Electricity and Magnetism

PHYSICS 3 (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM)

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S1.1 In Fig. S1.1, q1 = e, q2 = -2e, q3 = -e, where e = 1.602 x 10-19 C, r = 0.1mm, the permittivity constant εo
= 8.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm2. Determine the magnitude and the direction of the electrostatic force acting on
each charge ?

Fig.S1.1
Solution:

2e 2 e2
F1 = +
4πε o r 2 4πε o 9r 2
2e 2 2e 2
F2 = +
4πε o r 2 4πε o 4r 2
e2 2e 2
F3 = - +
4πε o 9r 2 4πε o 4r 2
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S1.2 Consider an uncharged metal shell of inner radius a and outer radius b. A charge +Q is placed at the
center of the shell (Fig.S1.2). Determine the electric field as function of distance r from the center of
the shell.

Fig. S1.2
Solution:
The electric field as function of r
Q
b < r: E= [V/m]
4πε o r 2
a < r < b: E = 0[V/m]
Q
r < a: E=
4πε o r 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Electricity and Magnetism

S1.3 Consider a metal shell of inner radius a and outer radius b. Let q be the net charge of the shell. A
charge -Q is placed at the center of the shell (Fig.S1.3). Determine the electric field as function of
distance r from the center of the shell.

Fig. S1.3
Solution:
The electric field as function of r
−Q
r < a: E = [V/m]
4πε o r 2
a < r < b: E = 0[V/m]
q−Q
b < r: E = [V/m]
4πε o r 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1.4 The thin plastic rod in Fig. S1.4 has length 2L and a uniform linear charge density λ. Find the electric
field at point P. Where L = 12cm, d = 8cm, λ = 50pC/m.

Fig. S1.4
Solution:
Consider an element of length dx in the rod. This element has charge dq = λdx. The electric field of the
λdx
element dx at P is dE =
4 πε o (d 2 + x 2 )
dλdx
The vertical component of dE is dEy =
4 πε o (d 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
L dλdx λL
The vertical component of E is Ey = ∫ =
− L 4 πε (d + x )
2 2 3 / 2
o 2πε o d L2 + d 2
xλdx
The horizontal component of dE is dEx =
4 πε o (d 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2

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 Electricity and Magnetism

L xλdx
The horizontal component of E is Ex = ∫−L 4πε 2 2 3/ 2
=0
o (d + x )

λL
Thus E = Ey =
2πε o d L2 + d 2
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S1.5 Find the electric field a distance z = 10 mm above one end of a straight line segment of length L = 20
mm (Fig. S1.5) which carries a uniform linear charge density λ = 10µC/m.

Fig. S1.5
Solution:
Consider the element dx with charge dq = λdx
λdx λdx
The electric field due to dx at P: dE = 2
=
4πε o r 4πε o ( x 2 + z 2 )
The vector dE can be decomposed into 2 components dEx and dEy where
λxdx
dEx = -dEcos(θ) = -
4πε o ( x 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
L
λxdx λ λ
⇒ Ex = -
∫ 4πε (x
0 o
2 2 3/ 2
+z )
=
4πε o L2 + z 2
-
4πε o z
λzdx
dEy = dEsin(θ) =
4πε o ( x 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
L
λzdx λL
⇒ Ey =
∫ 4πε (x
0 o
2
+z )2 3/ 2
=
4πε o z L2 + z 2
⇒ E= E 2x + E 2y

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 Electricity and Magnetism

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S1.6 In Fig. S1.6, a small non conducting ball of mass m = 1mg and charge q = 20nC (distributed uniformly
through it volume) hangs from a non conducting thread that makes an angle θ = 30° with an infinite
vertical, uniformly charged nonconducting sheet (shown in cross section). Find the surface charge
density of the sheet.

Fig. S1.6
Solution:
Consider a closed surface which enclosed the area A of the sheet. Since the electric field E is
perpendicular to the infinite sheet, it follows from Gauss’ law that
σA σ
Φ E = 2EA = ⇒ E=
εo 2εo

The forces affecting on the ball are the gravitational force mg (downward) and the electrostatic force
qE (rightward). The ball is in equilibrium if the projection of these forces on the direction of the thread
cancel each others
mgsin(θ) = qEcos(θ)
It follows that
2ε mg
σ= o tan(θ)
q
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 Electricity and Magnetism

S1.7 Find the electric field of a long, nonconducting, solid cylinder of radius R = 4 cm which has a uniform
volume charge density ρ = 2.5µC/m3.

Fig. S1.7
Solution:
Let r be the radial distance from the cylinder axis. Consider a cylinder of radius r, with length L and
with the same axis as the nonconducting cylinder. The charge inside the cylinder
ρLπr 2 for r < R
q= 
ρLπR 2 for r < R
The electric flux through the cylinder
Φ= 2πrLE
q
It follows from Gauss’ law, Φ = , that
εo
 ρr
 2ε for r < R
q  o
E= = 
2πε o rL  ρR 2
for r < R
 2ε o r
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S1.8 A thin glass is bent into a semi-circle of radius a as shown in Fig. S1.8. A charge +Q is uniformly
distributed along one half of the semi-circle, and a charge -Q is uniformly distributed along the other
half. Determine the magnitude and the direction of the electric field at the center P.

Fig. S1.8
Solution:

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 Electricity and Magnetism

2Q 2Q
dα − dα
dE+ =
dq +
= π , dE- =
dq −
= π
4πε o a 2 4πε o a 2 4πε o a 2 4πε o a 2
Q sin( α )dα π / 2 Q sin( α ) dα Q
dE = 2 dE+ sin(α) = ⇒ E= ∫ = 2
π2εoa 2 0 2
π εoa 2
π εoa 2

Direction of E : rightward
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S1.9 In Fig. S1.9, a non conducting sphere of mass m and positive charge +q is hung by an insulating thread
of length L from the higher of two large horizontal plates. A uniform electric field E is set up between
the plates by charging the top plate positively and the lower plate negatively.

Fig. S1.9
a) Find the forces acting on the sphere.
b) If θ is small so that sin(θ) ≈ θ. Find the period of the pendulum .
Solution:
a) Gravitational force: Fg = mg (downward)
Electrostatic force: Fe = qE (downward)
Inertial force: Fa = ma = mLθ’’ (perpendicular to the thread)

b) Projecting the forces on the line perpendicular to the thread and applying Newton’s law
(mg + qE)sin(θ) + mLθ’’ = 0
(mg + qE)θ + mLθ’’ ≈ 0
mL
⇒ T = 2π
mg + qE

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 Electricity and Magnetism

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S1.10 In Fig. S1.10, two tiny conducting balls of identical mass m and identical charge q hang from
nonconducting threads of length L. Assume that θ is so small that tan(θ) ≈ sin(θ).
a) Find the equilibrium separation x of the balls.
b) Explain what happens to the balls if one of them is discharged.

Fig. S1.10

Solution:

q2
a) There are two forces on each ball: electrostatic force Fe = and gravitational force Fg = mg.
4πε o x 2
When the balls are in equilibrium: Fecos(θ) = Fgsin(θ)
q2
⇒ cos(θ) = mg sin(θ)
4πε o x 2
q2 x Lq 2
⇒ = mg tan(θ) ≈ mg sin(θ) = mg ⇒ x ≈ 3
4πε o x 2 2L 2πε o mg
b) If one ball is discharged Fe = 0, the balls move toward each other up to contact. The charge is
redistributed and each ball has charge q/2. The balls then repel each other and the new distance
Lq 2
between the two balls is x ≈ 3 .
8πε o mg
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S1.11 In crystals of the salt cesium chloride, cesium ions Cs+ form the eight corners of a cube and a chlorine
ion Cl- is at the cube’s center (Fig. S1.11). The edge length of the cube is r = 0.40 nm. The Cs+ ions are
each deficient by one electron (and thus each has a charge of +e). Each Cl- ion has one extra electron
(and thus has a charge –e).
a) What is the magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the Cl- ion by the eight Cs+ ions at
the corners of the cube?

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 Electricity and Magnetism

b) If one of the Cs+ ions is missing, the crystal is said to have a defect. What is the magnitude of the
net electrostatic force exerted on the Cl- ion by the seven remaining Cs+ ions?

Fig. S1.11
Solution:
a) Due to the symmetry, the net electrostatic force exerted on the Cl- ion by the eight Cs+ ions is F = 0

e2
b) If one of the Cs+ ions is missing F =
3πε o r 2
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S1.12 Four point charges are arranged in a square as shown in Fig. S1.12, with a = 5 cm, q1 = 1.0 nC, q2 = –
2.0 nC and q3 = 4.0 nC.
a) Taking the electric potential to be zero at infinity, find the value of q4 such that the electric
potential is also zero at the centre of the square.
b) For this value of q4, find the work required to completely disassemble this arrangement of charges
(ending with all four charges infinitely far apart).

Fig. S1.12
Solution:
a) The electric potential at the centre of the square
1
V= (q1 + q2 + q3 + q4)
2 2πε o a
V = 0 ⇔ q4 = - q1 - q2 - q3 = –3.0 nC
b) The work required to completely disassemble the arrangement of charges
qq q 1q 3 q q qq q 2q 4 q q
W= 1 2 + + 2 3 + 1 4 + + 3 4 .
4πε o a 4 2πε o a 4πε o a 4πε o a 4 2πε o a 4πε o a
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S1.13 In Fig. S1.13, a uniform, upward electric field of magnitude E = 2,000 N/C has been set up between
two horizontal plates by charging the lower plate positively and the upper plate negatively. The plates
have length L = 30 cm and separation d = 3 cm. An electron is then shot between the plates from the
left edge of the lower plate. The initial velocity vo of the electron makes an angle α = 45° with the

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 Electricity and Magnetism

lower plate and has magnitude 6 x106 m/s. Will the electron strike one of the plates? If so, which plate
and how far horizontally from the left edge will the electron strike?

Fig. S1.13
Solution:
Let Fx and Fy be the components of the electrostatic force F exerted on the electron. Since F is downward
Fx = 0 ⇒ vx = const = vocos(α) = 3 2 x106 m/s
⇒ x = 3 2 x106 t m
eE
Fy = -eE ⇒ vy = - t + vosin(α) = -0.35 x1015 t + 3 2 x106 [m/s]
m
eEt 2
⇒ y=- + vosin(α) t = -0.176 x1015 t2 + 3 2 x106 t [m]
2m
As t = 1.2 x 10-8 s, vy = 0, y = ymax = 0.0256 m. Since ymax < d = 0.03 m: the electron can’t strike the
upper plate.
As t = 2.4 x 10-8 s, y = 0 m and x = xmax = 0.1024 m. Since xmax < L = 0.3 m: the electron strikes the
lower plate at 10.24 cm from the left edge.
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S1.14 In Fig. S1.14, two small charged beads are on a plastic ring of radius R = 50cm. Bead 1 of charge 1µC
is fixed in place at the left side. Bead 2 of charge 6µC can be moved along the ring.

Fig. S1.14
a) Find the electric field at the center of the ring as function of θ.
b) Find the angle θ such that the electric field at the center of the ring has magnitude E = 2x105 N/C.

c) Find the electric potential at the center of the ring, taking V = 0 at infinity.
Solution:
kq kq
a) E1 = 21 , E 2 = 22
R R
E = E12 + E 22 − 2E1E 2 cos(θ)

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 Electricity and Magnetism

E12 + E 22 − E 2
b) cos(θ) =
2 E1 E 2
k ( q1 + q 2 )
c) V =
R
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S1.15 The electric field of an electric dipole at the point P(x,y) is Ex = x and Ey = -y where Ex and Ey are the
components of the electric field E on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively (Fig. S1.15). Find and draw the
electric field lines (the curves of electric force).

Fig. S1.15
Solution: dx / Ex = dy / Ey
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4) You come across a spherically symmetric electric field with the following form
(r / R ) 2 E o ar r 0≤r≤R
r  r
E (r ) = E o a r R ≤ r ≤ 2R
0 r > 2R

r
Where Eo > 0 is a constant, a r is the radial unit vector in the spherical coordinates.
a) For all r, what is the charge Q(r) contained within a radius r?
b) Calculate the charge density ρ(r) everywhere.
c) Are there any surface charges in this charge distribution? If so, identify their location and give the
magnitude of the surface charge density σ at each such location.
Solution:
Q
a) Gauss’ law: Φ E = 4πr2E = ⇒ Q = 4πεor2E
εo
where Q is the total charge inside the sphere centered at O with radius r.
2 4πε o r 4 E o
• 0 ≤ r ≤ R: E = (r/R) Eo ⇒ Q=
R2
• R ≤ r ≤ 2R: E = Eo ⇒ Q = 4πεor2Eo
• 2R < r: E = 0 ⇒ Q=0

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 Electricity and Magnetism

q
b) Volume charge density ρ = where q is the total charge in volume V
V
4πε o r 4 E o 4πr 3 3ε o rE o
• 0 ≤ r ≤ R: q = , V= ⇒ ρ=
R2 3 R2
2 2 4 π( r 3 − R 3 ) 3ε o (r + R )E o
• R ≤ r ≤ 2R: q = 4πεo(r - R )Eo, V = ⇒ ρ=
3 r 2 + rR + R 2
• 2R < r: q=0 ⇒ ρ=0
c) Q is discontinuous at r = 2R ⇒ surface charge density σ = 16πεoR2Eo/4π(2R)2 = εoEo
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S2.1 In Fig. S2.1, a conducting sphere of radius a = 2 mm is concentric with a spherical conducting shell of
inner radius b = 3 mm and outer radius c = 3.5 mm. The sphere has a net charge q1 = +5 pC. Initially
the net charge of the conducting shell is zero.
a) Determine the charge distribution on the conducting shell.
b) Determine the electric field as function of the distance r from the center of the sphere.
c) Determine the electric potential as function of the distance r from the center of the sphere.

Fig. S2.1
Solution:
a) Charge is distributed uniformly on the surfaces of the conducting shell
− q1
- The surface charge density on the inner surface : σ i = 2
2 [C/m ]
4π b
q1
- The surface charge density on the outer surface : σ o = [C/m2]
4π c 2

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 Electricity and Magnetism

q q
b) Gauss’ law : Φ = 4π r 2 E = ⇒ E=
εo 4π ε o r 2
•r<a : q=0 ⇒ E = 0 [N/C]
q1
•a<r<b : q = q1 ⇒ E= [N/C]
2
4π ε o r
•b<r<c : q=0 ⇒ E = 0 [N/C]
q1
•c<r : q = q1 ⇒ E= [N/C]
2
4π ε o r
q1
c) • r < a : V= [V]
4π ε o a
q1
•a<r<b : V= [V]
4π ε o r
q1
•b<r<c : V= [V]
4π ε o c
q1
•c<r : V= [V]
4π ε o r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.2 A total charge of Q = 1µC is uniformly distributed along the length of a rod of length L = 10cm in Fig.
S2.2. Determine the electric field and the electric potential at point P, a distance d = 1cm from one end
of the rod as shown, taking V = 0 at infinity.

Fig. S2.2
Solution:
The electric field at P due to the element dx:
dq Qdx
dE = 2
= (rightward)
4πε o ( x + d ) 4πε o L( x + d ) 2
L L
Qdx -Q Q 1 1  Q
⇒ E= ∫ 4πε + d) 2
= =  − =
4πε o L( x + d ) 0 4πε o L  d L + d  4πε o d (L + d )
0 o L( x
(rightward)

The electric potential at P due to the element dx:

dq Qdx
dV = =
4πε o ( x + d ) 4πε o L( x + d )

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 Electricity and Magnetism

L L
Qdx Q Q L
⇒ V= ∫ = ln(x + d) = ln(1 + )
0
4πε o L( x + d ) 4πε o L 0
4πε o L d
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.3 Use Gauss' law to find the electric field E and the electric potential V of an insulator shell (Fig. 1). The
shell has a total charge +Q, which is uniformly distributed throughout its volume

Fig. S2.3
Solution:
Q
Volume charge density of the shell: ρ = [C/m3]
4
3
(
π b3 − a 3 )
Q
b < r: Gauss’ law : 4πr2E =
εo
Q Q
⇒ E= [V/m], V = [V]
4πε o r 2 4πε o r

Gauss’ law : 4πr2E =

(
4π r 3 − a 3 ρ )
r3 − a3 Q ( )
a < r < b:
3ε o
= 3
b − a 3 εo ( )
Qr a 3Q
⇒ E=
(b 3
)
− a 3 4πε o
-
(b 3
)
− a 3 4πε o r 2
[V/m]

Q( b 2 − r 2 ) a 3Q
 1 1 Q
 − +
V=
(b 3
− a 8πε o 3
) +
( )
b − a 4πε o  b r  4πε o b
3 3
[V]

r < a: E = 0 [V/m]
Q( b 2 − a 2 ) a 3Q 1 1 Q
 − +
V= 3
( 3
b − a 4πε o
+ 3
) (
b − a 4πε o  b a  4πε o b
3
) [V]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.4 A total charge of Q = 1µC is uniformly distributed along the length of a rod of length L = 10cm in Fig.
S2.4. Determine the electric field and the electric potential at point P, a distance d = 15cm from the
center of the rod as shown, taking V = 0 at infinity.

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Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S2.4
Solution:

Linear charge density: λ = Q/L.

The electric field dE due to 2 elements dx
2kλdx cos(θ) 2dkQdx 1
dE = 2 2
= 2 2 3/ 2
where k = = 8.99 x 109 [Nm2/C2]
(x + d ) L( x + d ) 4πε o

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 Electricity and Magnetism

L/ 2
2dkQdx 8kQ
⇒ E= ∫ 2
L( x + d )2 3/ 2
=
d(L + 4d 2 )1/ 2
2
0
The electric potential due to 2 elements dx
2kQdx
dV =
L( x 2 + d 2 )1 / 2
L/ 2
2kQdx 2kQ L + L2 + 4d 2
⇒ V= ∫ =
L
ln
2d
0 L (x 2 + d 2 )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.5 In Fig. S2.5 the point charge Q is at the center of a spherical conducting shell with inner radius a and
outer radius b. Initially the conducting shell has no net charge.
a) Determine and draw the electric field E as function of the distance r from the point charge.

b) Determine and draw the electric potential V as function of the distance r from the point charge.

Fig. S2.5
Solution:
Flux of electric field through sphere with radius r and centered on Q: ΦE = 4πr2E = q/εo
0 < r < a: q = Q ⇒ E = Q/4πεor2
a < r < b: E = 0
b < r : q = Q ⇒ E = Q/4πεor2
∞ r r
V = ∫ Ed s
r

 kQ
 for 0 < r < a or b < r
a) E(r) =  r 2
0 for a < r < b
 kQ kQ kQ
 r − a + b for 0 < r < a

 kQ
b) V(r) =  for a < r < b
 b
 kQ
 r for r > b


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 Electricity and Magnetism

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S2.6 Find the capacitance C of a cylindrical capacitor of length L and radii a and b (Fig. S2.6).

Fig. S2.6
Solution:
q
Gauss’ law ⇒ q = εo(2πrL)E ⇒ E =
2πεo rL
(2πrL : the area of the curved part of the Gaussian surface)
br r b qdr q b
By definition: V =
a ∫
Ed s =
∫ a 2πε o rL
=
2πεo L a
ln( )

(the integral is taken in the direction of the electric field E)

q 2πεo L
⇒ C= =
V b
ln( )
a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.7 Consider a parallel plate capacitor with rectangular plates and a sheet of metal of thickness a. The
dimensions of the capacitors are given in the Fig. S2.7. Let x be the length of the metal plate that is
inserted between the capacitor plates. Let +Q and -Q be the charges on the plates of the capacitor.
a) Find the capacitance Co and the energy Uo stored in the capacitor before the metal sheet is inserted.
b) Find the capacitance C and the energy U stored in the capacitor after insertion of the metal sheet as
function of x.
c) Find the force on the metal sheet ?

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 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S2.7
Solution:
ε o wL
a) Co =
b
Q2
Uo =
2C o

b) At position x, there are effectively 3 capacitors

2ε o wx 2bx
C1 = C2 = = Co
b−a L( b − a )
ε o w (L − x ) L−x
C3 = = Co
b L
C1 L−x bx x a
C = C3 + = Co[ + ] = Co[1+ ( )]
2 L L( b − a ) L b−a
Q2 Q2 1 1
U= = [ ] = Uo[ ]
2C 2C o x a x a
1+ ( ) 1+ ( )
L b−a L b−a
c) The force on the metal sheet
∂U 1 a
F=- = Uo[ ]2.
∂x x a L( b − a )
1+ ( )
L b−a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S2.8 An infinitely long, nonconducting, solid cylinder with radius a = 4 cm (Fig. S2.8) has a uniform
volume charge density ρ = 2.5µC/m3. Find and draw the electric field E as function of the radial
distance r from the cylinder axis.

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Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S2.8
Solution:
Gauss’law:
q
Φ=
εo
Where Φ is the flux of the electric field and q is the net charge inside the cylinder with radius r and
length L
r r
Φ = ∫ dA = 2πrLE
E
Case r < a:
q = ρπr2L
ρπr 2 L ρr
⇒ 2πrLE = ⇒ E=
εo 2ε o
Case r > a:
q = ρπa2L
ρπa 2 L ρa 2
⇒ 2πrLE = ⇒ E=
εo 2ε o r

case r > a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Electricity and Magnetism

S2.9 The parallel plate capacitor in Fig. S2.9 has plate area A = 100 cm2 and plate separation d = 1 cm. A
potential difference Vo = 50 V is applied between the plates. The battery is then disconnected. A
dielectric slab of thickness b = 0.8 cm and dielectric constant k = 2 is placed between the plates after
the battery was removed.
a) Before the dielectric slab is inserted, find the capacitance and the charge on the plate.
b) After the slab has been introduced, find
- the electric field in the gaps between the plates and the slab.
- the electric field in the dielectric slab.
- the capacitance and the potential difference between the plates.

Fig. S2.9
Solution:
a) Before the dielectric slab is inserted
q q
Gauss’ law : EA = ⇒ E=
εo εo A
qd
The potential difference between the plates V = Ed =
εo A
εo A
⇒ C = Co =
d
ε AVo
⇒ q = CoVo = o
d
b) After the dielectric slab has been inserted: because the battery was disconnected before the
insertion of the dielectric slab, the charge doesn’t change :
ε o AVo
q=
d
q q V
Gauss’ law : EA = ⇒ E= = o
kε o kε o A kd
The electric field in the gaps between the plates and the electric slab:
Vo
k = 1 ⇒ Eo =
d
Vo
The electric field in the electric slab : k = 2 ⇒ E1 =
2d
The potential difference between the plates
Vo b
V = V1 = Eo(d - b) + E1 b = (d – )
d 2
q ε A
C = C1 = = o
V1 b
d−
2

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 Electricity and Magnetism

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S2.10 Find the capacitance C of a cylindrical capacitor of length L and radii a and b (Fig. S2.10).
Solution:

Fig. S2.10

Solution:
q
Gauss’ law ⇒ q = εo(2πrL)E ⇒ E =
2πεo rL
b r r b qdr q b
V=
∫a Ed s =
∫ a 2πεo rL = 2πεoL ln( a )
q 2πεo L
⇒ C= =
V b
ln( )
a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.1 A solid metal cube of edge length d = 1.5cm, moving in the positive y direction at velocity v = 4m/s
through a uniform magnetic field B = 0.05T in the positive z direction (Fig. S3.1).
a) Which cube face is at a lower electric potential and which is at a higher electric potential ?
b) What is the potential difference between the faces of higher and lower electric potential ?

Fig. S3.1
Solution:

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 Electricity and Magnetism

a) When the cube moves in the magnetic field, its electrons do also. The magnetic force acting on an
electron is given by :
r v r
FB = qv x B
r v r
Because q < 0, the direction of FB is opposite the cross product v x B . Free electrons are deflected
r
by FB to the left face. The left face is negatively charged and the right face is positively charged.
The left face is at lower electric potential. The right face is at higher electric potential.
b) qE = qvB ⇒ E = vB ⇒ V = vBd
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.2 A lightning of current I = 100kA strikes the ground at point O (Fig. S3.2). The current spreads through
the ground uniformly over a hemisphere centered on the strike point. The resistivity of the ground is ρ
= 100Ωm. Find the potential difference between A and B. The radial distance OA = 60m, OB = 62m.

Fig. S3.2
Solution:
OB
I ρI ρI  1 1 
J=
2πr 2
⇒ E = ρJ =
2πr 2
⇒ VAB = -
∫ Edr =  − 
2π  OB OA 
OA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.3 The circuit in Fig. S3.3 has E = 12V, R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 30Ω, r = 5Ω. Find the currents i1, i2, i.

Fig. S3.3
Solution:
Junction rule: i = i1 + i2
Loop rule: 12 = 5i + 10i1
10 i1 = 30i2
⇒ i = 0.96A, i1 = 0.72A, i2 = 0.24A

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21
 Electricity and Magnetism

S3.4 The circuit in Fig. S3.4 has e1 = 24V, e2 = e3 = 12V, r1 = r2 = r3 = 2Ω. Find the currents i1, i2, i3.

Fig. S3.4

Solution:
Loop rule:
-e1 + r1i1 + r3i3 + e3 = 0 ⇒ 24 = 2i1 + 2i3 + 12
-e3 - r3i3 - r2i2 + e2 = 0 ⇒ 12 = 2i2 + 2i3 + 12
Junction rule:
i1 + i2 = i3
⇒ i1 = 4A, i2 = -2A, i3 = 2A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.5 Consider the circuit in Fig. S3.5 where e1 = 24 V, e2 = 12 V, r1 = 3 Ω, r2 = 6 Ω, R = 18 Ω.

Fig. S3.5
Find the currents i1, i2, i and the power supplied or dissipated by each element.
Solution:
i1= 2A, i2 = -1A, i = 1A
Pe1= 48W (supplied), Pe2= 12W (dissipated)
Pr1= 12W (dissipated), Pr2= 6W (dissipated), PR= 18W (dissipated)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.6 Consider the circuit in Fig. S3.6 with e = 12 V, r = 10Ω. Find the value of R such that the power in R is
maximized ?

Fig. S3.6
Solution:
e
i=
r+R

22
 Electricity and Magnetism

2
2  e 
P = Ri = R  
r+R
dP
P = max ⇔ = 0 ⇒ R = r = 10Ω
dR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.7 The capacitor C in Fig. S3.7 is initially uncharged. At t = 0, the switch K is closed. Determine an
expression for the potential difference V and the current i of the circuit.

Fig. S3.7
Solution:
dV
Loop rule: E = Ri + V = RC +V
dt
−t
⇒ V = E( 1 – exp( ))
RC
E −t
⇒ i= exp( )
R RC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.8 Consider the circuit in Fig. S3.8 where e = 24V, r = 1kΩ, R = 2kΩ, C = 500µF. At t < 0 the switch K is
closed, the capacitor C is fully charged. At t = 0 the switch K is open. Determine and sketch the
potential difference V and the current i of the circuit.

Fig. S3.8
Solution:
Re
t < 0 : K is closed, C is fully charged ⇒ V = = 16V
R+r

23
 Electricity and Magnetism

t > 0 : K is open.

Loop rule:
Ri + V= 0
dV dV dV
RC +V=0 ⇒ RC =-V ⇒ RC = - dt
dt dt V
⇒ V = 16e-t [V]
⇒ i = -8e-t [mA]
16 [V] for t < 0
V=  −t
16e [V ] for t > 0
0 [mA] for t < 0
i=  −t
− 8e [mA] for t > 0

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.9 Consider the circuit in Fig. S3.9 where e = 24V, r = 1kΩ, R = 2kΩ, C = 500µF. At t < 0 the switch K is
closed, the capacitor C is fully charged. At t = 0 the switch K is open. Determine and sketch the
potential difference V and the current i of the circuit.

Fig. S3.9
Solution:

24
 Electricity and Magnetism

Re
t < 0 : K is closed, C is fully charged ⇒ V = = 16V
R+r
t > 0 : K is open.

Loop rule:
Ri + V= 0
dV
RC +V=0
dt
⇒ V = 16e-t [V]
⇒ i = -8e-t [mA]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.10 A battery has an internal resistance r = 1Ω and an emf e = 9 V. It is placed across a resistor R = 8Ω and
a capacitor C = 10 µF connected in parallel (Fig. S3.10).
a) After the capacitor has become fully charged, what is the current through the resistor R? What is
the charge on the capacitor C?
b) If the battery is then disconnected, how long will it take for the voltage across the capacitor to fall
to one-third of its initial value?

Fig. S3.10
Solution:
a) After the capacitor has become fully charged
iR = 1A, Q = CV = 8 x 10-5 C
b) If the battery is then disconnected
v = 8 exp(-t/RC)
v = 8/3 ⇒ t = RCln(3) = 88 µs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) The circuit in Fig.3 has ε = 30V, r = R = 20kΩ, C = 100µF. Initially C is uncharged. At t = 0, the
switch K is closed. Find and sketch the potential difference V and the current i as function of t.

Solution:
25
 Electricity and Magnetism

• t < 0: K open ⇒ i = 0A
C is uncharged ⇒V = 0V
• t > 0: K closed ⇒ i = 1.5exp(-10t) mA
V = 15(1 - exp(-10t))V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.11 A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side length 40 mm, separated by 0.6 mm of ceramic with
dielectric constant ko = 130. The dielectric strength of the ceramic is 8.0 × 106 V/m.
a) Calculate the capacitance.
b) What is the maximum potential difference which can be applied to the capacitor.

Fig. S3.11
c) Initially the potential difference between the plates is Vo = 40 V. The capacitor is discharged
through a resistor R = 10 kΩ (Fig. S3.11). Find an expression for the charge on the capacitor as
function of time t. Find the time t5 taken for the charge on the capacitor to decrease to 5% of its
initial value.
Solution:
εo k oa 2
a) The capacitance: C =
d
V
b) The electric field: E = c < Em ⇒ Vc < dEm
d

Fig. S3.11
c) Charge on the capacitor
q = qoexp(-t/RC) C
t5% = 3RC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3.12 Consider the circuit in Fig. S3.12 with ε = 24V, r = 2kΩ, R = 10kΩ, C = 500µF. Initially the switch K
is in position 2 and the capacitor C is uncharged. At t = 0, the switch K is moved to position 1. At t =
1s, the switch K is moved to position 2 again. Find an expression for the potential difference V and the
current i of the circuit as function of time t.

26
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S3.12
Solution:
a) t < 0: K in position 2, C is uncharged
⇒ V = 0V
i = 0A

b) 0 < t < 1s: K in position 1

Loop rule:
ri + V= ε
dV
rC +V=ε
dt
⇒ V(t) = ε(1-exp(-t/τ1)
dV ε
⇒ i(t) = C = exp(-t/τ1)
dt r
where τ1 = rC.

c) 1s < t: K in position 2
Loop rule:
Ri + V= 0
dV
RC +V=0
dt
⇒ V(t) = V1exp(-(t-1)/τ2)
dV V
⇒ i(t) = C = - 1 exp(-(t-1)/τ2)
dt R
where τ2 = RC, V1 = ε(1-exp(-1/τ1)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.1 An ion of mass m and charge q is produced in source S (Fig. S4.1). The initially stationary ion is
accelerated by the electric field due to a potential difference e. The ion leaves S and enters a separator
chamber in which a uniform magnetic field B is perpendicular to the path of the ion. The magnetic field
B causes the ion to move in a semicircle and thus strikes a detector at the bottom wall of the chamber.
Suppose that B = 80mT, e = 1000V, q = +1.6022x10-19C, x = 1.6254m. What is the mass m of the
individual ion ?

27
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S4.1
Solution:
1
The kinetic energy of the charge when it enters the chamber = mv2
2
The initial potential energy of the charge = qe
It follows from the conservation of energy that
1 2qe
mv2 = qe ⇒ v=
2 m
r r
Since the the charge moves with velocity v perpendicular to the magnetic field B , it will travel in a
circle of radius r
mv 2 mv 1 2me
qvB = ⇒ r= =
r qB B q
2 2me
On the other hand x = 2r = . It follows that
B q
B2 x 2 q
m=
8e
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.2 A capacitor C with circular plates of radius b. The distance between the two plates is d. Initially the
capacitor is charged to a voltage Vo. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the capacitor discharges through
the resistor R (Fig. P3).
a) Find the charge Q as a function of time of the capacitor.
b) Find the electric field E between the two capacitor plates.
c) Find the magnetic field B anywhere in between the capacitor plates.
d) Find the displacement current id between the capacitor plates.

Fig. P3
Solution:

28
 Electricity and Magnetism

A capacitor C with circular plates of radius b is charged to a voltage Vo. At t = 0 the switch is closed and
the capacitor discharges through the resistor R (Fig. P2).
a) V = Voe-t/RC , t > 0
Q = CVoe-t/RC , t > 0
Vo -t/RC
b) E = e
d
r r dΦ E
c)
∫ B.d s = µoεo
dt
µ o ε o πr 2 Vo − t / RC µ ε rV
for r < b : B2πr = − e ⇒ B = − o o o e − t / RC
dRC 2dRC
µ o ε o πb 2 Vo − t / RC µ ε b 2 Vo − t / RC
for r > b : B2πr = - e ⇒B =- o o e
dRC 2rdRC
V
d) id = i =
R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.3 In Fig. S4.3, a parallel plate capacitor has circular plates of radius R. The distance between the two
plates is d. A constant current i charges the capacitor, producing a uniform electric field between the
plates.
a) Find the magnitude and the direction of the displacement current between the plates.
b) Find the magnitude and the direction of the electric field between the plates.
c) Find the magnitude and the direction of the induced magnetic field.

edge view top view

Fig. S4.3
Solution:
a) id = i
id and I have the same direction
1 t it
b) V(t) = ∫ idt + V(0) = + V(0)
C 0 C
V(t) it V(0)
E(t) = = +
d Cd d
Direction of the electric field E : from left to right
r r dΦ E
c)
∫B.d s = µoεo
dt
for r < R :
µ ε πr 2 i µ ε ri
⇒ B2πr = o o ⇒B = o o
Cd 2Cd
for r > R :
µ ε πR 2 i µ ε R 2i
⇒ B2πr = o o ⇒B = o o
Cd 2Cdr
29
 Electricity and Magnetism

The direction of the magnetic field as in Fig. below.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.4 A capacitor C with circular plates of radius b. The distance between the two plates is d. Initially the
capacitor is charged to a voltage Vo. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the capacitor discharges through
the resistor R (Fig. S4.4)
a) Find the voltage V of the capacitor as a function of time.
b) Find the electric field E, the magnetic field B and the displacement current id between the capacitor
plates.

Fig. S4.4
Solution:
ε o πb 2
a) The capacitance of the capacitor C =
d
The potential difference V and the current i of the circuit
t
-
V = Vo e RC

t
V V -
i = = o e RC
R R
b) The electric field E between the capacitor plates
t
V Vo - RC
E= = e
d d
The magnetic field B between the capacitor plates (as function of distance r from the center of the
plate)
r r dΦ E
∫B.d s = µoεo
dt
t t
µ ε πr 2 Vo − RC µ ε rV −
for r < b : B2πr = − o o e ⇒ B = − o o o e RC
dRC 2dRC
t t
µ ε πb 2 Vo − RC µ ε b 2 Vo − RC
for r > b : B2πr = − o o e ⇒B = − o o e
dRC 2dRCr

30
 Electricity and Magnetism

The displacement current

t
V -
id = i = o e RC
R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.5 The magnitude of the electric field between the two circular parallel plates is E = αt [V/s] (Fig. S4.5).
Let A be the area of each plate and d the distance between the plates. Find
a) the capacitance of the capacitor.
b) the magnitude and the direction of the displacement current between the plates.
c) the magnitude and the direction of the induced magnetic field.

Fig. S4.5
Solution:
εoA
a) The capacitance of the capacitor C =
d
b) The magnitude and the direction of the displacement current between the plates
dΦ E dE
id = ε o = εo A = ε o Aα
dt dt

c) The magnitude and the direction of the induced magnetic field

r r dΦ E
∫B.d s = µoεo
dt
2
⇒ 2πrB = µ oεo πr α ⇒ B = µ oεo rα /2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.6 In Fig. S4.6, a parallel plate capacitor has circular plates of radius R. The distance between the two
plates is d. A constant current i charges the capacitor, producing a uniform electric field between the
plates
a) Find the magnitude and the direction of the displacement current between the plates.
b) Find the magnitude and the direction of the electric field between the plates.
c) Find the magnitude and the direction of the induced magnetic field.

31
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S4.6
Solution:

edge view top view

a) id = i
id and i have the same direction
1 t it
b) V(t) = ∫ idt + V(0) = + V(0)
C 0 C
V(t) it V(0)
E(t) = = +
d Cd d
The direction of the electric field E : from left to right
r r dΦ E
c)
∫
B.d s = µoεo
dt
for r < R :
µ o ε o πr 2 i µ ε ri
⇒ B2πr = ⇒B = o o
Cd 2Cd
for r > R :
µ o ε o πR 2 i µ oε o R 2 i
⇒ B2πr = ⇒B =
Cd 2Cdr
The direction of the magnetic field as in Fig. below.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.7 A capacitor C with circular plates of radius b. The distance between the two plates is d. Initially the
capacitor is charged to a voltage Vo. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the capacitor discharges through
the resistor R (Fig. S4.7).

32
 Electricity and Magnetism

a) Find the charge Q as a function of time of the capacitor.

b) Find the electric field E, the magnetic field B and the displacement current id between the capacitor
plates.

Fig. S4.7
Solution:
ε o πb 2
a) The capacitance of the capacitor C =
d
Loop rule for t > 0 (Fig. A):
Q dQ dQ dt Q −t
V = Ri ⇒ = -R ⇒ =- ⇒ ln(| |) = where Qo = CVo
C dt Q RC Qo RC
Q −t Q −t
⇒ | | = exp( ) ⇒ = exp( )
Qo RC Qo RC
(since at t = 0, Q = Qo, the left hand side = 1)
−t
⇒ Q = Qoexp( )
RC

Fig. A Fig. B

b) The electric field E

−t V −t
V = Voexp( ) ⇒ E = o exp( )
RC d RC
Applying Maxwell’s law of induction
r r dΦ E
∫
B.d s = µoεo
dt
Where the integral in the left hand side is taken along a circle of radius r (Fig. B)
dE µ o ε o πr 2 Vo −t
B2πr = µoεoπr =-2
exp( )
dt dRC RC
The magnetic field B
µ o ε o rVo −t
⇒ B=- exp( )
2dRC RC
The displacement current id

33
 Electricity and Magnetism

Vo −t
id = i = exp( )
R RC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.8 In Fig. S4.8, a metal wire of mass m = 25mg can slide with negligible friction on 2 horizontal parallel
rails separated by distance d = 4cm. The track lies in a vertical uniform magnetic field of magnitude B
= 50mT. At time t = 0s, a source is connected to the rails, producing a current i = 2A.
a) Find the magnitude and the direction of the force on the wire.
b) Find the speed of the wire at t = 50ms.

Fig. S4.8
Solution:
a) The force on the wire F = Bdi
The direction of the force : leftward
b) Newton ‘s law ⇒ ma = Bdi ⇒ v = Bdit/m
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.9 Consider a rectangular coil with n turns of wire in a magnetic field (Fig. S4.9). The coil has height a
and width b. The current in the coil is i.
a) Find the force on each side of the coil.
b) Does the force on the sides AB and CD affect the rotation ?

Fig. S4.9
Solution:
a) The force on each side of the coil.
Side AC: FAC = niaB
Side BD: FDB = niaB
Side BA: FBA = nibBsin(α)
Side CD: FCD = nibBsin(α)
where α is the angle between the magnetic field and the side AB.
b) FBA and FCD cancel each other because they have the same magnitude but with opposite direction.
They don’t affect the rotation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.10 Magnetic levitation is used in high-speed trains. Conventional electronmagnetic technology is used to
suspend the train over the tracks; the elimination of rolling friction allows the train to achive very high
speeds (in excess of 400km/h). The principle of magnetic levitation can be given as the following
34
 Electricity and Magnetism

problem. A straight horizontal copper rod carries a current of 50.0 A from west to east in a region
between the poles of large electromagnet (Fig. S4.10). In this region there is a horizontal magnetic field
toward the north-east (that is, 45o north of east) with magnitude 1.20 T. Find.
a) The magnitude and direction of the force on a 1.00-m section of rod.
b) If the horizontal rod is in mechanical equilibrium under the action of its weight and the magnetic
force. What is the mass of the horizontal rod?
c) While keeping the rod horizontal, how should it be oriented to maximize the magnitude of the
force.

Fig. S4.10
Solution:
a) The magnitude and direction of the force on a 1.00-m section of the rod.
2
F= LIB (out of the paper)
2
b) If the horizontal rod is in mechanical equilibrium under the action of its weight and the magnetic
2
force F = LIB = mg
2
2LIB
The mass of the horizontal rod m =
2g
c) The force is maximized when B and i are perpendicular.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.11 Two power lines lie parallel to each other, separated by 10 cm. They carry antiparallel currents, both of
magnitude 1000 A.
a) Find the force per unit length on one line due to the current in the other line. Is the force attractive
or repulsive?
b) Consider a point P lying halfway between the two lines. What is the magnitude of the magnetic
field at P due to the two currents?
Solution:

Fig. S4.11
µ i
a) The magnitude of Ba at every point of wire b is Ba = o a
2πd
The force Fba on a length L of wire b due to the external magnetic field Ba is
r r r
Fba = i b L x Ba
Since L and Ba are perpendicular to each other

35
 Electricity and Magnetism

µo Lia i b
Fba = = 20N
2πd
The force is repulsive

b) Consider a point P lying halfway between the two lines. What is the magnitude of the magnetic
field at P due to the two currents?
µoi a
The magnetic field at P due to ia is BPa =
πd
µ i
The magnetic field at P due to ib is BPb = o b
πd
Since BPa and BPb have the same direction, the magnetic field at P due to the two currents is BP =
2µ o i
BPa + BPb = = 0.08 T
πd
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.12
a) Find the magnetic field of a long straight wire carrying a current 200 A at a perpendicular distance
a = 10 cm from the wire.
b) Suppose three such identical wires lie parallel to each other, separated by distances of a = 10 cm, so
that in cross-section their centres form an equilateral triangle, as shown in Fig. S4.12. All three
wires carry parallel currents of 200 A. Find the magnitude and direction of the force per unit length
on the top wire due to the currents in the other two wires.

Fig. S4.12
Solution:
a) Ampere’s law
r r
∫ d s = µoi
B
The magnetic field of a long straight wire carrying a current i at a perpendicular distance a from the
wire
µ i
⇒ 2πaB = µoi ⇒ B = o
2πa
b) Let B12 and B13 be the magnetic field at wire 1 due to the currents in wire 2 and 3, respectively
µ i
B12 = B13 = o
2πa
3µ o i
⇒ B1 = 2B12cos(30°) =
2πa
The force per unit length on the top wire
3µ o i 2
F1 = iB1 =
2πa

36
 Electricity and Magnetism

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.13 Find the magnetic field at the center O of the semicircle in Fig. S4.13 where L = 12cm, R = 10cm .

Fig. S4.13
Solution:
The magnetic field at O due to the two line segments is zero.
The magnetic field at O due to the semicircle is
µ I µoI µoI
B = ∫ o 2 ds = ∫ ds =
4πR 4πR 2 4R

Where the integral is taken over the semicircle.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.14 A coil with resistance R = 10Ω and self-inductance L = 0.12H is connected across a 12V battery with
internal resistance r = 2Ω (Fig. S4.14).

Fig. S4.14
a) Find the current i as function of time .
b) Find the energy stored in the magnetic field as function of time .
c) How long after the switch is closed will the current reach 95% of its final value ? .
Solution:
a) At t < 0, K is open, i = 0A
At t > 0, K is closed,It followsfrom the loop rule that
di
E = (r + R)i + L
dt

37
 Electricity and Magnetism

⇒i=
E
R+r
( )
1 − e − t / τ where τ =
L
R+r
b) The energy stored in the magnetic field
Li 2
UB =
2
c) T95% = 3τ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S4.15 The capacitor C in Fig. S4.15 has circular plates of radius b. The space between the two plates is small
compared to b so that we can ignore the fringing effects. Initially C is uncharged. At t = 0 the switch K
is closed and the capacitor charges through the resistor r.
a) Determine the potential difference V and the current i of the circuit.
b) Find the electric field E between the capacitor plates.
c) Find the magnetic field B between the capacitor plates.
d) Find the displacement current id between the capacitor plates.

Fig. S4.15
Solution:
a) The potential difference V and the current i of the circuit.
r+R 
Re  - t
V= 1 − e rRC 
r+R 
 
r+R
dV e - rRC t
i=C = e
dt r
b) The electric field E between the capacitor plates.
r+R 
Re  - t
1 − e rRC 
V
E= =
d (r + R)d  
 
c) The magnetic field B between the capacitor plates.
r r dΦ E
∫
B.d s = µoεo
dt
r+R r+R
µ ε πx 2 e − rRC t µ ε xe − t
for x < b : B2πx = o o e ⇒ B = o o e rRC
drC 2drC
r+R r +R
µ o ε o πb 2 e − rRC t µ o ε o b 2 e − rRC t
for x > b : B2πx = e ⇒B = e
drC 2drCx
r+R
e - t
d) id = i = e rRC
r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

38
 Electricity and Magnetism

S5.1 In Fig. S5.1 the triangle ABC is moving into a magnetic field B with velocity v. Let AB = a, BC = b
and R be the resistance of the triangle.
a) Find the electromotive force e induced in the loop.
b) Find the magnitude and direction of the current i in the triangle.

Fig. S5.1
Solution:
ax 2 av 2 t 2
a) The magnetic flux : ΦB = B= B
2b 2b
d Bav 2 t
The electromotive force : e = - ΦB = -
dt b
b) The current i in the triangle
i = e/R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.2 A rectangular coil of N turns and of length a, width b is rotated at frequency f in a uniform magnetic
field B indicated in Fig. S5.2. The coil is connected to co-rotating cylinders, against which metal
brushes slide to make contact. Find the electromotive force induced in the coil.

Fig. S5.2
Solution:
The magnetic flux ΦB(t) = NabBcos(2πft+α) ⇒ e
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.3 In Fig. S5.2, the current in the infinitely long wire is i = 100sin(1000t)A, the rectangle has resistance R
= 0.1Ω. Find the value of the induced current in the rectangle. Where d = b = 2m, a = 1m

Fig. S5.2
Solution:
The magnetic field due to the current i = Imsin(ωt) at a distance r from the wire

39
 Electricity and Magnetism

µ oi
B=
2πr
The magnetic flux of the rectangle
b
µ o id µ id  b 
ΦB = ∫ dr = o ln 
a
2πr 2π  a 
The induced electromotive force
µ d  b  di µ d b
e = - o ln  = - o ln  Imωcos(ωt)
2π  a  dt 2π  a 
The current in the loop
µ d b
iL = - o ln  Imωcos(ωt)
2πR  a 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.4 A rectangular coil of N turns and of length a, width b is rotated at frequency f in a uniform magnetic
field B indicated in Fig. S5.4. The coil is connected to co-rotating cylinders, against which metal
brushes slide to make contact.
a) Find the magnetic flux of the coil.
b) Find the electromotive force induced in the coil and the current i in the resistor

Fig. S5.4
Solution:
a) The magnetic flux ΦB(t) = NabBcos(2πft+α)
b) e(t) = -2πfNabBsin(2πft+α)
i(t) = -2πfNabBsin(2πft+α)/R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.5 In Fig. S5.5, a long rectangular conducting loop, of width L, resistance R, and mass m, is hung in a
horizontal, uniform magnetic field B that exists only above line a-a. The loop is then dropped. During
its fall, it accelerates until it reaches a certain terminal speed v. Find the magnitude and the direction of
the current i in the loop. Find an expression for v.

Fig. S5.5
Solution:
Φ = BA = BLx

40
 Electricity and Magnetism

Where A = LX is the area of the loop inside the magnetic field.

The current in the loop i = BLv/R (counter clockwise)
The force on the loop F = BiL = B2L2v/R
B2L2v/R = mg ⇒ v = mgR/(BL)2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.6 A rectangular loop of n closely packed turns is positioned near a long straight wire as shown in Fig.
S5.6.
a) Find the magnetic field B due to the current i a distance r from the wire.
b) What is the mutual inductance M for the loop-wire combination ?
c) Find the magnitude and the direction of the current in the loop if i = 10t A. Let R be the resistance
of the loop.

Fig. S5.6
Solution:
a) The magnetic field B due to the current i a distance r from the wire.
r r
∫
Applying Ampere ‘s law: Bd s = B2πr = µoi
where the integral in the left hand side is taken along a circle of radius r, centered at the wire.
µoi
⇒ B=
2πr
b) The flux of the magnetic field B through the loop.
r+b
naµ o idx naµ o idx naµ o i r + b
dΦ = naBdx =
2πx
⇒ Φ=
∫r
2πx
=
2π
ln(
r
)

naµ o r+b
⇒ M= ln( )
2π r
dΦ 10M
c) i = 10t A ⇒ Φ = 10Mt ⇒ e = - = -10M ⇒ i’ =
dt R
Direction of i': since Φ is increasing, i' must have direction such that the magnetic field due to i' has
direction opposing to Φ ⇒ i' is counter clockwise
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.7 A rectangular loop of length a = 30cm, width b = 10cm and resistance R = 2Ω is placed near an
infinitely long wire carrying current i = 10A. The distance from the loop to the wire is r (Fig. S5.7).
a) What is the mutual inductance M for the loop-wire combination ?
b) At t = 0, r = ro = 0.1cm. The loop is then moved away from the wire at constant speed v = 10cm/s,
i.e. r = ro + vt. Find the magnitude and the direction of the current induced in the loop.

41
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S5.7
Solution:
a) The magnetic field at a distance x from the wire
µ i
2πxB = µoi ⇒ B = o
2πx
The flux of the magnetic field through the rectangular loop
r+b
µ o ia µ ia b
Φ=
∫
r
2πx
dx = o ln(1+ )
2π r
The mutual inductance M for the loop-wire combination
Φ µ a b
M = = o ln(1+ )
i 2π r

Fig. S5.7
µ o ia b
b) r = ro + vt ⇒ Φ= ln(1+ )
2π ro + vt
The electromotive force induced in the loop
dΦ µ o iabv
e = − =
dt 2π(ro + vt )(b + ro + vt )
The magnitude of the current induced in the loop
e µ o iabv
i = =
R 2πR (ro + vt )(b + ro + vt )
The direction of the current is clockwise
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.8 A wire bent into a semicircle with a radius r rotates with a constant angular velocity ω (Fig. S5.8). The
wire is connected to a resistor R through a conductor of dimensions a and b in the y and x direction
respectively to form a closed loop. The loop is placed into a uniform magnetic field B (into the page).
a) Find the total flux through the loop as function of time.
b) Find the electromotive force created in the loop.

42
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S5.8
Solution:
a) The total flux through the loop
1
ΦB = (ab + πr2cos(ωt))B
2
b) The electromotive force created in the loop
dΦ B 1 2
e=- = πr Bωsin(ωt)
dt 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S5.9 A conducting rod of length d is free to slide on two parallel conducting bars. Two resistors R1 and R2
are connected across the ends of the bars (Fig.S5.9). There is a uniform magnetic field B pointing into
the page. An external agent pulls the bar to the right at a constant velocity v.
a) Find the magnitude and the direction of the currents through the resistors.
b) Find the applied force needed for the rod to maintain a constant velocity.

Fig. S5.9
Solution:
a) Find magnitude and the direction the currents through both resistors.
The induced electromotive force: e1 = e2 = Bdv
The current on R1: i1 = e1/R1 = Bdv/R1 (counter clockwise)
The current on R2: i2 = e2/R2 = Bdv/R2 (clockwise)

b) Find the applied force needed for the rod to maintain a constant velocity.
Bdv(R1 + R 2 )
The current on the rod: i = i1+ i2 = (upward)
R1R 2
The force: F = Bid (rightward)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43
 Electricity and Magnetism

S6.1 In Fig. S6.1, L = 100mH, C = 10µF, V = 10 volts. At t < 0, the switch is on 1. At t > 0, the switch is on
2. Find and draw the current i(t) and the voltage vc(t). Find the storage energy of the capacitor and the
inductor. Find the resonance frequency of the circuit.

Fig. S6.1
Solution:
vc(t) = 10cos(1000t) V
i(t) = 0.1sin(1000t) A

Ec(t) = 5x10-4cos2(1000t) J
EL(t) = 5x10-4sin2(1000t) J
ωo = 1000 rad/s
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.2 The circuit in Fig. S6.2 has e = 300sin(1000t)V, R = 200Ω, L = 100mH, C = 5µF. Find iR, iL, iC, v.

Fig. S6.2
Solution:

44
 Electricity and Magnetism

The impedance of the capacitor zc = 1/(1000C) = 200Ω

The impedance of the inductor zL = = 1000L = 100Ω
Let v = Vmsin(1000t + ϕ) V
V
Then ic = m sin(1000t + ϕ + 90°) A
200
V
And iL = m sin(1000t + ϕ - 90°) A
100
V
Junction rule: iR = iL + ic = m sin(1000t + ϕ - 90°) A
200
Loop rule: e = vR + v
Where vR = 200iR = Vmsin(1000t + ϕ - 90°) V
It follows that e = Vm 2 sin(1000t + ϕ - 45°) V
Since e = 300sin(1000t)V. This implies that Vm 2 = 300 and ϕ - 45° = 0°.
⇒ v = 150 2 sin(1000t + 45°) V
ic = 0.75 2 sin(1000t + 135°) A
iL = 1.5 2 sin(1000t - 45°) A
iR = 0.75 2 sin(1000t - 45°) A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.3 Consider the circuit in Fig. S6.3 where e = 100sin(500t) volts, R = 100Ω, L = 200mH, C = 10µF. Find
i(t), vR(t), vL(t), vC(t), the storage energy of the capacitor UC(t), the storage energy of the inductor UL(t),
the average power of the resistor PR, the average power of the source Pe.

Fig. S6.3
Solution:
1 2
z= R 2 + (ωL − ) = 100 2 Ω
ωC
 1 
 ωL − 
ϕ = tan -1  ω C  = -45°
 R 
 
 
1
⇒ i(t) = sin(500t + 45°) A
2
100
vR(t) = Ri = sin(500t + 45°) V
2
100
vL(t) = sin(500t + 135°) V
2

45
 Electricity and Magnetism

vC(t) = 100 2 sin(500t - 45°) V

Cv C2
UC(t) = J
2
Li 2
UL(t) = J
2
Pe = PR = RI2 = 25W
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.4 Consider the circuit in Fig. S6.4 with e(t) = 12sin(120πt) V. When S1 and S2 are open, i leads e by 30°.
When S1 is closed and S2 is open, i lags e by 30°. When S1 and S2 are closed, i has amplitude 0.5A.
What are R, L and C ?

Fig. S6.4
Solution:
2
120πL −
1 120πC
When S1 and S2 are open : i leads e by 30° ⇒ - = tan(-30°) =
3 R
12
When S1 and S2 are closed, i has amplitude ⇒ 0.5A =
1
120πL −
120πC
1
120πL −
1 120πC
When S1 is closed and S2 is open, i lags e by 30° ⇒ = tan(30°) =
3 R
1
⇒ 120πL − = 24 ⇒ R = 24 3
120πC
2 1
120πL − 24 −
-
1
= 120πC = 120πC = 1 - 1
⇒ C = 55.26µF
3 R 24 3 3 120π 24 3C
1
120πL − = 24 ⇒ 120πL = 24 + 48 = 72 ⇒ L = 0.19H
120πC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.5 In Fig. S6.5, L = 100mH, C = 10µF, Vo = 24 volts. At t < 0, the switch is on 1. At t > 0, the switch is on
2. Find the current i and the voltage vc, the storage energy of the capacitor, the storage energy of the
inductor, and the total storage energy of the circuit.

46
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S6.5
Solution:
t<0
v c = Vo
i=0

t>0
di d 2vc d 2vc
vc = L = -LC ⇒ LC + vc = 0
dt dt 2 dt 2
1
⇒ vc(t) = Vocos(ωt) where ω =
LC
dv c C
i = -C ⇒ i = Vo sin(ωt)
dt L
1
Ec(t) = C Vo2 cos2(ωt)
2
1 C 1
EL(t) = L Vo2 sin2(ωt) = C Vo2 sin2(ωt)
2 L 2
1
E(t) = Ec(t) + EL(t) = C Vo2
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.6 Consider the circuits in Fig. S6.6 with e = 100sin(1000t)V, R = 100Ω, L = 0.1H, C = 10µF.
a) Find iR(t), iL(t), iC(t), V(t).
b) Find the storage energy of the capacitor and the inductor.

Fig. S6.6
Solution:
a) e = 100sin(1000t)V
1
R = ωL = = 100Ω
ωC
Let V = Vmsin(1000t + ϕ)
V V
Then iR = = m sin(1000t + ϕ)
R R

47
 Electricity and Magnetism

Vm
iL = sin(1000t + ϕ - 90°)
ωL
iC = iR + iL (junction rule)
It follows from the phasor that
V 2
iC = m sin(1000t + ϕ - 45°)
100
and
VC = Vm 2 sin(1000t + ϕ - 135°)

Since
e = V + VC (loop rule)
It follows from the phasor that
e = Vmsin(1000t + ϕ - 90°)
It follows that Vm = 100 and ϕ = 90°
Thus V = 100sin(1000t + 90°) [V]
iR = sin(1000t + 90°) [A]
iL = sin(1000t) [A]
iC = 2 sin(1000t + 45°) [A]
VC = 100 2 sin(1000t - 45°) [V]

b) The storage energy of the capacitor and the inductor

1
UL = Li 2L [J]
2
1
UC = CVC2 [J]
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.7 Consider the circuit in Fig. S6.7 where e = 100sin(1000t) V, R = 100Ω, L = 0.1H, C = 10µF. Find iR(t),
iL(t), iC(t), VC(t) the storage energy of the capacitor, the storage energy of the inductor .

Fig. S6.7

48
 Electricity and Magnetism

Solution:
iL(t) = 2 sin(1000t – 45°)A
VC(t) = 100sin(1000t – 90°)V
iR(t) = sin(1000t – 90°)A
iC(t) = sin(1000t)A
Li 2L
UL =
2
Cu C2
UC =
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S6.8 Consider the circuit in Fig. S6.8 where e = 100sin(1000t) V, R = 100Ω, L = 50mH, C = 10µF.

Fig. S6.8
Find iR(t), iL(t), iC(t), V(t), the storage energy of the capacitor, the storage energy of the inductor .
Solution:
1
ωL = 50Ω, = 100Ω
ωC
Let V(t) = Vmsin(1000t +ϕv)V
V
Then iL(t) = m sin(1000t +ϕv – 90°)A
50
V
iC(t) = m sin(1000t +ϕv + 90°)A
100
V
⇒ iR(t) = iL(t) + iC(t) = m sin(1000t +ϕv – 90°)A
100
⇒ VR(t) = 100iR(t) = Vmsin(1000t +ϕv – 90°)V
Loop rule: e(t) = V(t) + VR(t) = Vm 2 sin(1000t +ϕv – 45°)V
On the other hand e(t) = 100sin(1000t) V
It follows that Vm = 50 2 and ϕv = 45°.
Thus iL(t) = 2 sin(1000t – 45°)A
2
iC(t) = sin(1000t + 135°)A
2
2
iR(t) = sin(1000t - 45°)A
2
V(t) = 50 2 sin(1000t + 45°)V
Li 2 Cu C2
UL = L , UC =
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

49
 Electricity and Magnetism

S6.9 Consider the circuit in Fig. S6.9 where R = 100Ω, L = 100mH, C = 10µF, e = 100sin(ωt) volts. Find
i(t), iL(t), iC(t), V(t), the storage energy of the capacitor, the storage energy of the inductor, and the total
storage energy in 2 cases
a) ω = 1000 rad/s
a) ω = 2000 rad/s

Fig. S6.9

Solution:
The impedance of the RLC circuit
ωL 0.1ω
Z=R+j = 100 + j
2
1 − ω LC 1 − ω 2 10 -6
a) With ω = 1000 rad/s ⇒ Z = ∞
⇒ i(t) = 0 A
V(t) = e(t) = 100sin(1000t) volts
iL(t) = sin(1000t - 90°) A = -cos(1000t) A
ic(t) = sin(1000t + 90°) A = cos(1000t) A
1
UL(t) = LiL2(t) = 0.05cos2(1000t) J
2
1
Uc(t) = CV2(t) = 0.05sin2(1000t) J
2
U(t) = UL(t) + Uc(t) = 0.05 J
b) With ω = 2000 rad/s ⇒ Z = 100 - j 66.6 = 120e-j33.7
⇒ i(t) = 0.833sin(2000t – 33.7°) A
V(t) = 55.53sin(1000t – 123.7°) volts
iL(t) = 0.227sin(1000t – 213.7°) A
ic(t) = 1.11sin(1000t – 33.7°) A
1
UL(t) = LiL2(t)
2
1
Uc(t) = CV2(t)
2
U(t) = UL(t) + Uc(t)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S7.1 A plane electromagnetic wave, with wave length λ = 3m, travels in vacuum in the positive direction of
an x axis. The electric field, of amplitude Em = 300V/m, oscillates parallel to the y axis.
a) What are the frequency f, angular frequency ω and angular wave number k of the wave ?
b) What is the amplitude Bm of the magnetic field component ? Parallel to which axis does the
magnetic field oscillates ?
2
c) What is the intensity I of the wave ? The wave uniformly illuminates a surface of area A = 2m . If
the surface totally absorbs the wave, what are the force and the radiation pressure on the surface ?.
Solution:

50
 Electricity and Magnetism

a) λ = c/f ⇒ f = c/λ ⇒ ω = 2πc/λ ⇒ k = ω/c = 2π/λ

b) Bm = Em/c
B parallels z axis

E 2m
c) The intensity of the wave I =
2cµ o
IA
Since the radiation is totally absorbed by the surface, the force on the surface is F=
c

F
The radiation pressure pr is the force per unit area p r =
A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S7.2 The maximum electric field 10m from an isotropic point source of light is 2V/m.
a) Find the amplitude of the electric field and the amplitude of the magnetic field.
b) Find the average intensity of the light there.
c) Find the power of the source.
Solution:
The maximum electric field 10m from an isotropic point source of light is 2V/m.
a) The amplitude of the electric field Em = 2 [V/m]
The amplitude of the magnetic field
Em E
= c ⇒ B m = m = 0.67x10-8 [T]
Bm c
b) The average intensity of the light
E2 4
I= m =
8 −6
= 0.529x10-2 [W/m2]
2cµ o 6 x10 x1.26 x10
c) The power of the source
Ps
I= 2
⇒ Ps = 4πr2I = 6.65 [W]
4πr
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S7.3 A plane electromagnetic wave, with frequency f = 100MHz, travels in vacuum in the positive direction
of an x axis. The electric field, of amplitude Em = 100V/m, oscillates parallel to the y axis (Fig. S7.3).
a) What are the wave length λ and the angular wave number k of the wave ?
b) What is the amplitude Bm of the magnetic field component ? Parallel to which axis does the
magnetic field oscillate ?
2
c) What is the intensity I of the wave ? The wave uniformly illuminates a surface of area A = 2m . If
the surface totally absorbs the wave, what are the force and the radiation pressure on the surface ?.

51
 Electricity and Magnetism

Fig. S7.3
Solution:
a) λ = c/f
k = ω/c = 2π/λ
b) Bm = Em/c
B parallels z axis

E 2m
c) The intensity of the wave I =
2cµ o
IA
Since the radiation is totally absorbed by the surface, the force on the surface is F=
c
F
The radiation pressure pr is the force per unit area p r =
A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S7.4 A coaxial cable transmits DC power from a battery with emf ε to a load with resistance R. The cable
consists of two concentric, long, hollow cylinders with radii a, b and length d (Fig.S7.4). Assume that
the internal resistance of the battery and the resistance of the cable can be neglected.
a) Find the electric field in the cable and the capacitance of the cable.
b) Find the magnetic field in the cable and the inductance of the cable.
c) Find the Poynting vector and the total power flowing through the cable.

Fig.S7.4
a) Find the electric field E at a distance r from the center of the cable
q q
Gauss’ law ⇒ ΦE = 2πrdE = ⇒ E= with a < r < b
εo 2πε o rd
br r b qdr q b
ε=V=
a ∫
Ed s = ∫
a 2πε rd
o
= ln( )
2πε o d a
q 2πε o d
⇒ The capacitance of the cable C = =
V b
ln( )
a

52
Electricity and Magnetism

b) Find the magnetic field in the cable and the inductance of the cable.
ε
Neglecting the resistances of the battery and the cable, i =
R
r r µ i µ ε
Ampere’s law ⇒ ∫ B.d s = 2πrB = µoi ⇒ B = o = o with a < r < b
2πr 2πrR
Flux of magnetic field through the rectangle ABCD (see figure)
b bµ i µ id b dr µ id b
ΦB = ∫ Bddr = ∫ o ddr = o ∫ = o ln( )
a a 2πr 2π a r 2π a
Φ µ d b
⇒ The inductance of the cable L = B = o ln( )
i 2π a
c) The Poynting vector at distance r from the center of the cable.
ε2
E ⊥ B ⇒ P = EB/µo =
b
2πr 2 ln( )R
a
The total power flowing through the cable
b b
ε 2 2πrdr ε2 dr ε 2
∫ PdS = ∫ 2 b =
b ∫ r
=
R
= Ri2
S a 2πr ln( ) R ln( ) R a
a a
Where dS = π(r+dr)2 - πr2 ≈ 2πrdr

53