Electrical Machines

By
Dr. Krishna Roy
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NITR
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

2
Introduction

3
 Introduction
In modern power systems, almost
entire electrical energy is generated
in three phase generators which is
then transmitted and distributed
over three phase circuits.
From generating station to the
consumers, the voltage is raised and
lowered several times for economic
reasons.
Each time the voltage is stepped
up or down a three phase
transformer is required. 4
 Introduction
For each voltage
transformation from one
value to another, three units
of single phase transformers
or one unit of three phase
transformer may be used.
When three identical units
of single phase transformers
are used, the arrangement is
commonly called a bank of
three transformers or a three-
phase transformer bank. 5
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

6
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

7
Construction

8
 Construction
The basic difference in
construction of a three phase
transformer over a single
phase transformer is in the
magnetic core.
Whereas single phase Fig.1

transformer core is meant to

hold only two coils, one hv
and one lv, a three phase
transformer core has to hold
six coils, three hv and three
lv.
Fig.2
9
 Construction
Other than that, everything
else, including the winding
construction, insulation, tank,
and accessories are exactly
similar in a three phase
transformer and a single Fig.1

phase transformer.
Like in a single phase
transformer, three phase
transformer core can also be
constructed as ‘core type’ and
‘shell type’.
Fig.2
10
 Construction
Core-type construction:
In core type construction, as
shown in Fig. (3), three
windings are placed on three
limbs.
Each limb contains both hv
and lv windings, with lv
placed nearer to the core and Fig.3
hv wound outside lv.

11
 Construction
Core-type construction:
The terminals of hv and lv
coils from each phase are
taken out of the tank through
bushings and necessary
connections are made outside
so as to make the windings as
star or delta before being Fig.3
connected to overhead power
lines.

12
 Construction
Core-type construction:
Flux belonging to each phase
winding completes its path through
the other two limbs and thereby all
the three fluxes interact with each
other.
Since the yoke has to carry all
the flux created by all the three
phase coils, the yoke cross section Fig.3
needs to be large in the three-limb
type construction.
Height of such a transformer can
go very high and this poses a
difficulty during transportation.
13
 Construction
Core-type construction:
Alternately, a five-limb, core
type construction may be used as
shown in Fig. (4), which allows
certain share of the total flux to
pass through the two side limbs,
thereby reducing the amount of Fig.4
flux that has to pass through the
yoke.
Thus, size of the yoke and hence total height of the
transformer can be reduced.
Though reduction in overall height eases the transportation
problem, five-limb construction is usually costlier due to
additional manufacturing and assembly costs.
14
 Construction
Shell-type construction:
In shell-type construction,
shown in Fig. (5), each of the
three phases have both hv and
lv coils and the whole structure
appears to be three single
phase, shell-type cores placed
one over the other.
Flux belonging to each phase
winding completes its path
through the two side limbs.
Fig.5
15
 Construction
Shell-type construction:
Due to availability of low
reluctance path around the two
adjacent windows the three
fluxes of three different phases
flow mostly independent of
each other except in the two
horizontal sections in the
middle.
The magnetic circuit of such
a shell type construction is
hence called ‘quasi-
independent magnetic circuit’.
Fig.5
16
 Construction
Shell-type construction:
Let us consider a balanced
system where the three fluxes
are equal in magnitude i.e.
 R  Y   B  
and are displaced from each
other by 1200.

Fig.5
17
 Construction
Shell-type construction:
Thus, total flux in each of the
vertical sections at the middle
is Φ whereas flux in the left
and right vertical sections are
only Φ/2.
In the top most and bottom
most horizontal sections, the
flux is also only Φ/2. Fig.6
In the two horizontal sections
at the middle, the flux is
(√3/2)Φ as explained in the
phasor diagram of Fig. (6).
Fig.5
18
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

19
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

20
Three Phase Transformers
Connections

21
Three phase transformers-connections
A bank of three transformers or a three phase transformer,
may have its primary and secondary windings connected in
star, delta or zig-zag and these are designated by the symbols
Y, D, Z respectively.
Zig-zag connection is also called interconnected star or inter
star.
In representing a three phase transformer, the hv winding is
indicated by capital letter (e.g. Y for star) and lv winding by a
lower case letter (e.g. d for delta).
The symbol “Dy” represents a 3-phase transformer with hv
in delta and lv in star.

22
Three phase transformers-connections
In the various transformer connections,
the hv line emf and the corresponding lv
line emf may or may not have a phase
displacement between them.
This time-phase displacement can be
expressed either in degrees or by a much
more convenient method known as clock
method of angle designation.
According to this method the hv line
phasor is considered as the minute hand
always set at 12 o’clock (zero hour)
position and the corresponding lv line
phasor is represented by hour hand.
23
Three phase transformers-connections
For two winding three phase transformer,
as per the clock method, first symbol
represents hv winding connection second
symbol represents lv winding connection
and the third symbol is for the phase
displacement between hv and lv line emfs
expressed as clock hour number.
For example, symbol “Yd11” represents a
three phase transformer with hv winding in
star (Y) and the lv winding in delta (d) and
the lv line phasor at 11 O’clock, i.e. 300
ahead of the zero hour position of the hv
line phasor as shown in the figure.
24
Three phase transformers-connections
For a three phase transformer, in addition to the knowledge
of hv and lv connections, the phase angle between the hv and
lv line emfs must be known.
Depending upon the type of connections and phase
displacement between the hv and lv line emfs, there are
different phasor groups.
Each group is characterized by a different phase
displacement.

25
Three phase transformers- connections
For understanding the phasor diagrams, the following points
should be kept in mind:
Hv and lv windings
belonging to the same phase
are wound on the same limb
of core. For example, the hv
winding A1-A2 and the lv
winding a1-a2 of the phase A
are wound on the same limb
of the core. So, also the
other two sets of windings.

26
Three phase transformers- connections
For understanding the phasor diagrams, the following points
should be kept in mind:
Naming of the terminals has been done according to their
polarity. It means that when A2 is positive with respect to A1,
then a2 is also positive with respect to a1. The six coils can be
drawn on horizontal plane as shown in figure.

27
Three phase transformers- connections
For understanding the phasor diagrams, the following points
should be kept in mind:
The six coils can be redrawn as shown in figure to enhance
visual appearance. Here the coil orientations are redrawn 1200
apart. Hv and lv coils of the same phase are drawn parallel to
each other.

28
Three phase transformers- connections
For understanding the phasor diagrams, the following points
should be kept in mind:
The hv winding is assumed to be the primary and lv winding
the secondary.
The position of hv terminals A2, B2, C2 is assumed fixed, for
convenience, in the top, bottom right, and bottom left corners
respectively, of the equilateral triangle A2B2C2.

29
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

30
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

31
 Yy0 Connection
A2

a2

N
n
C2 B2 c2 b2
N n

A2 a2
B2 b2
C2 c2

32
 Yy6 Connection
A2
b1 c1

n
N

C2 a1
B2
N n

A2 a1

B2 b1
c1
C2

33
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

34
 Dd0 Connection
C1 A2

c1 a2
C A
N c a
n
C2 A1 c2 a1
B1 B B2 b1 b b2

A2 a2

B2 b2

C2 c2

35
 Dd6 Connection
C1 A2
b1 b b2
a2 c1
C A
N a n c

C2 A1 a1 c
2
B1 B B2

A2 a1

B2
b1

C2 c1

36
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

37
 Yd1 Connection
A2

c1
a2
c
N c2 n a
b1
C2 b
B2 -300 a1
b2
N

A2 a2
B2 b2
C2 c2

38
 Yd11 Connection
A2

a2 b 1
b
N n b2
a
c1
c
C2 B2 a1 300
c2
N

A2 a2
B2 b2
C2 c2

39
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

40
 Dy1 Connection
A2
B1

a2
A B
N c2 n

A1 -300
C2
C C1 B 2 b2
n

A2 a2

B2 b2

C2 c2

41
 Dy11 Connection
A2
C1

a2
C A
N n b2

A1 300
C2 B2
B1 B c2
n

A2 a2

B2 b2

C2 c2

42
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

43
 Dz0 Connection
a 4
A2
C1 a3
a2

C A b1 b2 b3 b4
a1
N c1

A1 c
C2 B2 c3 2
B1 B

a4 c4
a4

c1
n n
b1
c4 b4 c4 a1
b444
 Dz0 Connection
A2 a4
C1

C A c1
N n
b1
A1 a1
C2 B2 c4 b4
B1 B n

A2 a4

B2 b4

C2 c4

45
 Dz6 Connection
a4
A2
C1 a3
a2

C A b1 b2 b3 b4
a1
N c1

A1 c
C2 B2 c3 2
B1 B

b3 c3 c4
a2
b3 c3
n
n
b2
c2

a3
a3 46
 Dz6 Connection
A2 a2
C1 b3 c3

n
C A b2
N c2

A1
C2 B2
B1 B a3
n

A2
a3
B2
b3
C2
c3

47
 Phasor groups
The four phasor groups are:
Group No. 1 (Zero degree phase displacement)
(Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)
Group No. 2 (180 degree phase displacement)
(Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)
Group No. 3 (-30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd1, Dy1, Yz1)
Group No. 4 (+30 degree phase displacement)
(Yd11, Dy11, Yz11)

48
 Yz1 Connection
a4
A2
a3
a2

N a1 b
1
c1 b2
c4 c3c2 b3 b4
C2 B2

a4 a4

b1
c1
n n
c4 c4

a1
-300 b4 -300 b4
49
 Yz1 Connection
A2 a4

b1
c1
n
c4
N
a1
C2 B2
-300 b4
N n

A2 a4

B2 b4

C2 c4

50
 Yz11 Connection
a4
A2
a3
a2

N a1 b
1
c1 b2
c4 c3c2 b3 b4
C2 B2

a4 a4

c1
b1
n n
b4 b4

a1
300 300
c4 c4 51
 Yz11 Connection
a4
A2
c1
b1
n
b4
N

a1
300
C2 B2 c4
N n

A2 a4

B2 b4

C2 c4

52
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

53
 Syllabus

Three Phase Transformer:

Construction of various types
Operating characteristics of star–star, star–delta, delta –
star, delta – delta, open – delta connections
Vector groups.

54
Operation of Three Phase
Transformers

55
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
In the star connected system as
shown in Fig. 1, VAN, VBN, and
VCN are called the line to neutral
voltages or simply the phase
voltages.
These phase voltages are
measured across each individual
coils, i.e. A1-A2, B1-B2, and C1-C2.
When voltage is measured Fig.1
between two terminals A-B, B-C,
or C-A, the line-to-line voltages or
simply the line voltages VAB, VBC,
and VCA are obtained. 56
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
IA, IB, and IC are the line
currents, which also happen to be
the phase currents in a star
connected system.
The line currents (= phase
currents) are measured by
connecting ammeters in series with
the lines.
Fig.1

57
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
Relationships between line and
phase quantities in a balanced star
connected three-phase system can
be obtained from the phasor
diagram shown in Fig. 2.
The phase voltages are shown by
three phasors VAN, VBN, and VCN
that are of equal length, but are
displaced from each other by 120°.

Fig.2

58
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
Let, VAN  VBN  VCN  V ph

Then, the line-to-line voltage

between terminals A and B is
determined as:
VAB  VAN  VBN

Fig.2

59
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
From the phasor diagram, magnitude
of the line voltage can be determined
as:
VAB  VAN  VBN  2  VAN  VBN  cos 60
2 2

1
 V ph2  V ph2  2  V ph  V ph 
2

 V ph2  V ph2  V ph2

 3V ph
Fig.2

60
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
For a balanced three-phase system,
the other line voltages can also be
derived in the same manner as:

VAB  VBC  VCA  3V ph

The line voltages in a balanced star

connected system are thus related to
the phase voltages as:
VL  3V ph Fig.2

61
Operation of Three phase transformers
Star connection:
For a balanced system, if the line
currents are denoted as IL and
currents in each of the three-phase
windings are denoted by the
quantity Iph, then they are
basically same as indicated in
Fig.1 such that:
I L  I ph
Fig.1

In a balanced star connected system, line currents are equal to

phase currents, but line voltages are √3 times the phase
voltages. 62
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
In the delta connected system as
shown in Fig. 3, line-to-line
voltages or line voltages as
measured between lines A-B, B-C,
or C-A are same as the voltage
across each of the phase coils
measured between A1-A2, B1-B2,
or C1-C2, respectively.
Line currents are measured by
ammeters connected in series with
the lines and phase currents are Fig.3
measured by inserting ammeters
along the phase coils. 63
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
Relationships between line and
phase quantities in a balanced delta
connected three-phase system can
be obtained from the phasor
diagram shown in Fig. 4.
 Note that the phase currents are
shown by three phasors IAB, IBC,
and ICA that are of equal length, but Fig.4

are displaced from each other by

120°.

64
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
The phase currents can be
designated as
I AB  I BC  I CA  I ph

Then, the line current, say at

node A in Fig. 3, can be expressed
following KCL as:
I A  I AB  I CA  I AB    I CA 

Fig.3

65
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
From the phasor diagram,
magnitude of the line current can
be determined as:
IA  I CA  I AB  2  I CA  I AB  cos 60
2 2

1
 I I
2 2
 2  I ph  I ph 
2
ph ph
Fig.4

 I ph
2
 I ph
2
 I ph
2

 3I ph

66
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
For a balanced three-phase
system, the other line currents can
also be derived in the same manner
as
I A  I B  I C  3I ph

The line currents in a balanced

delta connected system are thus Fig.4
related to the phase currents as:
I L  3I ph

67
Operation of Three phase transformers
Delta connection:
For a balanced system, if the line
voltages are denoted as VL and
voltages across each of the three-
phase windings are denoted by the
quantity Vph, then they are
basically same as indicated in
Fig.3 such that:
VL  V ph

Fig.3
In a balanced delta connected system, line voltages are equal to
phase voltages, but line currents are √3 times the phase currents.
68
Operation of Three phase transformers
Three phase power:
Total three-phase power delivered to a three-phase load is
three times the power delivered per phase.
If the load has a power factor of cosΦ, then for a star
connected system, the total three-phase power is given by:
P  3  Vph  I ph  cos 
VL
 3  I L  cos 
3
 3  VL  I L  cos 

69
Operation of Three phase transformers
Three phase power:
If the same load is connected to a delta connected system,
the total three-phase power is given by:
P  3  Vph  I ph  cos 
IL
 3  VL   cos 
3
 3  VL  I L  cos 
Therefore, it can be seen, that irrespective of the type of connection, star
or delta, the power delivered (or consumed) remains same for a given three
phase system.
Power is generally expressed in terms of the line voltage and line
currents since it is convenient to connect voltmeter and ammeter in the line
that are external to the device, rather than in the phase coils which are
often inaccessible.
70
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection:
When a bank of three 1-phase transformers are connected in
Delta-Delta supplies a three phase balanced load
•Then each transformer carries 1/3rd of the total load

If any one of the three transformers gets damaged

accidentally
•Then it can be removed from the bank
•But three-phase power can still be supplied to the load
Though at a reduced level

71
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection:
Such a connection after removal of one of the transformers
from the conventional Dd configuration is called the open
delta connection or V-V connection.

Thus, in open-delta system, instead of three single-phase

transformers, two single-phase transformers can be used to
form a bank and supply three-phase power to a load.

72
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection:

73
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection:

Primary gets three-phase balanced supply

V AB  V P  0 0 V BC  V P   1 2 0 0 VCA  V P   12 0 0

74
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection:

• Only A and B phase transformers are healthy

• So, voltage transformation occurs in these two transformers
only

75
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation

V AB V V Primary turns per phase

 CA  P 
V ab V ca VS Secondary turns per phase

 Turns ratio  a

76
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation
VAB VCA VP Primary turns per phase
    Turns ratio  a
Vab Vca VS Secondary turns per phase

V AB VP
V ab    0 0
 V  0 0

a a
S

VCA VP
V ca     1 2 0 0 V S   1 2 0 0
a a

77
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation
V ab  V S  0 0
V ca  V S   1 2 0 0

• Though transformer C is damaged

•There will be potential difference between terminals b and c
V bc  V b  V c
78
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation
V bc  V b  V c
V bc  V b  V a  V c  V a

V b c   V a  V b   V c  V a 
V bc  V ab  V ca
V b c   V a b  V c a 
V b c   V S  0 0  V S   1 2 0 0 
Vbc  VS  cos 00  j sin 00    cos1200  j sin1200  
 
V b c   V S  1      j 0 .8 6 6  
 1
  2  79
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation
1 
V bc   V S   j 0 .8 6 6 
2 
 1 
Vbc  V S    j 0 .8 6 6 
 2 
Vbc  V S  cos   120 0   j sin   120 0  

Vbc  VS   1200
• Thus, across the three secondary terminals, we get three line
voltages given by:
Vab  V S  0 0 Vbc  VS   1200 Vca  VS   1200
80
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection-voltage transformation
Vab  V S  0 0 Vbc  VS   1200 Vca  VS   1200

It is interesting to note that these

three secondary line voltages
form a triad of three balanced
voltages of equal magnitude and
displaced from each other by
1200.
Thus, with two transformers only, it is possible to obtain a
three-phase balanced set of voltages in the secondary with no
difficulty in supplying a three phase load.
81
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
•All three transformers healthy
•Total power to be delivered to load = 60 kVA
•Power carried by each transformer?
•60/3 = 20 kVA
•Now, one transformer is faulty
•Two are working
•Open-delta mode
•How much total power can be delivered?
2
 60  40 kVA ?
3
NO
82
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
•For healthy delta:
V L  V ph
IL  3 I ph
•Power (VA) rating of the three phase healthy delta connected
transformer bank is:

Phealthy  3V L I L
 3V ph  3 I ph 
 3V ph I ph
83
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
•With one transformer faulty (open delta):
•Voltages are still balanced:
V L  V ph

•Since the three-phase load is getting balanced voltage, it will

draw balanced three phase line currents from the open-delta
secondary.

84
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
Load drawing balanced three-phase line currents

•So, Ia, Ib, Ic are balanced

•But what about their magnitudes?

85
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
•Line currents from the two
healthy coils
•Lines b and c (Ib and Ic)
• Since one Transformer is
damaged, the total load
must be reduced
• Otherwise, the two
remaining Transformers get
overloaded and damaged
• The two line currents (Ib and Ic) should not be more than the
rated currents in the corresponding phase coils
• Otherwise B and C transformers also may get damaged
86
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
IL1 = Ib = Iba = Iph00

IL2 = Ic = Iac = Iph -1200

The third line current IL3 = Ia must be equal to –(Ib + Ic) for
satisfying KCL at node a.

87
Operation of Three phase transformers

 
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
I a   I b  I c    I ph  0 0  I ph   120 0 

   I ph  I ph   0.5  j 0.866    I ph   0.5  j 0.866 

 I ph 120 0
I a  I ph  120 0
I b  I ph  0 0 I c  I ph   120 0

The three secondary line currents are thus seen to form a

balanced set of three-phase currents with
• same magnitude (= Iph) and
• displaced from each other by 1200.
88
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered

It is thus seen that:

• To prevent overloading the two remaining healthy coils:
• The line currents cannot be more than that in the
individual phase coils:
• i.e. IL = Iph for the secondary line currents

89
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) delivered
Thus, power delivered to the three-phase load by the open-
delta connected transformer bank is:

Popen   3V L I L  3V ph I ph

kVA rating of open delta 3V I 1

   0 . 577
ph ph

kVA rating of closed delta 3V ph I ph 3

Hence, when one out of the three transformers in a delta-delta

bank fails, it is still possible to supply a three phase load, but
with a reduced capacity of 57.7% (not 66.6% which is 2/3rd)

90
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) ratio

kVA rating of open delta 3V I 1

   0 . 577
ph ph

kVA rating of closed delta 3V ph I ph 3

It means that when one of the three transformers in a

healthy three-phase delta connection gets damaged, then
with open delta mode it is still possible to supply balanced
three phase power but the load current must be reduced to
57.7% of its original value.

91
 Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection: UF
Utilization factor (UF) or rating factor for open delta
connection
Actual kVA capacity of open delta
UF 
Sum of total installed capacity of the two healthy transformers
3V ph I ph 3
   0.866  86.6%
2V ph I ph 2

This means that full capacity of the two healthy transformers

cannot be used in open-delta mode.
Only 86.6% of total available capacity can be utilized.

92
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) shared
Individual shares of the two healthy transformers
VA shared by each transformer V ph I ph 1
   0.577
Total 3  phase VA supplied 3V ph I ph 3

Thus, each of the two healthy transformers shares 57.7% of

the total VA, and not 50% of the total VA as anticipated.

93
 Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection– kVA (Power) shared
In open-delta mode, total load power need to be reduced to
57.7% to prevent overloading
What if the load is not reduced?
Percent increase in VA load on each of the two healthy
transformers when connected as open delta:


 VA load per transformer in V  V   original VA load per transformer in Δ  Δ
original VA load per transformer in Δ  Δ

0 . 577   0 . 333   0 . 732  73 . 2 %
0 . 333 
Thus, each of the two healthy transformers will get overloaded by 73.2%
if the same load is continued to be supplied even after one of the three
transformers in the three-phase delta-delta bank has failed.
94
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection: Applications
In an existing delta-delta system of transformer bank,
if one of the transformers gets damaged, then the
open-delta system can be used as a temporary
measure till the damaged transformer is being
repaired.

95
Operation of Three phase transformers
Open Delta or V-V connection: Applications
Open-delta connected transformers can be used to
provide service to a new area under development.
Initially, the load demand is less which is projected to
increase over the years.
So, initially to save investment, only two transformers
may be used as open-delta to provide three phase
supply to the load.
Once the load increases, the third transformer may be
added to complete the delta-delta bank.
By adding the third transformer, total load capacity of
the system increases from 57.7% to 100%, i.e. and
increase of 42.3%. 96
Example1: A three phase step-down transformer is energized from 11kV, 50
Hz source. If it takes a line current of 20 A from the supply mains then
calculate the output voltage, output current and output kVA for each of the
following connections:
Star/star (b) star/delta (c) delta/star (d) delta/delta.
The magnetizing current and losses are ignored. Per phase turns ratio is 44.

(a) Star/star
11000
Per phase primary voltage  V  6351 V
3
Per phase secondary voltage  6351 V  144.34 V
44
Therefore, secondary line voltage  144.34  3 V  250 V  output voltage

Primary phase current  20A

Therefore, secondary phase current  20  44 A  880 A
 secondary line current  output current

Output kVA  3  VL  I L  103  3  250  880 103 kVA  381.04 kVA

97
Example1: A three phase step-down transformer is energized from 11kV, 50
Hz source. If it takes a line current of 20 A from the supply mains then
calculate the output voltage, output current and output kVA for each of the
following connections:
Star/star (b) star/delta (c) delta/star (d) delta/delta.
The magnetizing current and losses are ignored. Per phase turns ratio is 44.

(b) Star/delta
11000
Per phase primary voltage  V  6351 V
3
Per phase secondary voltage  6351 V  144.34 V  output voltage
44
Primary phase current  20A
Secondary phase current  20  44 A  880 A
Therefore, secondary line current  880  3 A  1524.16 A  output current

Output kVA  3  VL  I L  103  3 144.34  1524.16  103 kVA  381.04 kVA

98
Example1: A three phase step-down transformer is energized from 11kV, 50
Hz source. If it takes a line current of 20 A from the supply mains then
calculate the output voltage, output current and output kVA for each of the
following connections:
Star/star (b) star/delta (c) delta/star (d) delta/delta.
The magnetizing current and losses are ignored. Per phase turns ratio is 44.

(c) Delta/star
Per phase primary voltage  11000 V

Per phase secondary voltage  11000 V  250 V

44
Therefore, secondary line voltage  250  3 V  433 V  output voltage
20
Primary phase current  A  11.55 A
3
Therefore, secondary phase current  11.55  44 A  508.07 A  output current
Output kVA  3  VL  I L  103 3  433  508.07  103 kVA  381.04 kVA

99
Example1: A three phase step-down transformer is energized from 11kV, 50
Hz source. If it takes a line current of 20 A from the supply mains then
calculate the output voltage, output current and output kVA for each of the
following connections:
Star/star (b) star/delta (c) delta/star (d) delta/delta.
The magnetizing current and losses are ignored. Per phase turns ratio is 44.

(d) Delta/delta
Per phase primary voltage  11000 V

Per phase secondary voltage  11000 V  250 V  output voltage

44
20
Primary phase current  A  11.55 A
3
Secondary phase current  11.55  44 A  508.07 A

Therefore, secondary line current  508.07  3 A  880 A  output current

Output kVA  3  VL  I L  103  3  250  880 103 kVA  381.04 kVA

100
Example1: Three single phase transformers, connected in delta/delta supply
a balanced three phase load of 150 kW at 440 volt at 0.8 pf lagging. The
transformers are supplied from three phase mains at 11 kV. Find the currents
in the windings of each of the transformers. If one transformer is found
faulty and is removed and the supply is maintained in V-V connection,
determine the currents in the windings and power supplied by each of the
transformers.

101
Thank You

102