ωe s=1 e,s
3
∆t X 1 k 1
φk+1
e = φke − k
(fe + fe,ns ) ∆ye,s − (gek + ge,ns
k
) ∆xe,s
Ωe s=1 2 2
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Boundary Conditions for Potential Flow Equation
Boundary conditions are specified at farfield and wall boundaries.
~
∇φ ~∞
= V
∂φ
= u∞
∂x
∂φ
= v∞
∂y
• Wall BC: No flow through the wall dictates that the normal component of the velocity at
the wall boundary is zero;
~ · ~S
V = 0
~ · ~S
∇φ = 0 which means ~ w = 0.
F
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