Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

in Chemistry (9701)

For use from 2016 in all papers for the above

syllabus, except practical examinations.

CST314

*8982009131*

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus. General syllabus requirements and information
Syllabus for examination in 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Contents: Tables of Chemical data

1 Important values, constants and standards
2 Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements in kJ mol–1
3 Bond energies
4 Standard electrode potential and reduction potentials, E , at 298 K (25 °C)
5 Atomic and ionic radii
6 Typical proton (1H) chemical shift values ( ) relative to TMS = 0
7 Typical carbon (13C) chemical shift values ( ) relative to TMS = 0
8 Characteristic infra-red absorption frequencies for some selected bonds
9 The orientating effect of groups in aromatic substitution reactions
10 Names, structures and abbreviations of some amino acids
11 The Periodic Table of Elements

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus. General syllabus requirements and information
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1 Important values, constants and standards

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

the Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

the Avogadro constant L = 6.02 x 1023 mol–1

the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

rest mass of proton, 11H mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of neutron, 01 n mn = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron, -10e me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C

molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p

Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 °C))
ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6
(at 298 K (25 °C))
specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1
(= 4.18 J g–1 K–1)

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2 Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements

in kJ mol–1

Proton First Second Third Fourth

number
H 1 1310 – – –
He 2 2370 5250 – –
Li 3 519 7300 11800 –
Be 4 900 1760 14800 21000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25000
C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410
Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10500
Al 13 577 1820 2740 11600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360
P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960
S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100
Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3350 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus. General syllabus requirements and information
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Proton First Second Third Fourth

number
Rb 37 403 2632 3900 5080
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Ag 47 731 2074 3361 5000
I 53 1010 1840 3000 4030
Cs 55 376 2420 3300 4400
Ba 56 502 966 3390 4700

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus. General syllabus requirements and information
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3 Bond energies
3(a) Bond energies in diatomic molecules (these are exact values)

Homonuclear Heteronuclear

Bond Energy/kJ mol–1 Bond Energy/kJ mol–1

H H 436 H F 562
D D 442 H Cl 431
N N 944 H Br 366
O=O 496 H I 299
P P 485 C O 1077
S=S 425
F F 158
Cl Cl 242
Br Br 193
I I 151

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3(b) Bond energies in polyatomic molecules (these are average values)

Homonuclear Heteronuclear
–1
Bond Energy/kJ mol Bond Energy/kJ mol–1
C C 350 C H 410
C=C 610 C Cl 340
C C 840 C Br 280
C –– C (benzene) 520 C I 240
N N 160 C N 305
N=N 410 C=N 610
O O 150 C N 890
Si Si 225 C O 360
P P 200 C=O 740
S S 265 C=O in CO2 805
N H 390
N Cl 310
O H 460
Si Cl 360
Si H 320
Si O (in SiO2(s)) 460
Si=O (in SiO2(g)) 640
P H 320
P Cl 330
P O 340
P=O 540
S H 340
S Cl 250
S O 360
S=O 500

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus. General syllabus requirements and information
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4 Standard electrode (reduction) potentials, E at 298 K (25 °C)

For ease of reference, two tables are given:
(a) an extended list in alphabetical order
(b) a shorter list in decreasing electrode potential, i.e. a redox series.

(a) E in alphabetical order

Electrode reaction E /V
+ –
Ag + e Ag +0.80
Al 3+ + 3e– Al –1.66
2+ –
Ba + 2e Ba –2.90
Br2 + 2e– 2Br– +1.07
Ca2+ + 2e– Ca –2.87
–
Cl 2 + 2e –
2Cl +1.36
2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e– Cl2 + 2H2O +1.64
ClO– + H2O + 2e– Cl – + 2OH– +0.89
Co2+ + 2e– Co –0.28
3+ – 2+
Co + e Co +1.82
[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Co + 6NH3 –0.43
Cr2+ + 2e– Cr –0.91
3+ –
Cr + 3e Cr –0.74
Cr3+ + e– Cr2+ –0.41
2– + – 3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr + 7H2O +1.33
+ –
Cu + e Cu +0.52
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34
2+ – +
Cu + e Cu +0.15
2+ –
[Cu(NH3)4] + 2e Cu + 4NH3 –0.05
F2 + 2e– 2F– +2.87
2+ –
Fe + 2e Fe –0.44
Fe3+ + 3e– Fe –0.04
Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ +0.77
3– – 4–
[Fe(CN)6] + e [Fe(CN)6] +0.36
Fe(OH)3 + e– Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56
2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00
– –
2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH –0.83
I2 + 2e– 2I – +0.54
K+ + e– K –2.92

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Electrode reaction E /V
Li+ + e– Li –3.04
2+ –
Mg + 2e Mg –2.38
Mn2+ + 2e– Mn –1.18
Mn3+ + e– Mn2+ +1.49
+ – 2+
MnO2 + 4H + 2e Mn + 2H2O +1.23
MnO4– + e– MnO42– +0.56
– + –
MnO4 + 4H + 3e MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67
– + – 2+
MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn + 4H2O +1.52
NO3– + 2H+ + e– NO2 + H2O +0.81
– + –
NO3 + 3H + 2e HNO2 + H2O +0.94
– + – +
NO + 10H + 8e
3 NH4 + 3H2O +0.87
Na+ + e– Na –2.71
2+ –
Ni + 2e Ni –0.25
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Ni + 6NH3 –0.51
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O +1.77
– – –
HO + H2O + 2e
2 3OH +0.88
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– 2H2O +1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– 4OH– +0.40
+ –
O2 + 2H + 2e H2O2 +0.68
O2 + H2O + 2e– HO2– + OH– –0.08
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13
4+ – 2+
Pb + 2e Pb +1.69
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.47
2– + –
SO4 + 4H + 2e SO2 + 2H2O +0.17
2– – 2–
S2O8 + 2e 2SO4 +2.01
S4O62–+ 2e– 2S2O32– +0.09
2+ –
Sn + 2e Sn –0.14
4+ – 2+
Sn + 2e Sn +0.15
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20
3+ – 2+
V +e V –0.26
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00
– + – 2+
VO3 + 4H + e VO + 2H2O +1.00
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn –0.76

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

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(b) E in decreasing order of oxidising power

(a selection only – see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

Electrode reaction E /V
F2 + 2e– 2F– +2.87
2– – 2–
S2O8 + 2e 2SO4 +2.01
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O +1.77
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52
+ – 2+
PbO2 + 4H + 2e Pb + 2H2O +1.47
Cl 2 + 2e– 2Cl – +1.36
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33
+ –
O2 + 4H + 4e 2H2O +1.23
Br2 + 2e– 2Br– +1.07
ClO– + H2O + 2e– Cl – + 2OH– +0.89
– + – +
NO + 10H + 8e
3 NH4 + 3H2O +0.87
NO3– + 2H+ + e– NO2 + H2O +0.81
Ag+ + e– Ag +0.80
3+ – 2+
Fe + e Fe +0.77
I2 + 2e– 2I– +0.54
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– 4OH– +0.40
2+ –
Cu + 2e Cu +0.34
2– + –
SO4 + 4H + 2e SO2 + 2H2O +0.17
Sn4+ + 2e– Sn2+ +0.15
2– – 2–
S4O6 + 2e 2S2O3 +0.09
2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13
2+ –
Sn + 2e Sn –0.14
Fe2+ + 2e– Fe –0.44
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn –0.76
– –
2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH –0.83
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20
Mg2+ + 2e– Mg –2.38
2+ –
Ca + 2e Ca –2.87
K+ + e– K –2.92

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5 Atomic and ionic radii

(a) Period 1 atomic/nm ionic/nm

single covalent H 0.037 H– 0.208
van der Waals He 0.140
(b) Period 2
metallic Li 0.152 Li+ 0.060
Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031

single covalent B 0.080 B3+ 0.020

C 0.077 C4+ 0.015 C4– 0.260
3–
N 0.074 N 0.171
O 0.073 O2– 0.140
–
F 0.072 F 0.136

van der Waals Ne 0.160

(c) Period 3
metallic Na 0.186 Na+ 0.095
Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Al 0.143 Al 3+
0.050

single covalent Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041 Si4– 0.271

3–
P 0.110 P 0.212
2–
S 0.104 S 0.184
Cl 0.099 Cl – 0.181

van der Waals Ar 0.190

(d) Group 2
metallic Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031
Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Ca 0.197 Ca2+ 0.099
2+
Sr 0.215 Sr 0.113
Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.135
2+
Ra 0.220 Ra 0.140

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(e) Group 14 atomic/nm ionic/nm

single covalent C 0.077
Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041
Ge 0.122 Ge2+ 0.093

metallic Sn 0.162 Sn2+ 0.112

Pb 0.175 Pb2+ 0.120
(f) Group 17
single covalent F 0.072 F– 0.136
Cl 0.099 Cl – 0.181
Br 0.114 Br– 0.195
–
I 0.133 I 0.216
At 0.140
(g) First row d-block elements
metallic Sc 0.164 Sc3+ 0.081
Ti 0.146 Ti2+ 0.090 Ti3+ 0.067
V 0.135 V2+ 0.079 V3+ 0.064
2+ 3+
Cr 0.129 Cr 0.073 Cr 0.062
Mn 0.132 Mn2+ 0.067 Mn3+ 0.062
2+ 3+
Fe 0.126 Fe 0.061 Fe 0.055
2+ 3+
Co 0.125 Co 0.078 Co 0.053
Ni 0.124 Ni2+ 0.070 Ni3+ 0.056
2+
Cu 0.128 Cu 0.073
2+
Zn 0.135 Zn 0.075

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6 Typical proton (1H) NMR chemical shift values ( ) relative to TMS = 0

Type of Environment of proton Example structures Chemical shift

proton range ( )
alkane –CH3, –CH2–, >CH– 0.9–1.7
alkyl next to C=O CH3–C=O, –CH2–C=O, >CH–C=O 2.2–3.0
alkyl next to aromatic ring CH3–Ar, –CH2–Ar, >CH–Ar 2.3–3.0
alkyl next to CH3–O, –CH2–O, –CH2–Cl,
3.2–4.0
electronegative atom >CH–Br
attached to alkyne C H 1.8–3.1
C–H attached to alkene =CH2, =CH– 4.5–6.0

attached to aromatic ring –H 6.0–9.0

aldehyde R C 9.3–10.5

alcohol RO–H 0.5–6.0

phenol –OH 4.5–7.0

O–H
(see note
O
below)
carboxylic acid R C 9.0–13.0

O H

alkyl amine R–NH– 1.0–5.0

aryl amine –NH2 3.0–6.0

N–H
(see note O
below)
R C
amide 5.0–12.0
N H

Note: values for O–H and N–H protons can vary depending on solvent and concentration.

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7 Typical carbon-13 (13C) NMR chemical shift values ( ) relative to TMS = 0

Hybridisation Environment of carbon Example structures Chemical

of the carbon atom shift range
atom ( )
sp3 alkyl CH3–, CH2–, –CH<, >C< 0–50

sp3 next to alkene/arene C C C, C 10–40

sp3 next to carbonyl/carboxyl C COR, C CO2R, 25–50

sp3 next to nitrogen C NH2, C NR2, C NHCO 30–65

next to chlorine
( CH2 Br and CH2 I are in C Cl
sp3 30–60
the same range
as alkyl)

sp3 next to oxygen C OH, C O CO 50–70

C C
sp2 alkene or arene >C=C<, C C 110–160
C C

sp2 carboxyl R CO2H, R CO2R 160–185

sp 2
carbonyl R CHO, R CO R 190–220
sp alkyne R C C 65–85
sp nitrile R C N 100–125

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8 Characteristic infra-red absorption frequencies for some selected

bonds

Functional groups containing Absorption range (in Appearance of peak

Bond
the bond wavenumbers)/cm–1 (s = strong, w = weak)
C O alcohols, ethers, esters 1040–1300 s
C=C aromatic compounds, alkenes 1500–1680 w unless conjugated
amides 1640–1690 s
ketones and aldehydes 1670–1740 s
C=O
carboxylic acids 1680–1730 s
esters 1710–1750 s
C C alkynes 2150–2250 w unless conjugated
C N nitriles 2200–2250 w
alkanes, CH2 H 2850–2950 s
C H
alkenes/arenes, =C H 3000–3100 w
N H amines, amides 3300–3500 w
carboxylic acids, RCO2 H 2500–3000 s and very broad
O H H-bonded alcohol, RO H 3200–3600 s
free alcohol, RO H 3580–3650 s and sharp

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9 The orientating effect of groups in aromatic substitution reactions.

The position of the incoming group, Y, is determined by the nature of the group, X, already bonded to the
ring, and not by the nature of the incoming group Y.

X X

2
+Y+ +H+
3
4 Y

X– groups that direct the incoming X– groups that direct the incoming
Y group to the 2– or 4– positions Y group to the 3– position
NH2, NHR or NR2 NO2
OH or OR NH3+
NHCOR CN
CH2, alkyl CHO, –COR
Cl CO2H, CO2R

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10 Names, structures and abbreviations of some amino acids

structure of side chain R– in

NH2
3-letter
Name 1-letter symbol
abbreviation R CH

CO2H

alanine Ala A CH3

aspartic acid Asp D HO2CCH2
cysteine Cys C HSCH2
glutamic acid Glu E HO2CCH2CH2
glycine Gly G H
lysine Lys K H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2

phenylalanine Phe F CH2

serine Ser S HOCH2

tyrosine Tyr Y HO CH2

CH3

valine Val V CH

CH3

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92
The Periodic Table of Elements

Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
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sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon

23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
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138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –

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