TORTS AND DAMAGES

Atty. Ralph James G. Laman AY 2020-2021

1. Defenses against the charge of negligence

a. Article 2179 - Plaintiff’s negligence is proximate cause

i. Bernardo v. Legaspi, G.R. No. 9308, December 23, 1914

ii. PLDT v. CA, G.R. No. L-57079 September 29, 1989
iii. Manila Electric v. Remoquillo, G.R. No. L-8328. May 18,
1956

b. Article 2179,Article 2214 – Contributory negligence of plaintiff

i. NPC v. Heirs of Casionan, G.R. NO. 165969 : November 27,

2008
ii. Genobiagon v. CA, G.R. No. L-40452 October 12, 1989
iii. MH Rakes v. The Atlantic & Co., G.R. No. 1719
January 23, 1907
iv. Lambert v. Heirs of Castillon, G.R. NO. 160709 : February 23,
2005
v. PNR v. Brunty, G.R. No. 169891, November 2, 2006

c. Fortuitous event

i. Lasam v. Smith, G.R. No. L-19495, February 2, 1924

ii. Juntilla v. Fontanar, G.R. No. L-45637 May 31, 1985
iii. Southeastern College v. CA, G.R. No. 126389 July 10, 1998
iv. Sicam v. Jorge, G.R. No. 159617, August 8, 2007

d. Plaintiff’s assumption of risk/volenti non fit injuria

i. Afialda v. Hisole, G.R. No. L-2075. November 29, 1949

ii. Ilocos Norte Electric v. CA, G.R. No. L-53401 November 6,
1989
iii. Calalas v. CA, G.R. No. 122039 May 31, 2000
iv. Nikko Hotel v. Reyes, 2005 G.R. No. 154259, February 28,
2005
v. Pantaleon v. American Express, G.R. No. 174269
August 25, 2010

e. Article 1146 – Prescription

i. Kramer v. CA, G.R. No. L-83524 October 13, 1989

2. Causes

a. Proximate Cause
 i. Bataclan v. Medina, G.R. No. L-10126, October 22, 1957
ii. Mercury Drug v. Baking, G.R. No. 156037, May 28, 2007
b. Concurrent Cause
i. Far Eastern Shipping v. CA, G.R. No. 130068 October 1, 1998
c. Intervening Cause
i. Phoenix Construction v. IAC, G.R. No. L-65295 March 10,
1987

3. Determining Proximate Causation

a. Dy Teban v. Ching, 2008, G.R. NO. 161803 : February 4, 2008

b. Phoenix Construction v. IAC, supra

4. Last Clear Chance Doctrine

a. Consolidated Bank v. CA, G.R. No. 138569, Sep 11, 2003.

b. Phil Bank of Commerce v. CA, G.R. No. 97626 March 14, 1997
c. Picart v. Smith, G.R. No. L-12219, March 15, 1918
d. Bustamante v. CA, G.R. No. 89880, February 6, 1991

5. Persons Vicariously Liable

a. Article 2180, NCC, Parents

b. Article 2181, NCC
c. Article 216, Family Code
d. Article 217, Family Code
e. Article 221, Family Code
i. Libi v. IAC, G.R. No. 70890. September 18, 1992
ii. Tamargo v. CA, G.R. No. 85044 June 3, 1992
f. Article 218, Family Code, Special Parental Authority

g. Article 219, Family Code

i. Palisoc v. Brillantes, G.R. No. L-29025 October 4, 1971

ii. Amadora v. CA, G.R. No. L-47745 April 15, 1988
iii. Salvosa v. IAC, G.R. No. 70458 October 5, 1988
iv. St. Mary's Academy v. Carpitanos, G.R. No. 143363,
February 6, 2002

h. Article 2180, Owners/Employers

i. Castilex v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 132266. December 21, 1999

ii. Jayme v. Apostol, G.R. No. 163609, November 27, 2008
iii. Filamer v. IAC, G.R. No. 75112 August 17, 1992
iv. NPC v. CA, G.R. No. 119121 August 14, 1998
v. Valenzuela v. CA, G.R. No. 115024, February 7, 1996
vi. Professional Services v. Agana, G.R. No. 126297
January 31, 2007
 vii. Lampesa v. De Vera, G.R. NO. 155111 : February 14, 2008
viii. Mercury Drug v. Huang, G.R. No. 172122, June 22, 2007

i. Article 2180, State

i. Jayme v. Apostol, supra

ii. San Fernando La Union v. Firme, G.R. No. L-52179
April 8, 1991
iii. Merritt v. Government G.R. No. L-11154, March 21, 1916

6. Persons Specifically Liable

a. Article 2183. – Possessors or users of an animal

i. Vestil v. IAC, 1989, G.R. No. 74431, November 6, 1989

b. Article 2184 – Owners of motor vehicles

i. Chapman v. Underwood, G.R. No. 9010. March 28, 1914

ii. Caedo v. Yu Khe Thai, G.R. No. L-20392. December 18, 1968

c. Article 2189. – Local Government Units

i. Guilatco v. Dagupan City, G.R. No. 61516, March 21, 1989

ii. Quezon City v. Dacara, G.R. No. 150304, June 15, 2005
iii. Jimenez v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 71049 May 29, 1987

d. Article 2190-2192 – Proprietors/Owners of Buildings

e. Article 1723 – Engineer/Architect of a collapsed building

f. Article 2193 – Head of Family for things thrown/falling

g. Article 1711 – Employers/Owners of enterprises

i. Candano Shipping Lines vs. Sugata-on, G.R. No. 163212

, March 13, 2007
ii. Alarcon v. Alarcon, G.R. No. L-15692. May 31, 1961

h. Manufacturers/Producers

i. Article 2187
ii. Article 97, Consumer Act. Liability for Defective Products
iii. Article 99. Liability Defective Services
iv. Article 106. Prohibition in Contractual Stipulation.
v. Section 5, RA 980, Food Donation Act

i. Persons who interfere with contractual relations

 i. Article 1314
ii. Gilchrist v. Cuddy, G.R. No. L-9356, February 18, 1915
iii. So Ping Bun v. CA, G.R. No. 120554, September 21, 1999
iv. Lagon v. CA, 2005, G.R. No. 119107, March 18, 2005
v. Go v. Cordero, 2010, G.R. No. 164703, May 4, 2010

7. Independent Civil Actions

a. Violation of Civil and Political Rights

i. Article 32
ii. MHP Garments v. CA, G.R. No. 86720, September 2, 1994
iii. Silahis v. Soluta, G.R. No. 163087, February 20, 2006
iv. Vinzons-Chato v. Fortune, G.R. No. 141309, June 19, 2007
v. Vinzons-Chato v. Fortune, G.R. NO. 141309, December 23,
2008

b. Defamation, Fraud, Physical Injuries

i. Article33
ii. Madeja v. Caro, G.R. No. L-51183, December 21, 1983
iii. Arafiles v. Phil Journalists, G.R. NO. 150256, March 25, 2004
iv. Heirs of Simon v. Chan, G.R. No. 157547, February 23, 2011

c. Neglect of Duty

i. Article 34

d. Catch-all Independent Action

i. Article 35

8. Human Relations Torts

a. Abuse of Rights

i. Article 19
ii. Velayo v. Shell Company, G.R. No. L-7817, October 31, 1956
iii. Globe Mackay v. CA, G.R. No. 81262, August 25, 1989
iv. Albenson v. CA, G.R. No. 88694, January 11, 1993
v. UE v. Jader, G.R. No. 132344, February 17, 2000
vi. Diaz v. Davao Light, G.R. No. 160959, April 3, 2007
vii. Pantaleon v. American Express, G.R. No. 174269, May 8, 2009

b. Illegal Acts

i. Article 20
ii. Albenson vs CA, supra
iii. Garcia v. Salvador, G.R. NO. 168512, March 20, 2007
 c. Acts contra bonus mores

i.Velayo v. Shell Company, supra

ii.Albenson vs. CA, supra
iii. Wassmer v. Velez, G.R. No. L-20089, December 26, 1964
iv. Tanjanco v. CA, G.R. No. L-18630. December 17, 1966
v. Pe v. Pe, G.R. No. L-17396, May 30, 1962
vi. Que v. IAC, G.R. No. L-66865 January 13, 1989
vii. Grand Union Supermarket v. Espino, G.R. No. L-48250.
December 28, 1979
viii. Carpio v. Valmonte, G.R. NO. 151866, September 9, 2004
ix. Quisaba v. Sta. Ines, Inc., G.R. No. L-38088, August 30, 1974

d. Violation of Human Dignity

i. Article 26
ii. St. Louis Realty v. CA, G.R. No. L-46061 November 14, 1984
iii. Guanio v. Makati Shangri-la, G.R. No. 190601, February 7,
2011

e. Dereliction of Duty – Article 27

f. Unfair Competition – Article 28

DAMAGES
1. Definition

a. People v. Ballesteros, 1998, G.R. No. 120921, January 29, 1998

b. Custodio v. CA, G.R. No. 116100, February 9, 1996

2. When allowed

a. Article 2195.
b. Article 2196.
c. Article 2198.
d. Custodio v. CA, 1996, supra

3. Types of Damages

a. Article 2197.

4. Actual/Compensatory Damages

a. Definition/Proof Required
i. Articles 2199
ii. Oceaneering v. Barreto, G.R. No. 184215, February 9, 2011
b. Loss Covered

i. Article 2200.
ii. PNOC Shipping v. CA, G.R. No. 107518, October 8, 1998
iii. Mercury Drug v. Sps. Huang, G.R. No. 172122, June 22, 2007

c. Contracts/Quasi-Contracts

i. Article 2201.

d. Crimes/Quasi-Delicts

i. Article 2202.

e. Earning Capacity and Business Standing

i. Article 2205.
ii. Gatchalian v. Delim, G.R. No. L-56487, October 21, 1991
iii. Candano Shipping v. Sugata-on, G.R. NO. 163212, March 13,
2007

f. Death by Crime or Quasi-Delict

i. Article 2206.
ii. People vs Jugueta, G.R. No. 202124, April 5, 2016
iii. Philippine Hawk v. Lee, G.R. No. 166869, February 16, 2010

g. Rape Cases

i. People v. Astrologo, G.R. No. 169873, June 8, 2007

h. Attorney’s Fees

i. Article 2208.
ii. Quirante v. IAC, G.R. No. 73886 January 31, 1989
iii. Meralco v. Ramoy, G.R. No. 158911, March 4, 2008
iv. Briones v. Macabagdal, G.R. No. 150666 , August 3, 2010
v. Bank of America v. Phil. Racing Club, G.R. NO. 150228, July
30, 2009

i. Interest

i. Article 2209.
ii. Article 2210.
iii. Article 2211.
iv. Article 2212.
v. Article 2213.
vi. Frias v. San Diego-Sison, G.R. No. 155223, April 4, 2007
vii. Nacar v. Gallery Frames, G.R. No. 189871, August 13, 2013
 j. Duty to Minimize

i. Article 2203.

k. Mitigation of Damages
i. Article 2214.
ii. Article 2215.

5. Moral Damages

a. Purpose/Definition

i. ABS-CBN v. CA, G.R. No. 128690 January 21, 1999

ii. BF Metal v. Lomotan, G.R. NO. 170813 : April 16, 2008
iii. Expertravel v. CA, G.R. No. 130030. June 25, 1999
iv. Kierulf v. CA, G.R. No. 99301 March 13, 1997
v. Sulpicio Lines v. Curso, G.R. No. 157009, March 17, 2010

b. When Recoverable

i. Article 2217.
ii. Article 2219.
iii. Article 2220.
iv. People vs Jugueta, supra
v. Arcona v. CA, G.R. No. 134784. December 9, 2002
vi. Expertravel vs CA, supra
vii. Industrial Insurance v. Bondad, G.R. No. 136722. April 12,
2000
viii. Triple Eight v. NLRC, G.R. No. 129584. December 3, 1998

c. Willful injury to property

i. Article 2220.
ii. Regala v. Carin, 2011, G.R. No. 188715, April 06, 2011

d. Juridical Persons

i. ABS-CBN v. CA, supra

ii. Republic v. Tuvera, G.R. No. 148246, February 16, 2007

e. Factors considered in determining amount

i. Kierulf v. CA, supra

ii. Lopez v. Pan American, G.R. No. L-22415, March 30, 1966
iii. Valenzuela v. CA, G.R. No. 115024, February 7, 1996

6. Nominal Damages
 a. Nature/Purpose

i. Article 2221.
ii. Robes-Francisco Realty v. CFI, G.R. No. L-41093 October 30,
1978
iii. Gonzales v. People, G.R. No. 159950, February 12, 2007

b. When awarded

i. Article 2222.
ii. Francisco v. Ferrer, G.R. No. 142029, February 28, 2001
iii. Guanio v. Makati Shangri-la, G.R. No. 190601, February 7,
2011
iv. People v. Marquez, G.R. No. 181440, April 13, 2011

c. Effect of Award

i. Article 2223.

7. Temperate Damages

a. When Recoverable

i. Article 2224.
ii. Article 2225.
iii. Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999
iv. Tan v. OMC Carriers, G.R. No. 190521, January 12, 2011

b. Factors in determining amount

i. People v. Jugueta, supra

ii. People v. Murcia, G.R. No. 182460, March 9, 2010

8. Liquidated Damages

a. Definition

i. Article 2226.
ii. Pentacapital Investment v. Mahinay, G.R. No. 171736, July 5,
2010
iii. PEZA v. Pilhino Sales Corporation, G.R. No. 185765,
September 28, 2016

b. Determining Amount

i. Article 2227.
ii. Article 2228.
iii. Titan Construction v. Uni-Field, G.R. NO. 153874 : March 1,
2007
 iv. PEZA v. Pilhino Sales Corporation, supra

9. Exemplary or Corrective Damages

a. Purpose
i. Article 2229.
ii. Republic v. Tuvera, G.R. No. 148246, February 16, 2007

b. When imposed

i. Article 2229.
ii. Article 2233.
iii. Article 2234.
iv. PNB v. CA, G.R. No. 116181. April 17, 1996.
v. People v. Jugueta, supra
vi. People v. Dadulla, G.R. No. 172321, February 9, 2011

c. In quasi-delicts

i. Article 2231.

d. In contracts and quasi-contracts

i. Article 2232.

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