SHS

General Biology 2
Quarter 3: Week 2 - Module 2
Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity
STEM - General Biology 2
Grade 12 Quarter 3: Week 2 - Module 2: Evolution and Origin of Diversity
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Melanie B. Bernaldez , T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 General Biology 2
Quarter 1: Week 2 - Module 2
Evolution and Origin of
Diversity
 Target

All species of living organisms, from bacteria to monkeys to blueberries,

evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living
things today stay much the same; but that’s not the case, evolution is an ongoing
process. The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the
framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. The theory
of evolution provides direction for predictions about living things that are born out
in experiment after experiment.
You have learned already from your lower earth science subjects about Earth
and how it is formed, how it was evolved to be like the present Earth that we live in
today. Our planet Earth undergone a series of geological and biological challenges
that have changed not only its landscape but also its inhabitants.
This module will focus on evolution and how changes over the course of time
have brought about the emergence and diversification of species. But the lessons
that are included on this module is limited to the history of life on Earth as describe
on the geologic time scale, the characteristics of these living organisms during the
different periods of the Earths’ history and the different mechanisms that produce
changes of these living organisms from one generation to the succeeding generations.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally

accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and;
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8)
2. characteristics of major groups of organisms present during these time periods
(no code)

3. Explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations from generation to

generation (e.g., artificial selection, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation,
recombination). (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-9)

1
 LM Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity:
History of Life on Earth and Mechanism of
1 Evolution

The Earth is around 4.5 billion years old. What was Earth like million years
ago? When did the first living organism evolved? By studying the Earth’s geological
timeline, we will be able to trace the processes by which fossils and living organisms
have evolved since the time that life started until the present day.

Jumpstart

To check your previous knowledge about our lesson, try to

answer the pretest below. Good luck!

Activity 1: Knowledge Check √

Directions: Read carefully each question. Choose the letter of your best answer. Use
separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Earth is incredibly had a long history. Approximately, how old is the Earth?
A. 4.5 million B. 45 million C. 4.5 billion D. 45 billion

2. Which organism first dominated the Earth?

A. Dinosaurs B. Fishes C. Plants D. Bacteria
3. The largest division on the geologic time scale is called __________.
A. Eon B. Era C. Epoch D. period

4. The Mesozoic era is called the Age of reptiles, how about the Cenozoic era?
A. Age of mammals B. Age of birds
C. Age of humans D. Age of Technology

5. What is the longest part of Earth’s history where trace fossils appeared?
A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic
C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic

2
6. The geologic time scale is subdivided into four groups. What is the correct
sequence if you will arrange them from the largest to the smallest?
A. Eon, period, epoch, era B. Eon, era, epoch, period
C. Eon, era, period, epoch D. Era, eon, period, epoch
7. Relative to the percent of time dominating the Earth, which organisms have the
longest reign?
A. Dinosaurs B. Plants C. Prokaryotes D. Humans

8. Which era were the first land plants formed?

A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic

9. Which event occurred during the Mesozoic era?

A. Pangea formed B. Asteroid killed the dinosaurs

C. Rocky mountain formed D. Pleistocene ice age began

10. Understanding geologic time scale is significant because it helps us to ________

A. Understand human impact on our environment

B. Understand the evolution of organisms over time

C. Understand the possibility of life on other planets

D. All of the above

Discover

The Earth’s history is divided into eons, eras, periods and epochs. The geologic time
scale is a record of the life forms and geological events in Earth’s history. Scientists
developed the time scale by developing by studying the rock layers and fossils
worldwide. Radioactive dating was used to determine the absolute divisions in the
time scale.
THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

MILLIONS
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH OF MAJOR EVENTS
YEARS
AGO
Quaternary Holocene 0.01 Historical time
Pleistocene 2.6 Ice ages, origin of homo
Neogene Pliocene Bipedal human ancestor
Cenozoic 5.3 appear
Miocene Mammals and
angiosperms continue to
23 diversity
Oligocene 33.9 Origins of primates

3
 Phanerozoic Paleogene Eocene Angiosperms dominate,
55.8 mammals diversify
Paleocene Mammals, birds, insects
65.5 diversify
Cretaceous Angiosperms diversify,
Mesozoic dinosaurs extinct at end
145.5 period
Jurassic Dinosaurs abundant, first
bird appear,
199.6 gymnosperms dominate
Triassic Dinosaurs evolve, origin
of mammals,
251 gymnosperms dominate
Permian Reptiles diversify, major
extinction of many marine
299 organisms
Paleozoic Carboniferous First seed plants appear,
origin of reptiles,
359.2 amphibians dominate
Devonian Bony fishes diversify,
insects and first
416 amphibians appear
Silurian First vascular plants
443.7 appear
Ordovician Fungi, plants, animals
488.3 colonize land
Cambrian First fish, many animal
542 phyla diversify
Precambrian Appearances of algae
635 and invertebrates
Proterozoic Ediacaran Oldest fossils of
1800 eukaryotic cells
Carbonate rocks
2500 abundant
Archaean Atmospheric oxygen
2700 concentration increases
3500 Oldest fossils of cells
3850 Oldest known rocks
Hadean 4600 Earth forms

The Earth’s geological life may simply be subdivided this way;

1. The Precambrian life (Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic eras)

The Precambrian life covers approximately 88% of the Earth’s history. It is

during this time that the Earth was transformed from a ball of gas and dust to liquid
rock enveloped with hot, non-breathable gases mostly composed of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and sulfur. The molten rock cooled down to form the earth’s crust and with
that, the gases also changed providing a cooler temperature composed mostly of
nitrogen. The Earth become more conducive to life and allowed single-celled
cyanobacteria to exist.

4
 The earliest life comprising Precambrian (Ediacaran) biota was long believed
to include only tiny, sessile soft-bodied sea creatures. But recently, there has been
increasing scientific evidence suggesting that more varied and complex animal
species lived during this time, and possibly even before the Ediacaran period. Fossils
of Coronacollina acula, date back as far as 560 million years were recently discovered
in South Australia (which was conducted by the university of California geologist
team headed by Professor Mary Droser), a sponge-like fossils that show the existence
of hard body parts and spicules that extended 20-40 cm from the main body
(estimated about 5-cm long). It was believed that soft bodied creatures lived during
Precambrian but with this discovery, an organism with individual skeletal body parts
possibly appears before the Cambrian. It is therefore the oldest animal with hard
parts-they would have been structural supports. This also signals that initiation of
skeletons was not sudden in the Cambrian as was thought, that Ediacaran animals
are part of the evolutionary lineage of animals. This recent discovery shows that
Ediacaran animals were not extinct just before the Cambrian.

Another recent fossil discovery may represent the earliest animal species ever
found. While the validity of this claim is still under investigation, these primitive
fossils appear to be small, one-cm long, sponge-like creatures. These fossils from
south Australia date back 650 million years, actually placing the putative animal
before the great ice age extinction event that marked the transition between
Cryogenian period and the Ediacaran period. Until this discovery, most scientists
believed that there was no animal life prior to the Ediacaran period. Many scientists
now believed that animals may in fact have evolved during the Cryogenian period.

The latter part of Precambrian life, the Proterozoic era, was greatly affected by
the movement of tectonic plates forming the supercontinent Rodinia. The Earth’s
core and atmosphere cooled down and brought about the Ice Ages. The production
of oxygen of the primitive cyanobacteria cause a drastic change in the chemical
composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Many species of bacteria and protists were
killed by the presence of higher concentration of oxygen. New types of organisms
evolved using biochemical adaptations enabling them to survive the presence the
presence of oxygen. This allowed the domination of aerobic eukaryotes, the first
multicellular organisms.

2. Paleozoic Era

This era known as “Old Life”, started more than 540 million of years ago and
lasted for more than 300 million years. This era is divided into six periods: Cambrian,
Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian.

Geological processes during this era began with the break-up of

supercontinent Rodinia into continents Gondwana and Laurentia. These two
continents were located near the equator that subsumed much of the current day
landmasses in a different configuration. At this time, sea levels were very high,
probably at a level that hasn’t been reached since. As the Paleozoic progressed,
glaciations created a global climate, but conditions warmed at the end of the first
half of the Paleozoic, the landmasses began moving together. Eventually a single
supercontinent Pangaea, was formed in latter third of the Paleozoic. Glaciations then
began to affect Pangaea’s climate, affecting the distribution of animal life. The

5
characteristics of the different periods under Paleozoic era is described from the
geologic time scale on the previous page.

Towards the latter part of Paleozoic era, however, the largest mass extinction
in history also occurred, wiping out approximately 90% of all marine animal species
and 70% of land animals. When the continents were rejoined as Pangaea, lower sea
levels increased volcanic activity, and climate change are the possible causes of the
mass extinction during this era.

3. The Mesozoic Era or the “middle life”

It started 245 million years ago and lasted for 180 million years. It is
subdivided into three periods; Triassic, Jurassic and cretaceous periods. These are
the major geological events that happened during this era; movement of the tectonic
plates like the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. This split Pangaea into
two northern continent (North America and Eurasia) and Laurasia and a southern
continent. Gondwana (South America, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian
continent. During the Triassic period, Pangaea still formed one massive continent.
Without much coastline to moderate the continent’s interior temperature, Pangaea
experienced major temperature swings and was covered with large swaths of desert.
The Jurassic period saw a rise in sea levels which flooded coastal regions and
hastened the break-up of supercontinent. With more coastlines, many areas
experienced warmer, more stable temperatures, and a wetter climate. By the
cretaceous era, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere had risen, trapping the
planet’s heat. As a result, the planet was hotter- possibly up to 10 degrees Celsius
warmer. This era is known also as the era of dinosaurs because its predominated by
reptiles because of their ability to withstand dry climates. Small mammals and birds
also thrive d in this era because of being warm-blooded and hair or feathers to protect
them from the changing climate. Gymnosperms were most abundant during this era
because their seeds were protected to endure the dry weather. Cretaceous period
ended with a mass extinction event thought to be brought about by the collision of
an asteroid or comet with Earth.

4. The Cenozoic Era or ‘recent life’

This era started 65 million years ago and continues up to the present time. It
is divided into three periods: Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary. The world’s great
mountain ranges were built during this era. The main Alpine orogeny, which
produced the Alps and Carpathians in southern Europe and the Atlas Mountains in
northwestern Africa, began roughly between 37 to 24 million years ago. The
Himalayas were formed during sometime after the Indian plate collided with the
Eurasian plate. The formation of these mountain ranges contributed to the cooling
down of the climate in this era.

Animals during this era had to adapt with the rise and fall of the oceans
caused by melting glaciers. Among marine life-forms, the mollusks became highly
diversified. Planktonic Foraminiferans underwent two major radiations- during
Paleocene and Miocene punctuated by a long (15-20 million years) mid-Cenozoic
reduction in diversity possibly related to global cooling.

6
 This era is also known as the Age of Mammals. Mammals began to increase
and evolve in adaptation that allowed them to live in many different environments-
land, air and sea. Marsupials developed a diverse array of adaptive types in Australia
and South America free from the predations of carnivorous placentals. The placental
mammals make up more than 95% of known mammals today because of its rapid
rate in reproduction.

This era is the development and proliferation of perissodactyls and

artiodactyls. During the later of this era, perissodactyl diversity declined markedly,
but artiodactyls continued to diversify. Many giant placental forms, like the saber-
toothed tiger, giant ground sloths, woolly mammoths, inhabited the forests and the
plains in the Pliocene epoch. It was also about this time that the first hominids
appeared. Early modern humans, however, did not emerge until the Pleistocene
epoch. The Cenozoic era was significantly affected by the major extinction event that
occurred between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. This event involved the sudden
disappearance of many Ice Age mammals was linked to these two factors- climate
change following the melting of the most recent Pleistocene glaciers or overkill by
Paleolithic hunters.

Paleolithic hunters are considered by the scientists as more likely the cause
of the disappearance of these mammals. The rapidly improved technology of
Paleolithic humans produced more efficient tools for hunting. As climatic
differentiation increased over the course of Cenozoic era, flora became more and more
provincial. Deciduous angiosperms, for instance, came to predominate in colder
regions, whereas evergreen varieties prevailed in the subtropics and tropics. Grasses
also increased and provided food to the grazing animals allowing them to increase in
population.

Changes in the environment often creates new niches (living spaces) that
contribute to rapid speciation and increased diversity. On the other hand,
cataclysmic events, such as volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes that obliterate life,
can result in devastating losses of diversity. Such periods of mass extinction as
shown in the figure above have occurred repeatedly in the evolutionary record of life,
erasing some genetic lines while creating room for others to evolve into the empty
niches left behind. The end of the Permian period and Paleozoic era was marked as
the largest mass extinction event in the Earth’s history with a loss of roughly 95% of
the extant species at time. The disappearance of Permian reptiles made it possible
for a new of reptiles to emerge, the dinosaurs. Another mass extinction event
occurred at the end of Cretaceous period that ends this era and was believed that is
due to meteor collision that ends the dominance of dinosaurs and plant species. In
the following Cenozoic era, mammals radiated into terrestrial and aquatic niches
once occupied by dinosaurs. The appearance and dominance of flowering plants in
the Cenozoic era created new niches for insects, as well as for birds and mammals.
Early in Cenozoic era, new ecosystems appeared due to continuous geological
processed including the evolution of life forms as grasses and coral reefs flourished.
Late in the Cenozoic, further extinction followed by speciation occurred during ice
ages that covered high latitudes with ice and then retreated, leaving new open spaces
for colonization.

7
 When we try to understand the history of the Earth and how our planet
changed over time as describes on our geological timeline, we also try to understand
how biological processes that take place have caused disruptions in the organismal
equilibrium. These biological changes that happens through the course of geological
events that shaped our planet until today is explained through the process of
evolution.

BASIC MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION

The thought that species change had been suggested and debated well even
before Charles Darwin began to explore the idea on evolution. Plato writings
explained about evolutionary ideas. James Hutton proposed also that geological
change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from processes
operating like they are today over long periods of time. This view of Hutton was
supported by a geologist named Charles Lyell who became a friend to Darwin. This
idea became influential to Darwin’s thinking. In the Early nineteenth century, Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck published a book that detailed a mechanism for evolutionary
change referred as ‘inheritance due to acquired characteristics by which
modifications in an individual are caused by its environment or the use or disuse of
a structure during its lifetime could be inherited by its offspring and thus bring
changes in a species. Although Lamarck idea was discredited, his ideas were an
important influence on evolutionary thought. These forces known as the mechanism
of evolution are said to have caused disruptions in the equilibrium. These are natural
selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow (migration) and recombination.

1. Natural selection – This mechanism of evolution was proposed two

naturalists- Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace in the mid-nineteenth
century. These two naturalists spent time exploring the natural worlds on
expeditions to the tropics from 1831 to 1836 (Darwin) and from 1848 to 1852
(Wallace). Darwin’s journeys in the Malay Archipelago included stops at several
island chains, the last being the Galapagos Islands (west of Ecuador) where he
observed species of organisms on different islands that were clearly similar yet had
distinct differences. Wallace and Darwin both observed similar patterns in other
organisms and independently conceive a mechanism to explain how and why such
changes could take place. Darwin called the mechanism natural selection. To see
more of Darwin’s Voyage, you can visit this website
http//www.archive.org/details/journalofresea00darw.

Natural selection was governed with these three principles. First, the characteristics
of organisms are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring. Second, more
offspring are produced than are able to survive (resources for survival and
reproduction are limited). Thus, there is a competition for those resources in each
generation. Third, offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics
and those variations are inherited. Out of these three principles, Darwin and Wallace
reasoned that offspring with inherited characteristics that allow them to best
compete for limited resources will survive and have more offspring than those
individual with variations that are less able to compete. Since characteristics are
inherited, these traits will be better represented in the next generation. These will

8
lead to change in populations over generations in a process that Darwin called
“descent with modification”. These principles were presented on the book of Darwin
“On the Origin of Species” which was published in 1859.

Natural selection can only take place if there is variation, or differences among
individuals in a population. Importantly, these differences must have some genetic
bases; otherwise, selection will not lead to change in the next generation. A heritable
trait that aids the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present
environment is called an adaptation. Adaptation is a “match” of the organism to the
environment. Adaptation to an environment comes about when a change in the
genetic variation occurs over time that increases or maintains the match of the
population with its environment.

Darwin observed that beak shape varies among finch species. He postulated
that the beak of an ancestral species had adapted over time to equip the finches to
acquire different food sources. The variations in finch beaks shows also that it shifted
from one generation to generation providing adaptation to food availability. Whether
or not a trait is favorable depends on the environment at the time. The same traits
do not always have the same relative benefit or disadvantage because environmental
conditions change. For examples, finches with large bills were benefited in one
climate, while small bills were a disadvantage; in a different climate, the relationship
could be reversed.

2. Mutation- this is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. Mutation is a source
of new alleles in the population. A mutation can change one allele into another, but
the net effect is change in frequency. The change in frequency resulting from
mutation is small, so its effect on evolution is small also unless it interacts with one
of the other factors such as selection. The outcomes or effect of mutation in an
organisms’ phenotype or appearance are as follows;

a. It may affect the phenotype of organism in a way that gives it reduced

fitness- lower likelihood of survival, resulting in fewer offspring.
b. It may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness
c. Neutral mutations will have no effect on fitness.

Harmful mutations are removed from the

populations by selection and will
generally only be found in very low
frequencies equal to the mutation rate.
Beneficial mutations will spread through
the populations through selection,
although that initial spread is slow.

Whether or not a mutation is beneficial

or harmful is determined by whether it
helps an organism survive to sexual
maturity and reproduce. Mutation is the
ultimate source of genetic variation in all

9
populations- new alleles, and, therefore, new genetic variations arise through
mutation.

3. Genetic Drift- It is simple the effect of change. Another way a population’s allele
can change. It is most important in small populations because drift would be
completely absent in a population with infinite individuals. Genetic drift occurs
because the alleles in an offspring generation are a random sample of the alleles in
the parent generation. Alleles may or may not make it to the next generation due to
chance events including mortality of an individual, events affecting finding a mate
and even the events affecting which gametes end up in fertilization. If one individual
in a population of ten individuals happens to die before it leaves any offspring to the
next generation, all of its genes- a tenth of the population’s gene pool will be suddenly
lost. As it shown in the image, genetic drift in a population can lead to the elimination
of an allele from a population by chance. In each generation, a random set of
individuals reproduces to produce the next generation. The frequency of alleles in
the next generation is equal to the frequency of alleles among the individuals
reproducing.

Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events, such

as disaster that randomly kills a large portion of population, which is known as the
bottleneck effect results in a large portion of genome suddenly being wiped out. A
chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population.
Another scenario in which populations might experience a strong influence of genetic
drift is if some portion of the population leaves to start a new population in a new
location, or if a population gets divided by a physical barrier of some kind. In this
situation, those individuals are unlikely to be represented of the entire population
which results in the founder effect. The founder effect occurs when the genetic
structure matches that of new population’s founding fathers and mothers. The
founder effect is believed to have been a key factor in the genetic history of the
Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa, as evidenced by mutations
that are common in Afrikaners but rare in most other populations. This is likely due
to a higher than normal proportion of the finding colonists, which were a small
sample of the original population, carried these mutations. As a result, the
population expresses high incidence of Huntington’s Disease and Fanconi Anemia.

4. Gene Flow- The flow of alleles in and out of the population resulting from the
migration of individuals or gametes. While some populations are fairly stable, others
experience more flux. Many plants, for example, send their seeds far and wide, by
winds or guts of animals; these seeds may introduce alleles common in the source
population to a new population in which they are rare.

Gene flow can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location
to another and joins a different population of the species. In the example shown in
this image, the red allele is introduced into the brown population.

5. Recombination- It occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes.

This process ultimately leads to the formation of unique gametes with chromosomes
that are different from those in parents. This is one of the important means to
promote and increase genetic diversity between generations.

10
 Explore

Earth’s history describes not only the geological events that shaped
the planet but also the evolutionary changes of organisms. In your
next activities, you are going to enrich further your knowledge on
the characteristics of major groups of organisms present in the
different periods of the geologic time scale and familiarize further on
mechanism of evolution. Have fun while learning!

Enrichment Activity 1: This activity will help you familiarize the events (geological
and evolutionary) that happened during the different era in the geologic time scale.

Geologic Time Scale

Use these words and phrases to complete the Geologic Time Scale below:

Precambrian Age of mammals Pangaea formed

Cenozoic Age of dinosaurs abundance of carbonate rocks
Paleozoic First bony fish Most mountain ranges formed
Mesozoic Humans Pangaea split
First prokaryotes Appearance of grasses and coral reefs

Era Geological events Evolution of life forms

1.

2.

3.

4.

11
Enrichment Activity 2: What’s in Here?

Below is diagram which resembles the geologic time scale. Fill-in the tables with the
information provided below. Your clue in order to now the correct placement is the
indicated date after each event. You can simply cut and paste each phrase or you
will copy and write on the spaces of the geologic timeline below.

Eras Geological events Evolutionary events

Cenozoic
(65 million
years ago to
present)
Mesozoic
(245 to 65
million years
ago)
Paleozoic
(540 to 245
million years
ago)
Precambrian
(4.6 billion
years to 540
million years
ago)

Evolutionary events
First evidence of life (3,850 ma) Arthropods on land (420 ma)
Photosynthesizing bacteria (3,700 ma) First insects (407 ma)
Oldest fossils (3,500 ma) First amphibian vertebrates (375 ma)
First Eukaryotes (2,700 ma) First dinosaurs (220 mya)
Ediacaran Fauna (600 ma) Early mammals (220 mya)
The Cambrian Explosion (530 ma) First birds (150 ma)
First land plants and fish (480 ma) First flowering plants (130 ma)

Geologic Events
Formation of the great oceans (4,200 Oxygen Levels reach 3% of the
ma) Atmosphere (1.9 ma)
Protective Ozone in place (600 ma) Gondwana forms (500 ma)
Oxygen nears present day Formation of Pangaea supercontinent
concentration (400 ma) (280 ma)
Pangaea supercontinent breaks up Continents near present-day positions
(200 ma) (40 ma)
. Initiation of Seafloor Spreading of Initiation of the Philippine Fault (4 ma)
South China Sea (32 ma)
Global ice ages begin (2 Ma)

12
Enrichment Activity 3: Word Web

Using the graphic organizers below, fill-in key words/phrases that will describe
each of the following mechanism of evolution.

Natural selection

Mutation

Genetic Drift

Gene flow

13
 Recombination

Enrichment Activity 4: From the words/phrases listed above on the graphic

organizers, explain briefly the following mechanism of change. You can explain
through words, symbols or drawing.

Mechanism of Evolution

1. Natural selection

2. Mutation

3. Genetic Drift

4. Gene flow

5. Recombination

14
 Deepen

At this point, you have now a clearer understanding about the Earth’s history
as explained through the geologic time scale and about evolutionary changes of life
forms as explain on the different mechanism of evolution.

In your next activity, you are going to make a narrative about the history of
your place (your hometown). What it looks like several years ago and how it will be
several years from now.

Activity 1: Time Machine

What you need:

Bond paper, pen

What you have to do:

1. Read/search about the history of your place or you can interview your
adults about your town, on how it looks like before including the landmarks,
significant landforms, historical buildings and establishment and the community
folks as well.

2. make a narrative (at least 300 words) on how the place transforms years
before up to the present. Include significant events like the physical features of the
place before and now, the landmarks that were present then but it has been removed,
the life forms (plants and animals) that were dominant before and now or can not be
seen today. Include any information that has something to do on how your place
changes over time.

3. Your output will be graded using the rubrics below.

Narrative Rubrics

Criteria Excellent (10-8) Good (7-6) Fair (5-3)

Content and Narration is clear Narration stays on Narration does not

Ideas and easy to topic. Some details stay on topic. It may
understand. It uses helped the reader need more work on
many interesting picture what is details on how the
details about the being described place is being
place it describes about the place described

Organization It grabs the reader’s Narration is clear Narration is a little

attention. The from beginning to bit confusing and it
events happen in end and paragraph needs more work on
order that make was organized. how the paragraph
sense. Paragraph is should be organized.
organized and

15
 narration is clear
until the end.

Writing skills Sentence begin with Most of the Narration needs

capital letter and sentences begin capital letters,
end with with capital letters punctuation, and
punctuation. Most and end with the some help with
words are spelled correct punctuation. spelling
correctly. Many words are
spelled correctly.

Activity 2: Search, Research

For this activity, you are going to apply some research processes in explaining the
questions below about mechanism of evolution. Choose one from the topic question
below; Give a little background, assumption/hypothesis, data collection and data
analysis and form conclusion from the research topics below.

1. How do natural disasters affects the genetic structure of a population? (genetic

drift)
2. How does mutation related to the traits including diseases that are being
inherited by the offspring from their parents? (mutation)

3. How natural selection creates variation or differences among individuals in a

population? (natural selection)

Rubrics

Criteria Excellent (10-8) Good (7-6) Fair (5-3)

Content and Very informative Informative and Content is not

details and accurate. Very accurate. Has always related to the
interesting to read adequate details topic. Has few
supporting details.

Organization All parts are well It shows adequate Poorly organized and
organized and organization and confusing at times.
complete complete parts

Writing skills Easy to read. No Readable. Has few Difficult to read and
and writing errors in spelling, to several errors in understand. Has
mechanics punctuation and spelling, many errors in
grammar. punctuation and spelling, punctuation
grammar. and grammar.

16
 Gauge

Directions: Read and understand each question. Choose the letter of your best
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Which organism first dominated the Earth?

A. Dinosaurs B. Fishes C. Plants D. Bacteria

2. The Mesozoic era is called the Age of reptiles, how about the Cenozoic era?
A. Age of mammals B. Age of birds
C. Age of humans D. Age of Technology

3. What is the longest part of Earth’s history which covers 88% of the Earth’s history?
A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic

4. The geologic time scale is subdivided into four groups. What is the correct
sequence if you will arrange them from the largest to the smallest?
A. Eon, period, epoch, era B. Eon, era, epoch, period
C. Eon, era, period, epoch D. Era, eon, period, epoch

5. Coronacollina acula is a fossil that represent the oldest animal with hard body
parts that was discovered recently in South Australia. Scientist believed that this
animal existed during ___________.
A. Precambrian B. Paleozoi C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic

6. Which era were the first land plants formed?

A. Precambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic

7. Which event occurred during the Mesozoic era?

A. Pangea formed B. Asteroid killed the dinosaurs
C. Rocky mountain formed D. Pleistocene ice age began
8. Approximately, how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the
evolutionary history of animals?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. more than 5

9. Until recent discoveries suggested otherwise, animals existing before the

Cambrian period were believed to be __________’
A. small and ocean dwelling B. small and nonmotile
C. small and soft- bodied D. small and radially symmetrical

10. Which scientific concepts did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently
discover?
A. Mutation B. Genetic Drift C. Natural selection D. Recombination

17
11. Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation
into a population?
A. Natural selection and genetic drift
B. Mutation and gene flow
C. Mutation and genetic drift
D. natural selection and non-random mating

12. Which of the following mechanism of change was brought by the exchange of
genes during the process of meiosis that leads to the formation of new gametes
that are different form its parent?
A. Mutation B. Genetic Drift
C. Natural selection D. Recombination

13. Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

A. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows longer than the
other
B. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather
food than the other.
C. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible
winner
D. All of the above

14. When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new
pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the
following mechanisms?
A. Natural selection B. Artificial selection
C. Recombinant DNA D. All of these

15. Which of the following statement is TRUE about the different mechanism of
evolution?
A. Natural selection works by selecting alleles that confer beneficial traits or
behavior.
B. Mutations introduce new alleles into a population.
C. Allele frequencies can change as a result of gene flow
D. All of the above

18
Answer Key

19
References
Printed Materials:

Department of Education. Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR). (2017) First

Edition. Unit III: Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity. General Biology 2(pp.81-96),
Pasig City, Philippines.

The Commission on Higher Education. (2016). K-12 Basic Education Curriculum.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School. History of Life on Earth. General Biology
2(pp.50-68), Quezon City, Philippines

The Commission on Higher Education. (2016). K-12 Basic Education Curriculum.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School. History of the Earth. Earth and Life Science
(pp.135-138), Quezon City, Philippines

Website:

Article on Coronacollina acula. Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved December 29, 2020 from

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2112532/Coronacollina-acula-
Oldest-animal-skeleton-discovered.html

Paleozoic era ideas. Pinterest. Retrieved December 29, 2020 from

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Earth+during+paleozoic+era&tbm=isch&ved
=2ahUKEwi_wZjvoYLuAhXB6WEKHXf1BZQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Earth+during+paleozoic+era&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoC
CAA6BwgjEOoCECc6BwgAELEDEEM6BAgAEEM6BQgAELEDUIm7E1j7zhRgndcUa
ARwAHgHgAHoBIgBqZYBkgENMC42LjUuNy4xOC4xMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXot
aW1nsAEKwAEB&sclient=img&ei=EgjzX7_wBcHThwP36pegCQ&bih=657&biw=136
6&safe=strict#imgrc=

Mesozoic era. Earth Historical catastrophes Projects. Retrieved December 29, 2020
fromhttps://www.google.com/search?q=mesozoic+era+animals&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwih0-XvmIXuAhUODpQKHbgYDAcQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=mesozoic+era+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgQIIxAnMgIIADICCAAy
AggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgQIABAYOgYIABAIEB5QuxtYiyJg3zZ
oAHAAeACAAVqIAeUCkgEBNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img
&ei=SpH0X6GGKI6c0AS4sbA4&bih=657&biw=1366&safe=strict#imgrc=eaI0KCchT
zokkM

Cenozoic era Continues Today. ThoughtCo. Retrieved December 29, 2020 from
https://www.google.com/search?q=cenozoic++era+animals&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
EwjSmvPzmIXuAhWEAJQKHdhXAYMQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=cenozoic++era+animals&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzIECCMQ
JzICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgY
IABAFEB46BggAEAcQHjoICAAQBxAFEB46BAgAEENQlJ4RWIPDEWC3yxFoAHAAe
ACAAXmIAZkJkgEEMTUuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img
&ei=U5H0X5KlEISB0ATYr4WYCA&bih=657&biw=1366&safe=strict#imgrc=xTmG-
uXI0QB2CM

Mechanism Limiting Evolution Identifed. Softpedia News. Retrieved December 30,

2020fromhttps://www.google.com/search?q=mutation+as+a+mechanism+of+evolu

20
tion&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwijj5rfmoXuAhUOBaYKHfo0DNUQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=mutation+as+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMg
QIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYMgQIABAYOgQIABBDOgIIAFCk
rQFY3rABYOLJAWgAcAB4AIABqwGIAf0CkgEDMy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1p
bWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=QJP0X6PvLI6KmAX66bCoDQ&bih=657&biw=1366&saf
e=strict#imgrc=N6EZjNCwydQ2SM

Narrative Rubrics examples. Study.com Retrieved January 02, 2020 from

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=narrative+rubric&safe=strict&sxsrf=ALeKk0
3KETEjMN5XmWgKf2XufR4kzWbodQ:1609851100333&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=
1&fir=5t1UM-XYk8zF-M%252Ctiw4Ry5sjE8tSM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kR2sonP-xvHUeeDNV2jnC1HP0-
RSg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR2ufX6oTuAhXBG6YKHftmBOYQ9QF6BAgLEAE&biw=1
366&bih=657#imgrc=jaQpOatDyCDG_M

Research Paper Rubrics. www.state.edu. Retrieved January 03, 2020 from

https://www.google.com/search?q=rubrics+for+research+paper&safe=strict&sxsrf=
ALeKk00LvHyXOhg1Ly-
cakxhXOkpYuOscA:1609855316228&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=Thoz5_nyLF
-pUM%252CNlRSuz98mvLAYM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kSWmzrpZIPCxKi8KSiAe4OpdT5Axw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFsI2y-
oTuAhXHdd4KHQZ5DwoQ9QF6BAgGEAE&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=XQvHvL_X7
XTJFM

21