Module Title: - CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS

& CALCULATIONS
TTLM Code: IND-FMK1-TTLM 0919v1

This module includes the following Learning Guides

LG08: Obtain Measurements

LG Code: IND-FMK1 M03 LO1-LG08
LG09: Perform simple calculations
LG Code: IND-FMK1 M03 LO2-LG09
LG10: Estimate approximate quantities
LG Code: IND-FMK1 M03 LO3-LG10
 Instruction Sheet LG08: Obtain Measurements

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics –
1.1 Purpose of obtain measurements
1.2 Methods of obtaining measurement
1.3 Obtain accurate measurement
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
1.1 Purpose of obtain measurements
1.2 Methods of obtaining measurement
1.3 Obtain accurate measurement
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page -.15
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-check
1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your rating
is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.

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 Information Sheet-1 Purpose of obtain measurements

Introduction
Purposes carry out measurement and calculations
- Every wood work shop should be adequately equipped with a reasonable quantity and Varity of
tools and equipment for work to be done efficiently. It is necessary for you to be not only familiar with
the names of the tools but able to identify and correctly. to make it easier to understand the correct
application of the various tools they are grouped in to classes as follows: holding and supporting tools,
geometrical tools, percussion and impelling tools, boring cutting tools, sharing and paring tools and
abrading and scraping tools. The discussion centers on their type, description and uses.

What is Measurement
To measure is the act or process of determining the extent, quantity, degree, capacity, dimension,
volume, and so forth, of a substance by comparing it with some fixed standard, which is usually fixed
by law. A measure may relate to any of these standards. There are many kinds of measures, and
practically all of them are standard, but standards vary in different countries. The measures mentioned
in this text are all U.S. standards unless designated otherwise.
The study of measurements is sometimes called menstruation.
Among the many kinds of measures are the following:
_ Linear—Measures of length
_ Square—Used to measure areas
_ Cubic— Used to measure volume, or volumetric contents
_ Weight—Many systems of weights are standard
_ Time—Almost standardized all over the world
_ Circular or angular—The same all over the world

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 Linear Measure
Table 1.1 shows linear measurement (long) equivalents.
Table 1.1
Measure Equivalent Equivalen
12 inches 1 rod
3 feet 1 furlong 36 inches
51/2 yards 1 mile1 161/2 feet
40 rods league (land) 660 feet
8 furlongs 1 mile 5280 feet
3 miles 1 league (land)

Long Measure
The furlong is practically never used, except at racetracks and in some athletic events.
Table 1.2 shows land survey measurement equivalents.
Land Surveyor’s Measure
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
7.92 inches 1 link
100 links 1 chain 66 feet
10 chains 1 furlong 660 feet
80 chains 1 mile 5280 feet
The use of the surveyor’s chain, or Gunter’s chain, was abandoned in the late 1800s and was
superseded by the steel tape, which is much more accurate. The chain (meaning 66 feet) is still used by
the U.S.
General Land Office, however, when surveying very old deeds. The standard surveyor’s tape is often
called, from habit, a chain. It is100 feet long and is graduated in feet except for the last foot, whichis
divided into tenths and hundredths of a foot.
Table 5-4 shows nautical measurement equivalents.

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Table 5-4 Nautical Measure (U.S. Navy)
Measure Equivalent
6 feet 1 fathom
120 fathoms 1 cable length
The International Nautical Mile∗ 6076.1033 feet
3 nautical miles 1 marine league
The knot is a measure of speed, not of length, and is equivalent to1 nautical mile per hour. A speed of
16 knots is equal to 16 nautical miles per hour.
Square Measure
Square measure is used to measure areas. In most (but not all) cases, linear units are used to measure
the two dimensions, length and width, and their product is the area in square units. Expressed as an
equation: length × width = area
The two dimensions, length and width, must be measured in the same units, but any unit of linear
measurement may be used. If inches are multiplied by inches, the result will be in square inches; if feet
are multiplied by feet, the result will be in square feet, and so
forth (see Figure 5-7).For the small areas commonly found in everyday life (such as tabletops or
shelves), the unit most commonly used is the square inch. Plywood and lumber are commonly sold by
the square foot.
Carpets and other floor coverings and materials and ceilings are measured in square yards. The
carpenter measures roofing by the square of 10 × 10 feet, or 100 square feet. Tracts of land are usually
measured in acres or, for large areas, in square miles.
Table 5-5 shows square measure equivalents.
Cubic Measure
Cubic measure is used to determine or appraise volumes. Three dimensions are involved (length,
width, and height) and their product is volume. Expressed as an equation:
Length × width × height = volume
Table 5-5 Square Measure
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
144 square inches 1 square foot
9 square feet 1 square yard
301/4 square yards 1 square rod 272.25 square feet
160 square rods 1 acre 4840 square yards or
43,560 square feet

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 640 acres 1 square mile 3,097,600 square yards
36 square miles 1 township

As with square measure, the usual linear units (inches, feet, and yards) are ordinarily used to measure
these three dimensions.
Most small measurements of capacity (such as small shipping cases or small cabinets) are measured in
cubic inches. The contents of buildings, their cubage, are ordinarily expressed in cubic feet. Earthwork
(either excavated and loose, or in place) is expressed in cubic yards (see Figure 5-8).

DEPTH LENGTH THICKNESS

Table 5-6 Cubic Measures of Volume

Measure Equivalent
1728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard
Dry Measure
Quantities of loose, granular materials (such as grains, some fruits, and certain vegetables) are
measured in arbitrary units that, in turn, are defined by means of cubic measures of volume, usually in
cubic inches. Their value is sometimes fixed by law.
Table 5-7 shows units of dry measure equivalents for the United States and Table 5-8 shows units of
dry measure equivalents for Great Britain and Canada.

Table 5-7 Dry Measure (United States)

Measure Equivalent Equivalent
2 pints 1 quart 67.2 cubic inches
8 quarts 1 peck 537.61 cubic inches
4 pecks 1 bushel 2150.42 cubic inches

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Table 5-8 Dry Measure (British and Canadian)
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
1 gallon .5 peck 277.42 cubic inches
4 pecks 1 bushel 2219.23 cubic inches
The British dry quart is not often used. It is equal to 69.35 cubic inches, or 1.032 U.S. dry quarts.
The weight, rather than the volume, of grains is the standard fixed by the U.S. government (Table 5-9).
Table 5-9 Grain Measure (U.S.)
Measure Equivalent
1 bushel of wheat 60 pounds
1 bushel of barley 48 pounds
1 bushel of oats 32 pounds
1 bushel of rye 56 pounds
1 bushel of corn (shelled) 56 pounds
Board or Lumber Measure
Timbers an d logs are measured in board or lumber measure. The board foot is 1 foot wide, 1 foot
long, and 1 inch thick, there by containing 144 cubic inches. In the retail market, all lumber that is less
than 1 inch thick is called one inch. At the sawmills, the full sizes govern the thickness of the saw
kerfs; usually about 1/4 inch is allowed for and accounted as sawing loss. Actual finished (dressed)
sizes of common lumber and the dimension and timbers for pine are as follows:
_ The standard dressed thickness of 1-inch boards is 3/4 inch.
_ The standard thickness of 2-inch dimension boards is11/2 inches.
_ The standard dressed widths of lumber 2 inches thick and less are 1/2 inch less for widths under 8
inches and 3/4 inch less for8-inch widths and wider.
_ The standard dressed widths and thicknesses for lumber and timbers are 1/2 inch less both ways
under 8 inches wide and3/4 inch for 8-inch widths and over. So, a 2-inch × 8-inch board would be
11/2 inches × 71/4 inches. A 2-inch × 10-inch board would be 11/2 inches × 91/4 inches.

Measures of Weight
The simplest definition of weight is the force with which a body is attracted toward the earth. It is a
quantity of heaviness. The three systems (or standards) of weights used in the United States are:
_ Avoirdupois—Used for almost all ordinary purposes (see Table5-11)

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 Table 5-11 Avoirdupois Weights
Measure Equivalent
U.S. 16 drams 1 ounce
16 ounces 1 pound
100 pounds 1 hundredweight
20 hundredweights 1 ton

Measure Equivalent
England 14 pounds 1 stone
112 pounds 1 hundredweight
20 hundredweight 1 ton
2240 pounds
Note: The 2240-pound ton is sometimes used in the United States for weighing coal at the mines and
at Customs houses for evaluating shipments from England.
Troy—Used in weighing precious metals and jewels (see Table5-12)
_ Apothecaries—Used by pharmacists when compounding drugs (see Table 5-13)

Table 5-12 Troy Weights

Measure Equivalent
3.086 grains 1 carat
24 grains 1 pennyweight
20 pennyweights 1 ounce
12 ounces 1 pound

Table 5-13 Apothecaries Weights

Measure Equivalent
20 grains 1 scruple
3 scruples 1 dram
8 drams 1 ounce
12 ounces 1 pound

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This standard of weights is fast becoming obsolete, although pharmacists must be familiar with it.
Manufacturing pharmacyistsand chemists are rapidly changing to the metric weights, using the metric
gram as a basis instead of the apothecaries’ scruple (1 scruple
= 1.296 grams).

Circular Measure
This measure is used in astronomy, land surveying, navigation, and in measuring angles of all kinds.
Circles of all sizes are divisible into degrees, minutes, and seconds (see Table 5-15). Note that a
degree is not a measurement of length. It is 1/360 of the circumference of a circle with any radius.
With widespread use of calculators and the need for accuracy in missiles, the degree has now been
divided in decimal form rather than minutes and seconds. Most calculators can carry the degree out to
6 places after the decimal point
Table 5-15 Circular Measures
Measure Equivalent
60 seconds 1 minute
60 minutes 1 degree
360 degrees 1 circle
The Metric System
The base, or fundamental, unit in the metric system is the meter.
The meter is defined as the distance between two scribed marks on a standard bar made of platinum-
iridium kept in the vaults of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, near Paris, France.
Of course, many other standard meter bars have been made from the measurement on this bar. It is
permissible and official to use this measurement in the United States, and, in fact, the yard, the basis
for the English system of measurement, has been defined as exactly
3600/3937 meter, or 1 meter = 39.37 inches.
The advantage (and immeasurably greater convenience) of the metric system over the English system
of units lies in the fact that it is expressed in tenths, thereby readily allowing the use of decimals.
However, the American public is accustomed to the English units, and as recent experience indicates,
the system should continue for a long time. The metric system is, of course, in common use all
over the world with the exception of some English-speaking countries. The meter is used like the yard
to measure cloth and short distances.
Units of other denominations are named by prefixing to the word meter the Latin numerals for the
lower denominations and the

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Greek numerals for the higher denominations, as shown in Table 5-16.
Table 5-16 Denominations
Lower Denomination Higher Denomination

Deci 1/10 Deka 10

Centi 1/100 Hecto 100
Milli 1/1000 Kilo 1000
Micro 1/1,000,000 Myria 10,000
Therefore, 1 decimeter = 1/10 of a meter, 1 millimeter = 1/1000 of a meter, 1 kilometer = 1000
meters, and so forth. From this explanation of the metric prefixes, the linear equivalents shown in
Table 5-17 can easily be understood

Table 5-17 Metric Table of Linear Measure

Metric
Denomination Meter U.S. Value
1 millimeter .001 .0394 inches
10 millimeters 1 centimeter .01 .3937 inches
10 centimeters 1 decimeter .1 3.937 inches
10 decimeters 1 meter 1. 39.3707 inches
3.28 feet
10 meters 1 deka meter 10. 32.809 feet
10 deka meters 1 hectometer 100. 328.09 feet
10 hectometers 1 kilometer 1000. .62138 miles
10 kilometers 1 myriameter 10,000 6.2138 miles
The kilometer is commonly used for measuring long distances.
The square meter (see Table 5-18) is the unit used for measuring ordinary surfaces, such as flooring or
ceilings.
Table 5-18 Metric Table of Square Measure
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
100 square millimeters 1 square centimeter 0.15+square
(mm2) inch

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100 square centimeters 1 square decimeter 15.5+square
(cm2) inches
100 square decimeters 1 square meter (m2) 1.196+square
(dm2) yards
The acre is the unit of land measure and is defined as a square whose side is 10 meters, equal to a
square deka meter, or 119.6 square yards (see Table 5-19).
Table 5-19 Metric Table of Land Measure
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
1 centiare (ca) 1 square meter 1.196 square yards
100 centiares (ca) 1 acre 119.6 square yards
100 ares (A) 1 hectare 2.471 acres
100 hectares (ha) 1 square kilometer 0.3861 square miles
The cubic meter is the unit used for measuring ordinary solids,
such as excavations or embankments (see Table 5-20).
Table 5-20 Metric Table of Cubic Measure
Measure Equivalent Equivalent
1000 cubic millimeters 1 cubic centimeter 0.061+cubic
(mm3) inches
1000 cubic centimeters 1 cubic decimeter 61.026+cubic
(cm3) inches
1000 cubic decimeters 1 cubic meter 35.316+cubic
(dm3) feet
The liter is the unit of capacity, both of liquid and of dry measures, and is equivalent to a vessel whose
volume is equal to a cube whose edge is 1/10 of a meter, equal to 1.0567 quarts liquid measure,
and0.9081 quart dry measure (see Table 5-21).The hectoliter is the unit used for measuring liquids,
grain, fruit, and roots in large 036quantities. The gram is the unit of weight equal to the weight of a
cube of distilled water, the edge of which is 1/100 of a meter, and is equal to 15.432 troy grains (see
Table 5-22).
Geometry
By definition, geometry is that branch of mathematics that deals with space and figures in space. In
other words, it is the science of the mutual relations of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids
that are considered as having no properties except those arising from extension and difference of
situation.

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Lines
The two kinds of lines are straight and curved. A straight line is the shortest distance between two
points. A curved line is one that changes its direction at every point. Two lines are said to be parallel
when they have the same direction. A horizontal line is one parallel to the horizon or surface of the
Earth. A line is perpendicular with another line when they are at right angles to each other. These
definitions are illustrated in Figure 5-9.
Angles
An angle is the difference in direction between two lines proceeding from the same point (called the
vertex). Angles are said to be right (90 degrees) when formed by two perpendicular lines (see
Table 5-21 Metric Table of Capacity
10 milliliters (ml.) = 1 centiliter = .0338 fluid ounce
10 centiliters (cl.) = 1 deciliter = .1025 cubic inch
10 deciliters (dl.) = 1 liter = 1.0567 liquid quart
10 liters (l.) = 1 dekaliter = 2.64 gallons
10 dekaliters (dl.) = 1 hectoliter = 26.418 gallons
10 hectoliters (hl.) = 1 kiloliter = 264.18 gallons
10 kiloliters (kl.) = 1 myrialiter (ml.)
1 myrialiter = 10 cubic meters
= 283.72 + bushels = 2641.7 + gallons
1 kiloliter = 1 cubic meter
= 28.372 + bushels = 264.17 gallons
1 hectoliter = 1/10 cubic meter
= 2.8372 + bushels = 26.417 gallons

1 decaliter = 10 cubic decimeters

= 9.08 quarts = 2.6417 gallons
1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter
= .908 quart = 1.0567 quart
liquid
1 deciliter = 1/10 cubic decimeter
= 6.1022 cubic inches = .845 gallons
1 milliliter = 10 cubic centimeters

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 = .6102 cubic inches = .338 fluid ounces
1 centiliter = 1 cubic centimeter
= .061 cubic inches = .27 fluid dram
Figure 5-10A), acute (less than 90 degrees) when less than a right angle (see Figure 5-10B), and
obtuse (more than 90 degrees) when greater than a right angle (see Figure 5-10C).
All angles except right (or 90-degree) angles are called oblique angles. Angles are usually measured in
degrees (circular measure) (see Figure 5-10D). The complement of an angle is the difference between
90 degrees and the angle. The supplement of the angle is the difference between the angle and 180
degrees.
Plane Figures
The term plane figures means a plane surface bounded by straight
or curved lines, and a plane (or plane surface) is one in which
any straight line joining any two points lies wholly in the surface.
Figure 5-11 defines a plane surface. There is a great variety of plane

Table 5-22 Metric Table of Weight Measure

Measure Equivalent Equivalent
10 milligrams (mg) 1 centigram 0.15432 + grains troy
10 centigrams (cg) 1 decigram 1.54324 + grains troy
10 decigrams (dg) 1 gram 15.43248 + grains troy
10 grams (g) 1 dekagram 0.35273 + ounce avoirdupois
10 dekagrams (Dg) 1 hectogram 3.52739 + ounces avoirdupois
10 hectograms (hg) 1 kilogram 2.20462 + pounds
avoirdupois
10 kilograms (kg) 1 myriagram 22.04621 + pounds
avoirdupois
10 myriagrams (Mg) 1 quintal 220.46212 + pounds
avoirdupois

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 Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
1. Write the following measures

1. Linear—Measures of ___________

2. Square—Used to measure ___________

3. Cubic— Used to measure ___________

4. Weight—Many systems of ___________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 4 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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 Information Sheet-2 Methods of measurement

Methods of measurement
Measurements Is the first aid important part before the operation starts there fore knowing how to
measure the needs length can save time.
We have four methods of measures in any components of building
1. End to end (effective span): it is measurements of a length from end to end of the components
It is known as installation length.
2. End to center: it is measures w/c is taken from the center of structure of building to the end or from
the end to center.
3. Center to center: it is the distance b/n the center of two components of building
It is known as construction length
4. Clear span: it is the distance b/n two any components of building are internal

Various lines: straight, curved, parallel, an perpendicular.

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Various angles: right, acute, obtuse, and complement and supplement of an angle.

A plane surface means that every point on a straight line joining any two points in the surface
lies in the surface

Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
1. Write Methods of measurement
1. ___________________
2. ____________________
3. ________________
4. ___________________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

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 Information Sheet-3 Obtaining Accurate Measurement

3 Obtaining Accurate Measurement

Measuring and Marking Tools
The starting point of good craftsmanship is proper measuring and marking. Accurate cutting and
shaping will be wasted if the project has not been laid out with precision. Some general rules of thumb
apply to all measuring and marking tasks. Whether you are using a rule or a square, measure from as
few reference surfaces as possible to minimize repeating an error or adding to it. Also, read scales
from a straight-on eye position, rather than on an angle, to prevent parallax error, which leads to
imprecise readings. And, when scribing the end line of a measurement, use a V-shaped mark, rather
than a simple dot or line, to locate your endpoint exactly.

1.1 purpose of obtaining measurements

Measurements are hand tools that are used to get the appropriate measurements of materials a job.
1.2 geometrical tools
Geometrical tools are those that are used for measuring marking out, setting out and testing of a job at
various stages.
Among the common tools are
- The rule - Panel gauges - Sliding bevel
- Straight age - Calipers - Mortise gauge
- Marking knife - Try square - Cutting gauge
- Using compasses - Miter square - Combination square
- Marking gauge
1.1 measuring and laying out tools (Geometrical tools)
These types of tools are those that are used for
- Measuring - Setting out and
- Marking out - Testing of a job at various stages .
Among the common tools are:-
- The rule - Marking gauge - Cutting gauge
- Straight edge - Sliding bevel - Panel gauges

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 - Marking knife - Combination square - Mortise gauge
- Using compasses - Miter square - Try square

Measuring and Marking Tools

The starting point of good craftsmanship is proper measuring and marking. Accurate cutting and
shaping will be wasted if the project has not been laid out with precision. Some general rules of thumb
apply to all measuring and marking tasks. Whether you are using a rule or a square, measure from as
few reference surfaces as possible to minimize repeating an error or adding to it. Also, read scales
from a straight-on eye position, rather than on an angle, to prevent parallax error, which leads to
imprecise readings. And, when scribing the end line of a measurement, use a V-shaped mark, rather
than a simple dot or line, to locate your endpoint exactly
1.Rule: - is measuring that is used for setting out checking a work piece. The common
Forms of rule are: - 75mm four fold
- 50 mm four fold
- 50 mm two fold and
- 25 mm type
Straight edge: - is made either from steel or wood. It has perfect straight and parallel edges. It is
mostly used for testing the evenness of surface and edge of a work -piece or job.
2.Marking knife: - is mad up of tool steel with one end angled and beveled. the cutting edge is used for
marking a cut line across the shoulders of joints such as tenons, and trenches to guide sawing or
chiseling. the cut line is drown in conjunction with a try square and must be squire (at 900 ) with the
face edge
3.compasses: - is a metal (steel) tool in a form of a pair of dividers its main application is for
setting out arcs and circles and a work piece or j5.
4. Calipers:- are of two kinds

1. Inside calipers and

2. out side calipers

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the inside calipers are mainly used for checking diameters of holes or slats whilst the
out side calipers are used for out side diameters of cylindrical objects

6. try-square:-costing of two main parts the blade made of tempered tool steel and the stack made
of wood it is used for testing the square ness of surfaces and edges of quark-pieces, outside and inside
corners of joints or carcasses, and for marking lines at right-angles to a given surface or edge.
7. Miter square:- has a blade and stack as a try square but the blade is fixed at 450 .
8. sliding bevel:- the blade but is slated and is not permanently fixed in the stack but passes
through a slat in the stack and held at a required angle by a screw or level is used for testing and
setting out bevels or angles other than 450 and 900.
9. Combination square:- consists of a steel graduated blade and a stack often referred to as the
head. The head (stack) has two edges, 900 and 450. The blade has a square along its length that fits in
to a pin in the stock and slide to any length and held in position by a spring loaded screw.
10. Making gauge: - comprises a wooden (beech) stack that slide along the stem a wooden
(beech) steam that passes through the center of the block. it is used for making line parallel to a
face or an edge of a work piece.
11. Mortise gauge:- is similar to the making gauge and has similar parts stack stem and
thumbscrew, but two spurs instead of one. it is used for making two lines parallel to a face or edge of
work piece, particularly when marking out mortises and tenon, or the pins and sockets of bridle
joints.
12. Cutting gauge:- consists of a stack, stem, thumbscrew but has a cutting blade instead of a
pointed super. It it main use is for cutting blade lines parallel to the end of a work piece i.e.
cutting across the grain

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 .

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 Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:

1. Write kind of Calipers:- with their use

_____________________________________
_________________________________________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 1 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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 Instruction Sheet LG09: Performing simple calculations

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Performing purpose of calculations
 Performing simple calculations
 Involving simple calculations( length, perimeter, mass and volume
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Perform purpose of calculations

 Perform simple calculations
 Involve simple calculations( length, perimeter, mass and volume
Learning Instructions:
1 Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2 Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7.
3 Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4 Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page -. 30
5 Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
6 If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #1.
7 Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.

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 Information Sheet-1 Performing purpose of calculation

2.1 Performing purpose of calculations

When a client has a job they want done, they will usually want to know in advance how much it is
going to cost them. Before you can work this out, you need to have a clear idea of exactly what the
client wants.
A variety of things may need to be clarified. For instance, if they want some furniture to be built, you
could ask the following questions.

Measurement (Metric and English system)

Measurement : - is the process or the result of determining that ratio of a physical quantity such as a
length of a mass to a unit of Measurement such as the meter or the kilo gram.
 The SI unit for the four basic quantities
 Length
 Time
 Mass
 Temperature are:
 Meter {M} : SI UNIT of length
 SECOND {S}: SI UNIT of Time
 KLOGRAM {KG}: SI UNIT of Mass
 KELVIN {K}:SI UNIT of Temperature
 There are two types of SI unit base unit &derived unit (World wide the metric system is the
universal system of measurements (System International = SI) with standard units for length,
weight, time, temperature, etc.
 Based unit are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature & amount
of substance electric current and length intensity.
 Derived units are constructed from the base units
Unit of measurement –there are basically three kinds of measurements
A. Linear measurement –in the most any measuring practice measurements of distance in by
Centimeter, Meter kilometer etc. Length 1 cm =10 mm
B. Angular measurement:-in the most of engineering practice the angular measurement in by done.
 Degree (°)
 Minute (')

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  Second ('')

A circumference of circle is divided in to 360 parts which is called one degree and one degree is to 60
ports is called minute each minute is again divided is to 60 ports and each ports is called second . i.e.
1 circle 360 degree {360°}
1 degree 60 minute {60'}
1 minute 60 sec {60''}
C. VOLOUM: - in the quantity of three dimensional spaces enclosed by closed boundary the standard
unit of volume is the cubic meter {m3}
1 liter =1000cm3=0.001m3
1m3=1000 liter

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 Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1 write the SI unit for the four basic quantities

 Length _______________
 Time _____________________
 Mass______________
 Temperature __________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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Information Sheet-2  Perform simple calculations

 Perform simple calculations

 the simple calculation consist Addition ,substruction division and multiplication in order to
obtain mathematical explanation (+,-,x.÷)
 example 200+200=400
 200-100=100
 100x10=1000
 100÷10=100
 Example
10 cm = ___?___ inches
Choose conversion factor:
2.54 cm or 1 inch__
1 inch 2.54 cm
Although these are both equivalent, choose the one with the desired unit in the numerator (top)

Example 2
• 10 cm x 1 inch__ = _________
2.54 cm
10 cm x 1 inch__ = 10 x 1 inch = 3.93 in
2.54 cm 2.54
Convert the millimeters to
 meters.
 400 mm = 0.4 m
 1200 mm = 1.2 m
 Find the area of one board. 0.4 x 1.2 = 0.48 m2
 Multiply the area of one board
 by the number of boards of this
 size that are needed.
 3 x 0.48 = 1.44 m2

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  Look back at section 2.3 if you need to go over how to calculate
area.

Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. Calculations. Remember to use the decimal point!

a. 300 ÷100 = --------------
b. 54.67 + 387.24 + 27.54 = ------------------

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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 Involve simple calculations( length, perimeter, mass and
Information Sheet-3 volume

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 Self-Check -3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. I A, calculate the area of cabinet side?M2

I,

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B, calculate the volume of a cabinet? In M3

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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 Instruction Sheet LG10: Estimate approximate quantities

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Types and standard unit packaging of material
 Quantities of materials suitable for the work
 Bill of quantity/ relevant furnishing material cost estimates + 10%

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Types and standard unit packaging of material

 Quantities of materials suitable for the work
 Bill of quantity/ relevant furnishing material cost estimates + 10%

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page -. 40
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-cheek

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Information Sheet-1  Types and standard unit packaging of material

Being able to estimate the cost of a job is an important part of any business. Clients need a

‘quote’ before they give you the job.

Before you can give them this information you need to be able to work out the costs involved

in the job.

In this section you will learn how to:

• estimate the amount of material you need for a job

• calculate the cost of these materials

• estimate the total cost of the job.

The section is divided into six parts

Before you start the work must be consider the following activity

 Materials

 Dimensions

 Quantities

 Costs

 Estimating a job

List all the materials

Materials You Will Use When Making Furniture Can Vary Widely
Depending On The Job. However The Types Of Materials You
Might Need To Work With Include:
• Timber
• Manufactured Board/Particleboard
• MDF
• Plywood

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• Laminate
• Glue
• Screws/Nails
• Hinges
• Prefabricated Units

Self-Check -1 Written Test

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Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. what activity before you start the work must be consider

I. _______________

II. ____________

III. ___________-

IV. ____________

V. ___________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 5 points Unsatisfactory - below 4 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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Information Sheet-2 Quantities of materials suitable for the work

Quantities of materials suitable for the work

After a final drawing or print is ready, several additional steps must be taken before construction can
begin. You must first make a list called a bill of materials, materials list, or stock bill. The

Preparing Bill of quantity

After a final drawing or print is ready, several additional steps must be taken before construction can
begin. You must first make a list called a bill of materials, materials list, or stock bill. The procedure
for making the list is known as stock billing. The list includes the following (now always in this
order):
a. Number of pieces
b. Name of part
c. Finish size in thickness, width, and length
d. Materials (This may not be necessary if only one kind of lumber, plywood or other material
is involved.)
e. Rough or cut – out size, also called the stock-cutting list. (Sometimes a separate form is
used for the stock – cutting list; if this is done, the number of pieces, name of part, and
materials information should be repeated.)

It is standard practice to list the pieces in order of thickness, width, and length, but in the furniture
industry this is sometimes reversed. Lumber thickness depends on whether the boards are purchased
rough or surfaced two sides (S2S). Materials as plywood, hardboard or particleboard, the finish cut,
and the cutout or rough thickness are the same. For solid lumber, the width of the cut – out or rough
size is usually 1/8” to ¼” greater; from ½” to 1” is normally added to the length.

Points to Remember in Stock Billing

 The net sizes are the actual or finish size of the part and are given in thickness, width, and length.
 Rough or cut – out size is the size that must be cut from the standard piece of lumber. This size
allows the amount needed for machining.

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 In the lumber order always list plywood, particleboard, hardboard, softwood, and hardwood
separately.
 Always write sizes in cm/mm.

Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. write the list Preparing Bill of quantity

1. ____________-
2. _____________
3. _____________
4. _____________
5. _______________

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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  Bill of quantity/ relevant furnishing material
Information Sheet-3 cost estimates + 10%

Bill of Materials, Cut List and PICK LIST

Bill of materials
A Bill of materials is a complete list of material (solid wood hard ware finishing Material) required to
make a project a detailed bill of material
I. Preparing bill of materials
 Preparing bill of materials:-is detailed list the materials one needs to build a project. The materials
needed to build a furniture article, such as /include.
 Lumber
 Plastics
 Metal hard ware
 Wooden materials such as ply wood , particle boards, veneers
 Glue materials, finishing materials , glasses
 Fasteners such as bolts, screws or nails.
The lumber list indicates the names of the parts, numbers of piece in an article, kind of wood
(materials) rough sizes, and finished stock sizes
Purpose of bill of materiel
 Name of description each parts
 Kind materiel (sold wood ply wood mahogany oak veneer etc…),
 Size amount each materiel,
 Cost of each material ,
 If you are using a bill f material that is not complete, add necessary information, (working
drawing)
Use working drawing is guide to fill out of bill of material because
working drawing is show the dimension of each part,
It al so help determine the kind of materials needed,
 Hear is a sample Bill of material generated with the Tabul

CUTT WAST (PICK LIST)

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 II. Preparing cost list
Preparing lumber order: is a cost list prepared in a tabular form and shows the prices of all the materials.
Before preparing the cost list for lumber & wooden materials such as ply wood, particle boards, sliced
veneer, hard boards. The quantities of some types of wood necessary to make simple furniture can
easily be determined .however, estimating the amounts & figuring the cost become more difficult when
larger quantities of wood in different sizes & shapes are to be used.

BILL OF MATERIALS (format 1)

No. of Part Finish Size Rough Size

Material
Pieces Name
T W L T W L

Form for a bill of materials, materials list, or stock bill

Cutting lists of a project All dimensions are given in MM (format 2)
No Name of parts Types of No of dimensions
Materials pieces Initial dimension final dimension
T W L T W L
1
2
3
4
5
6

Rule of allowance
 In length add (15 mm -25 mm).
 In width (6mm -10mm).
 In thickness(2mm-5mm) ,
 Same parts do not need as much extra materials long part,
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  Rough dimension included in cost calculation but not all because little lumber need in
anther projects construction,(reuse)
 Remember = it allowance better to have too want gust a little too match

Plan of procedure
Is a necessary step fore building the project.
 The plane also including a list the necessary tool& machines it al so used to solve the
kind of problem is best solve be fore you being construction
 The Plan of procedure keep you ‘track’ during construction.
 With out plan it is too easy to make mistakes or forget step.
 With out plan it is also easy to waste precious shop time during what to do next , making a
Plan of procedure is easy and will actually save your time
 Make a plan of procedure by simple thinking your project through the building process.
 This will help you identify the order in which each parts should be made , with this
information you should be able to make organized plan of procedure.
 As you list each step .you need not too detailed , complex step , however , may need same
special notes, you know the step are clear and complete if the someone else cane follow
the plan to make the project

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 Self-Check -3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. What is Preparing bill of materials:--------------

2. What is Preparing lumber order

Note: Satisfactory rating -2 points Unsatisfactory - below 1 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________

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Lo3 Estimate approximate quantities
Lumber list +supply material list
Lumber list is consists of both the cut out size & finished stock list
Before preparing the cost list for lumber, it is necessary to determine the amount
consumed in the production of the object in: M3,M2, M or per standard board
 For lumber, particle board, hard board, it is necessary to estimate cost per m3 or per standard board
sheet.
 For ply wood, sliced veneer, Formica, its cost estimated per m2 or per standard sheet.
The lumber is sold in cubic inch of lumber in its rough state .apiece of wood 1inch thick, 12inches wide
&12inches long contains this amount of lumber.
To determine the cost of solid wood boards in this system is used the following formula:
Pcs (No) x thickness (inch)x width (inch) x length (inch) =bdft (board feet)
12
Or # pcs x T” x W” x L” = bdft
12
Example : to find the board feet in three pieces, 1”x 10”x 4”
3x1x10x4 = 10 bdft
12
Thus, the total cost of one kind of lumber is determined by adding the exact board foot amounts &
multiplying by the cost per board foot.
The cost per board foot is derived from the lumber prices that are most frequently quoted as the price per
100©or(m)board foot.
Example : 1000bdftof lumber costs $350,so that the cost per bdft will be
350/1000 = 0.350 or 35cents.
There fore, the cost of 10bdft = 10x35 =$3.50.
Pcs (no)thickness(m)width(m)length(m) =m3
Or # pcs x Tm x Wm x Lm =m3
Example ; to find the cubic meters in three pieces of lumber 20mmx30mmx1500mm =
3x0.02x0.3x1.5 = 0.027m3
If the cost of 1m3 lumber is 450Birr, the cost of 0.275m3is
0.0275/1x4510 = 12.15Birr
Needed Materials

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 ____ Slid wood, ___ kilo of vanish, ___ sheet of sand paper,
___ Kilo of glue, ___ kilo of Nile .etc…
To calculate the cost future, the ff procedures:-
 Know the quantity of material used to construct the project type ,
 Know the unit of price fore each materials,
 the calculate the cost material used to cost the project add
25% wastage for wood,
5 % wastage for ply wood chip wood hard wood soft wood Formica,
 add cost a labour 20 % of a total martial cost ,
 add martial cost of overhead expenses 15-20 % of total martial cost ,
 add martial cost + overhead expenses, this will be cost price of the project ,
 by add a profit 20-25% of cost price to the cost price ,
 Selling price including .overhead expenses. Equipment power consumed. telephone and other
expenses

SELF CHACK #3
COLMON A COLMON B
1. Lumber lumber, particle
board, hard board A, estimate cost per m3
2. Play wood Mahogany B, estimate cost per m2
Sliced veneer Formica C, 20 %
3. wastage for wood D, 20- 25%
4, wastage for ply wood E, 15-25%
Formica Mahogany F, 5%
5. overhead cost G, 25%
6, profit cost H. estimate cost of solid wood hard ware finishing Material
7, labor cost
8, materiel cost

Module answer #3

1, A 2, B 3, G 4, F 5, E 6, D 7, C 8, H

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 OPERATION SHEET # 1

OBTAINE MESURMENT
Purpose: To measure is the act or process of determining the extent, quantity, degree, capacity, dimension,
volume, and so forth, of a substance by comparing it with some fixed standard, which is usually fixed by law.
A measure may relate to any of these standards.

Equipment, Tools and Materials:

The rule - Panel gauges - Sliding bevel

- Straight age - Calipers - Mortise gauge
- Marking knife - Try square - Cutting gauge
- Using compasses - Miter square - Combination square
- Marking gauge

Procedure:
Obtain measurement
Every wood work shop should be adequately equipped with a reasonable quantity and Varity of tools
and equipment for work to be done efficiently. It is necessary for you to be not only familiar with the
names of the tools but able to identify and correctly. to make it easier to understand the correct
application of the various tools they are grouped in to classes as follows: holding and supporting tools,
geometrical tools, percussion and impelling tools, boring cutting tools, sharing and paring tools and
abrading and scraping tools. The discussion centers on their type, description and uses.
Measurements are hand tools that are used to get the appropriate measurements of materials a job.

Order of Obtain measurement

Select your measurement tools

Check the measurement tools up & down
Select marking tool
Measure & marking the true length

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 OPERATION SHEET #2
Perform simple calculations

Purpose: A Bill of materials is a complete list of material (solid wood hard ware finishing Material)
required tomake a project a detailed bill of material

Equipment, Tools and Materials:

Meter calculator lumber play wood

Procedure:
how to build the project
Lumber list +supply material list

FRONT

Bill of Materials& cutting list

Coffee table
For practical case let us take the bill of material listed
s/no Name of No of piece anKind of Cut out sizes, mm Finished sizes, mm
part Article Wood T W L T W L

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1 Rail Solid wood 4.5 08 121 4.3 07 120
Front 01
side 02 Solid wood 4.5 08 121 4.3 07 45
2 Leg 04 Solid wood 4.5 08 56 4.3 07 55
3 Stretcher side 02 Solid wood 2.5 4.3 50 2.2 4 48
4
4 Top –core 01 Chip wood 2 50 121 2.1 48 120
- face 01 Formica 0.1 50 121 48 120

Plan of procedure
Project coffee table
Tool required, hand saw hand plane
Screwdriver. clamp …
Machine required, circular saw drill. Mortise , band saw jig saw …
Procedure
1.Cut top &base to rough size
2. cut & the leg &rails of the table
3.make joint the the rails
4. make joints the legs
5.assembling (try)the leg &rails
6. assembling the two parts with glue and clamping
7. assembling the four parts with glue and clamping
8.cutting the top of the table
9.laminate the top of the table
10. assembling the top & the legs
11.sanding all parts
12. apply finish
13,deliver to the stored at finishing room ,

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OPERATION SHEET # 3

Purpose: Preparing lumber order: is a cost list prepared in a tabular form and shows the prices of all the
materials. Before preparing the cost list for lumber & wooden materials such as ply wood, particle
boards, sliced veneer, hard boards. The quantities of some types of wood necessary to make a simple
furniture can easily be determined .however, estimating the amounts & figuring the cost become more
difficult when larger quantities of wood in different sizes & shapes are to be used.

Equipment, Tools and Materials:

Meter. Solid wood. Play wood .chip wood
Calculator. Paper, pencil etc.

Procedure:
Measure check the type of wood
Know the cost of material in (1m2 Or 1m3)
Calculate the given amount need wood
Estimate the the
materiel cost
labor cost
overhead cost
profit cost
Estimate total selling price

COST ESTMATION

Other supply cost (metal, plastic, hard ware, finishing materials)

Item Quantity Size Unit cost Total Cost summary
cost remark
Solid 0.015 m3 2.5*30*400cm 225 birr 121.5 Lumber cost
wood birr 261.5 birr
Play 1.4884 m2 122*244cm 130 birr 65 birr Supply cost 90

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wood birr
Mahanoy 1.4884 m2 122*244cm 150 birr 75 birr Total cost
Glue 1kg 1kg 50 birr 50 birr 351.5 birr
Nail 1/2kg 1kg 20 birr 10birr Less allow 26.15
Varnish 1/4kg 1kg 70 birr 17.5 birr
birr Selling price
Sand 0. 50 1 metro 20 birr 10 birr 377.65
paper metro
Mordent 1/16 1kg 40 birr 2.5 birr

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name:____________________________________ Date: _________________

Time Started: _______________________ Time Finished: ___________________

Instructions: You are required to perform the following-

request the carry out measurement and calculations
measurement bill of material cutting list cutting waste & cost calculation
then perform the following task in front of your trainer:
obtain measurement
cutting list cutting
cost calculation
cost estimation
1. Request your trainer for an evaluation and feedback.

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REFERENCES

 General Wood working CHRISH.GRONEMAN (6TH Edition)

 The motivate series wood work technology J. K.N.Sackey
 Dr .R.K.sigal work shop practice BabuBanarsi Das Institute of technology
 Chris H.Groneman General wood working, New York Columbus, Ohio.
 Contact your supervisor or trainer if you have any concerns.
 They will be able to help.
 Websites

 www.aaamath.com

 www.detya.gov.au/ty/litnet/numeracy/home /nh_0005.htm
 Background to the Metric System plus online exercises to practice converting
between metric units.
 www.maths.mq.edu.au/numeracy/tutorial/si.htm

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