SHS

Oral Communication
in Context
Semester 1 – Quarter 2 - Module 7:
The Communicative Strategies

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English – Grade 11 – Oral Communication
Semester 1 - Quarter 2 – Module 7: The communicative strategies
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jessie-Marie M. Morcoso

Editors: Nida D. Bernaldez

Cherry Braga-Azor, PhD
Annabel O. Armenia

Reviewers: Nida D. Bernaldez

Iriga City Division (headed by Dr. Claudia Marilou S. Marpuri)

Illustrator: Albert B. Belir

Layout Artist: Alexis I. Piñgol, Antonio L. Morada

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 Oral Communication in Context

OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

MELC S1 Q2. Employs various communicative strategies in different situations

2nd Quarter, Module 7

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 Module 7
Overcoming Communication Breakdown

Learning Competency: Employs various communicative strategies in

different situations

Lesson I: Communicative Strategies

INTRODUCTION

Communication has always been a give and

takes process between participants. We have to
consider that the solution of communication
problems is the responsibility of both the speaker
and listener, therefore correct strategies help to get
the right message and receive appropriate
feedback.

In our daily lives, there is no ideal speaker no listener of language. As they

always say, nobody’s perfect. Realistically, no one who can master a language
perfectly and use it appropriately in daily conversations. Without a doubt, in the
process of communication, we may come across several barriers or problems. To
overcome these problems, we have to use some communicative strategies.

OBJECTIVES

After working on the activities in this module, you will be able to:
• Employ various communicative strategies in different situations
1. Identify the seven (7) communicative strategies: Nomination,
Restriction, Turn-Taking, Topic Control, Topic Shifting, Repair and
Termination;
2. Follow the guidelines in applying the seven (7) communicative
strategies;
3. Employ communicative strategies to accomplish several activities.
4. Use transitional words/phrases to make effective sentences.
5. Create meaningful conversations through comic strips, dialogues and
interview.

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 VOCABULARY TASK

It is very important to communicate with other people effectively. Do you

want to say something, read something, listen to something, or be something?
Then you need to have a good vocabulary. This is the bottom line of this module
and this activity on the next page:

Activity 1. SOLVE THE PUZZLE (Average):

Direction: Answer this crossword puzzle to reveal some of the difficult words you
may encounter in the text. Be guided with the clues provided.

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Activity 1 - SOLVE THE PUZZLE -- Advance:

Complete the passage using the words from the list below. This will challenge your
vocabulary knowledge and comprehension. Do this in your notebook.

scheme
potential
policies
trainees
internship
.

The Grade 12-Einstein with the track General Academic Strand will be
starting their Work Immersion program or _____(1)_________ next month
for them to be exposed to the employment world and prepare them for their
future careers. The (2) are students of Lapu-Lapu National
High School that were seen great (3) which will make them
good employees someday. Their immersion teacher organized an
orientation seminar for these students so that they will be aware of the
guidelines and the (4) of the Work Immersion Program.
Ms. Cruz, their Work Immersion Teacher has already crafted a
______(5)____________ on how she will monitor her student trainees.

• Do you have any difficulty in communicating with others?

• Do you have an existing social media account like
Facebook?
• Are you that confident in updating your status on
Facebook? Are you afraid you might not receive some
“thumbs up” or “likes” from your tweets or posts?
• Are you scared of sharing your ideas to others? Are you
still having a hard time in making a conversation with your
classmates or with you teacher?
• Are you afraid of sharing some of thoughts and ideas to
your classmates when you are in your social media chat
group?

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 PRE-TEST Activity 2

Well let’s take a look and check on what are the things you need to improve
through these communicative strategies.

A. Below you see a box with words in it. Place the word on the space before each
statement where it’s described best.
Nomination Restriction Turn-Taking
Topic Control Communicative Strategies
Topic Shifting Repair Termination

1. The primary idea is to give all communicators a chance

to speak.
2. When you apply this strategy, you try to open a topic to
the people you are communicating with.

3. Keeping the conversation going by asking questions

and eliciting responses.
4. These are plans, ways or means of sharing information
which are adopted to achieve a particular social,
political, psychological and linguistic purpose.
5. Refers to any limitation you have as a speaker.

6. ____________________Where part of a conversation ends and also begin.

7. Overcoming communication breakdown to send more

comprehensible message.
8. Utilization of verbal and non-verbal signals to end the
interaction.

B. Identify the communicative strategy used on the following statements. On the blank,
write N if the statement shows Nomination, RES for Restriction, TT for Turn-taking,
TC for Topic Control, TS for Topic Shifting, REP for Repair and T for Termination.

9. The correct pronunciation of Nike is not “nayk” nut “nayki”.

10. ______ There’s a new local film festival next month!
11. By the way, I found a purse, and it’s full of cash!
12. ______ Goodbye and thank you Mr. Torres.
13. ______ They say that the Philippine economy is getting better. Only the stupid
thinks that, right?
14. You have the spotlight now.
15. ______You said that you like milk chocolates, but you also stated that dark
chocolates are based from a single ingredient called cacao.

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Activity 3. FILL OUT THE FISH
What are the causes and effects of Communication breakdown?
Complete the Fish Bone Diagram below. The 1st set is done for you.

NOISE

1. Receiver
didn’t
understand
the message.
2.
3. COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN

LEARNING
AND PROCESSING ACTIVITIES

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Activity 4. Search for it!

Search the following underlined words in the word search puzzle. Good luck!

1. A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively

establish a topic.
2. & 3 Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker.
4. Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor.
5. Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic control is
achieved cooperatively.
6. Topic shifting involves moving from one topic to another.
7. Although, this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
8. Termination refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating
expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
9. Knowing and applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic
strategies to maintain a conversation.

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 Did you have fun looking for the
highlighted terminologies? To
further understand those terms,
read below the following lesson as
it discusses the seven (7)
communicative strategies…

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES, AN INTRODUCTION

A communication strategy is a systematic technique employed by speakers

to express their meaning when faced with a language problem or difficulty.
Because English may not be our first language, these communicative strategies
help us to keep on using the language and communicate effectively with others.

Communicative strategies not only play an important role in communication

but they also contribute to second language acquisition. Communicative strategies
(CS) can help us to keep the communication channel open, encourage hypothesis
formation and automatization.

A communication strategy ensures that all significant information is

dispersed to the correct people, both internally and externally. Having all people
on the same page is essential to a community or school. 2

In our daily lives and in our daily conversation with others, we are not aware
that we utilize 2 or more Communicative Strategies, more so we don’t have any
idea what type of communicative strategy is employed. There are seven (7) types
of Communication Strategies: Nomination, Restriction, Topic Control, Topic
Shifting, Turn-Taking, Repair and Termination.

2
Communicative Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. http://www.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:429103/FULLTEXT01.pdf

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 One of the biggest sources of
misunderstandings and communication
breakdown is language. By understanding
what strategies are helpful, we can help
resolve problems and communicate better
in English.

LESSON 1: NOMINATION AND RESTRICTION: In this lesson, you will be learning the first
two types: Nomination and Restriction.
NOMINATION is a communicative
strategy wherein you present a particular
topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only
what is relevant. When you are
introducing a topic at the beginning of a
Communicative Situation, what you are
using is the Nomination Strategy. It is a
strategy that can also be applied any time
during the course of an interaction as a
way of continuing the communication.
When this strategy is used, the topic is
introduced in a clear and truthful manner,
stating only what is relevant to keep the
interaction focused. So when you are trying to converse with someone or trying to open
a conversation with a friend, especially if it does not arise from a previous topic, you may
start off with the latest news inquiries and news announcements as they promised
extended talk. For example: “Have you noticed the weather lately? I think rainy season is
here.”

When you would want to begin a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not
arise from a previous topic, you may start off with news inquiries and news
announcements as they promise extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational
environment open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a
smooth end. This could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation.

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EXAMPLES:

Have you noticed the weird

weather lately? Is it because of Have you felt the
global warming? earthquake last night?

Notice that the speaker carries out

NOMINATION to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic.
When you employ this strategy, you try
to open a topic open a topic with the
people you are talking to.

The second type of communicative strategy is called Restriction wherein it

constrains the response or reaction within a set of categories. It is a strategy that
restricts the response of the other person involved in the communication situation. The
listener or the receiver is forced to respond only within a set of categories that is made
by the speaker or the sender.

Restriction in Communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.

This strategy avoids being sideswiped from the topic during a conversation to avoid
communication breakdown.

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 When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with
your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you must follow. These
instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.

Are you prepared Take for example, you are

Yes! conversing with any of your
for our presentation Yes!
this afternoon? family member during ordinary
days can be far more casual.
Remember to always be on point
and avoid sideswiping from the
topic during the conversation to
avoid communication
breakdown.

Activity 5: NOMINATION & RESTRICTION CHECK

AVERAGE:

Read the following statements/situations. On the blank, Check ( ) if the

statement/situation shows NOMINATION type of Communicative Strategy and put an 
if it is the statement is an example of RESTRICTION type of communicative strategy.

1. ____ Now, it’s your turn to ask questions.

2. ____I was late for class again! The MRT stopped midway. What is wrong with the MRT?
3. ____They say that the Philippine economy is getting better. Only the stupid thinks
that, right?
4. ____Do you have anything to say?
5. ____When you were asked to deliver a speech in a specific language.
6. ____Mom, I’m engaged.
7. ____In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure.
8. ____Have you heard the news about the prettiest girl in school?
9. ____Does that make sense to you?
10. ____That arrest move was a disaster waiting to happen. Do you agree?

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 ADVANCED:

ACTIVITY 5 AN INFOMERCIAL in a MINI-BROCHURE

Create a short informercial about a tourist spot near you. By employing the
communicative strategies Nomination and Restriction, mention the things that make the
tourist spot a dream destination. Practice your creativity, draw and scribble to make
your mini-brochure. Below are questions to guide you in crafting your brochure.

Guide Questions:
1. Why tourists visit this place?
2. What do many visitors like to do here?
3. What would be best for a day trip?
4. What should one do for a good night out?
5. Where can visitors get the best food?
6. Where can visitors buy their souvenirs?
7. What outdoor activities are famous?
8. What is amazing about the weather?
9. What is the best thing to do here during summer?
10. What do tourists say about this vacation spot?

(An example of a Tourism Infomercial is featured on the next page)

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https://www.eccp.com/storage/app/media/europh-connect/EuroPH Connect March - April 2017 as of June 19.pdf

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 JUST A THOUGHT

Can you envision yourself

talking to any of your family
member about the new
scheme in school due to the
current health crisis our
country is facing?
------------------
Can you imagine yourself not
understood by the person
you’re talking to whether on the
phone or in any social media
platforms?

Are you equipped for a Job

Interview
Or a College Admissions
Interview?
How do you prepare for it?
---------------
What are your plans after
Senior High School? What
course are you planning to
take in College?

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 LET’S READ

Activity 6: Below is an excerpt from an Example Interview Transcript 1. Read the

dialogue between the interviewer and the interviewee. Other information and
names on the script were modified for contextualization purposes. Take note of
the NOMINATION AND RESTRICTION -- communication strategies evident in the
interview script.

EXAMPLE INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT

INTERVIEWER: Thank you for coming to see us for your interview

today, James. How was your journey, did you have any trouble
finding us?

INTERVIEWEE: My journey was fine thank you, Miss Perez. The

instructions I received for my interview made it really easy to get
T
here. It’s nice to meet you.

INTERVIEWER:
You too, James. Please have a seat and I will tell you about what’s
going to happen during your interview. As you know, I am the
manager of the department you have applied to. I’ll begin by giving
you some more information about our graduate training scheme and
I’ll then be asking you some questions to find out more about your
potential for the role, does that sound ok?

INTERVIEWEE: Yes that sounds fine, thank you.

INTERVIEWER: Great. Our graduate training scheme is a two-year programme of

training and development but you will be given responsibility from the
very beginning and expected to use your initiative on your projects.
Senior management have an open door policy for graduate trainees,
so you can ask questions and discuss ideas, and you will also be
allocated a mentor who will be a member of the team and have
recently completed the graduate training scheme. You will also have
regular training days and will start to work towards an accredited
professional diploma in Management Studies with our support. The
scheme is very successful and at the end of the two years you would
ideally be ready to move into a junior management role in the team.
Is there anything more you’d like to know about the scheme?

1
Purshouse, Craig. “Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] 1 AC 1074.” Law Trove,
2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191866128.003.0051.
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INTERVIEWEE: Not at the moment, what you’ve outlined sounds great. I’m very
interested in this opportunity based on what I’ve read about it and
what you’ve said today.

INTERVIEWER: That’s good, let’s get started then. Can you please tell me a bit
about yourself, James?

INTERVIEWEE: Of course. I am about to graduate the Senior High School program

and plan to finish a College Degree. Luckily having decided on the
career route I wanted to pursue at that stage meant I could use my
time at university to continue building relevant experience and
ensure I developed all the important skills I’d need to progress in
addition to gaining the right knowledge through my studies. I seized
every opportunity to get involved in activities that were interesting to
me while at the same time presenting an opportunity to improve
myself. I took on some positions of responsibility, such as leading a
team for a project and acting as secretary of a society and found I
had quite strong leadership skills. When I applied for this role, I could
see that my background is a very good match to the requirements,
and that it relates quite strongly to the internship I completed last
summer, so I can see myself really fitting in well here.

INTERVIEWER: Thank you, James. It’s good to hear that you are really interested the
job. Can you please tell me a bit more about what attracts you to
working for XYZ Ltd and what you think you can bring to the role?......

INTERVIEWEE: During my second year at University I started to research companies

offering opportunities matching my career interests and XYZ Ltd. really
stood out for me for a number of reasons. There seems to be a real focus
on team working while at the same time I know I would be expected to
work independently and accept responsibility early on in my career. As I
mentioned in my application, I perceive XYZ Ltd. to be an industry leader
and I feel that the company values relate to things I also feel passionate
about, in particular supporting the local community. Having spent almost
two years as a volunteer with The Anonymous Foundation during my time
at university I am keen to be involved in further voluntary activity. I also
had the opportunity to speak to some members of your recruitment team
at the Options careers fair organized by the Employability & Careers
Centre at the University and was really impressed by what they had to
say about the culture at XYX Ltd. and their own experiences of working
here. In terms of what I could bring to the role, having looked at your
expectations of employees and read some of the staff profiles on your
website, I’m confident I have the right

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 qualities to fit in well at XYZ Ltd. and that I have all the knowledge,
skills and experience you require. In particular, I am confident that I
could apply the experience I gained through my internship
immediately in this role, such as taking responsibility for a project and
communicating effectively with senior management…

COMPREHENSION CHECK

1. Who started the interview? How did the interview go?

2. What were the limitations of the questions being asked?
3. How did the applicant respond to the questions?
4. If you were the Interviewer, what are the questions that you would want
to change?
5. If you were the Interviewee, will you have different responses from the
questions given by the interviewer?
6. What were the aspects considered by the applicants in answering the
questions?

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Activity 7. MAKE YOUR INTERVIEW SCRIPT:
During this COVID-19 Pandemic, Job Interviews are set-up by companies to
adhere to the protocols and guidelines in practicing Social Distancing. Some
employers use online Video Conferencing Softwares or Apps but it requires an
Internet Connection for both parties. However, some companies use the old
school “Phone Interview”.
Picture yourself as an Employer or an Employee. Make your own
interview script using the template on the next page.

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___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

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 LESSON 2: TURN-TAKING

Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive
conversation, but the primary idea is
to give all communicators a chance
to speak.
Turn-taking Communicative
Strategy requires that each Speaker
speaks only when it is his/her turn
during interaction. Knowing when to
talk depends on watching out for the
verbal and nonverbal cues that signal
the next Speaker that the previous
Speaker has finished or the topic under discussion has been exhausted and a new
topic may be introduced. At the same time, it also means that others should be
given the opportunity to take turn. Turn-taking Communicative Strategy uses either
an informal approach (just jump in and start talking) or a formal approach
(permission to speak is requested).
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others
take much time during the conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process by
which people decide who take the conversational floor. There is a code of
behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation but the
primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
EXAMPLES:
I agree with the point just made.
Excuse me? I think we should
But may I add that OFWs would
May I have the speak one at a time, so we
rather be home and work here
can clearly understand what
floor, sir? The topic so they could be with their
we want to say about the
under discussion is topic.
families.
the state of the
Go on with your
Philippine economy You have Can we all listen to
ideas. I’ll let you
today. Spotlight now. the one who is
finish first before
talking in front of
I say something. us?

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 Remember to keep your words relevant and
reasonably short enough to express your views or
feelings. Try to be polite even if you are not trying
to take the floor from another speaker. Do not hog
the conversation and talk incessantly without
letting the other party air out their own ideas. To
acknowledge others, you may employ visual
signals like a nod, a look, or a step back, and you
could accompany these signals with spoken cue
such as “What do you think?” or “You wanted to
say something?”

Through a video conferencing application, The Grade 11-GAS Classroom Officers are
having a meeting. Michael, the class president presides the Meeting. The attendees are Victor
(Vice President), Eleanor (Secretary), Johnson (Treasurer) and Mary (Business Manager).

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ACTIVITY 8. CLASS OFFICERS MEETING:
Below is the transcription of their meeting:

Michael: Good afternoon fellow officers. ‘hope you are all doing well in these
trying times. I am Michael, your class President and I will be your facilitator and
moderator for this meeting. We also have here the Vice President Victor,
Eleanor the Secretary, Johnson the Treasurer and our Business Manager, Mary.

Before we start, may I share to you some rules in Video Conference Meeting:
(1) Be on time. (2) Make sure your phone or device is on “mute” when not
speaking. (3) Don’t interrupt. (4)Reach out to the speaker or moderator after
the presentation if you’d like more insights, or to let them know you enjoyed the
conference. (5) Ensure your technology works correctly. (6) Wear work-
appropriate clothing.

Is everything clear? Can everybody show me a “Thumbs-up”?

Okay. Let’s start with our meeting. So we want to come up with a strategy on
how are we going to help out the class adviser and students when it comes to
disseminating information. Any suggestions?
Mary: Michael, may I suggest that Eleanor, the class secretary must collect and
retrieve the contact numbers of all the students in our class. They have to….
(Eleanor was interrupted by Johnson)
Johnson: I’m sorry, but not all of our classmates have their own cellphones!
(Michael, muted Johnson so he can speak)
Michael: May I remind everyone the third rule. “Do not interrupt.” If someone’s is
talking, make sure to listen. You will be given a chance to talk or be given
ample time to air your side. Is that clear? Thank you. Mary, you may continue.
Mary: Our classmates have to coordinate with the secretary and give their contact
information. I assume that every household now, has at least one cellphone,
correct me If I’m wrong…
Michael: Does anyone, wish to speak?
(Victor, raises his hand, so Michael unmuted him.)
Now, we recognize our Class Vice President, Victor.
Victor: Thank you Michael. I agree, with Mary. In order for us to inform everybody
about important announcements, notices, advisories coming from the School
Admin., we have to retrieve the contact numbers of everybody.
(Eleanor interrupts Victor.)

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Eleanor: I’m sorry Victor but you are becoming redundant. Mary had already suggested
that. You don’t need to repeat whatever she says.
Michael: Again, let me remind you about Rule #3. Don’t interrupt. If you want to say
something, please wait until you are recognized. Victor, you may continue.
Victor: The class secretary together with the P.I.O shall be the ones responsible in ‘
giving the necessary information. Not only that, with this new scheme,
everybody will be informed on the latest updates even they are in the comfort
of their own homes.
Eleanor: That is correct Victor. Now I have 12 students with contact information. I still
have to retrieve 10. I’ll do it tomorrow. Thank you.
Michael: Thank you for those insights, and thank you Madam Secretary for the update.
Does anybody here wishes to say something?
Johnson: Yes, Mike. I want to apologize for not following the rules you have given. I also
want to inform you that as a Class Officer, I will be helping Eleanor out in
retrieving the contact information of the rest of our classmates. Rest assured
that we will have all the needed information before the week ends. Back to you
Mr. President.
Michael: That is very humbling of you Johnson. Anyway, thank you for offering help to
Eleanor.
Our next virtual meeting would be next week. Please be online 10 minutes
before 10 am. I will be sending the minutes of this meeting through your emails.
Thank you very much for your attendance and participation. Have a good day.
- End of Meeting -

COMPREHENSION CHECK
1. Who was the facilitator or the moderator of the meeting?
2. Who were the other participants of the meeting?
3. What was the video conference all about?
4. What are the basic rules in video conference meeting?
5. Were these rules strictly followed by the participants?
6. How did the moderator/facilitator handled the unruly participants?
7. Did the conference meeting meet the objective?
8. Why is the communicative strategy “turn-taking” important in
conferences/meetings?

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 REMEMBER AND REFLECT
ACTIVITY 9. In the tablet below, please enumerate the advantages and
disadvantages of turn-taking.
Advantages Disadvantages

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 Whenever you find yourself in a conversation,
you know that there will be occasions when someone
will attempt to change the topic and you must learn how
to deal with this in a good way. For instance, when you
sit down for your job interview, the prospective
employer may move the conversation along before you
are even ready. Upon completing this lesson you will
have opportunities to assess your usual methods of
communication, and prepare for speaking activities that
will hone your use of communicative strategies for the
job fair and beyond.
Bear in mind that in previous lessons meetings had
some practice on a few communicative strategies for
the beginning of conversations. Have you thought about
how you perform or behave in your everyday dealings
with people?

LESSON 3: TOPIC CONTROL AND TOPIC SHIFTING

TOPIC CONTROL— keeping the interaction going be asking questions and

eliciting a response. After the Nomination Communicative Strategy, the interaction is
kept going by using the Topic Control Communicative Strategy. This is simply a
question-answer formula that moves the discussion forward.
This is also allows the Listener or other participants to take turns, contribute
ideas and continue the discussion.
Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations. This only means that when a topic is initiated, it
should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.

EXAMPLE:

PHOTO CREDIT: www.boughtCO.com 24

 Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic
control is achieved cooperatively. This only means that when a
topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can make yourself
actively involved in a conversation without overly dominating it by
using minimal responses like “Okay”, “Go on”; asking questions to
clarify information briefly like “You are excited, aren’t you?”. It was
unexpected, wasn’t it?”
Other examples
• How do you often ride the MRT, Tony? How many times
have you encountered a stoppage service?
• You said that you like milk chocolates, but you also stated
that dark chocolates tastes good. So do you know that all
chocolates are based from a single ingredient called
cacao?
• “Hi! How are you? What have you been doing lately?
How’s you family? When are you coming for a visit?

TRY IT OUT!

ACTIVITY 10.
Complete this comic strip by employing the communicative strategy, TOPIC CONTROL.

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 TOPIC SHIFTING is a communicative strategy that introduces a new topic
followed by the continuation of that topic. This strategy works best when there is follow-
through so that new topic continues to be discussed. This is also used in Repair
Communicative Strategy.
Topic Shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.
in other words, it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins.

— Examples:
Wow, that’s amazing!
* This is a battle with corporations that Where did you find it?
------
continue to pollute the environment. But Do you know that it’s
I found a treasure
haunted? It is said
this is also a battle with man himself, that a family has been
chest, and it’s heavy!
------
who continues to act as if there is killed at the same spot
during the 1900s.
At the backyard of an
abandoned house.
another Earth we can move to once this -------
Earth dies.
* If we cannot use the Earth’s resources,
our economies will die. We need to
choose: the economy or the
environment.
* By the way, there’s a new shop
opening at the mall.
* In addition to what you said
about the beautiful girl is that she
is also smart.

26
 When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be very
intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured enough to
generate adequate views. You may also use effective conversational
transitions to indicate a shift like “By the way,” “In addition to what you
said,” “Which reminds me of,” and the like. Are you ready to learn more
of these transitional words and phrases so that you can be more
confident in conversing in English?

GRAMMAR & USAGE

Transition words and phrases are vital devices for each and every one
of us most especially when we write sentences, paragraphs, essays, term papers,
research papers, or other literary compositions. They improve the connections and
transitions between sentences and paragraphs. They thus give the text a logical
organization and structure. 2
These transition words are used with a special rule for punctuation: a semicolon
or a period is used after the first ‘sentence’, and a comma is almost always used to set
off the transition word from the second ‘sentence’.
Here some of the transitional words/phrases grouped according to their purpose:
Some of the more commonly used connectives are listed below. Note especially
how these connections function to develop, relate, connect and move ideas.

2
Possel, H. (n.d.). Transition Words. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.smart-words.org/linking-
words/transition-words.htm

27
 EXERCISES

ACTIVITY 11

AVERAGE:

Circle the letter that correctly identifies the nature of the underlined transition in
each of the following sentences.

1. The water sources of Daraga Water District broke this morning, so several
businesses had no water for hours.

a. addition
b. cause and effect
c. comparison
d. time

2. Even though most Filipinos are primarily concerned about COVID-19 as it exists in
the Philippines, it should be remembered that it is now nearly a worldwide disease.

a. addition
b. cause and effect
c. comparison
d. contrast

3. Larry will probably be a late bloomer socially, just like his older brothers.

a. cause and effect

b. comparison
c. contrast
d. time

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4. There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, bring a
portable radio and listen to music on the earphones while you work.

a. cause and effect

b. comparison
c. contrast
d. illustration/example

5. The lazy checkout clerk forced the six-pack of cola into the bottom of the bag, tearing
it. Then she shrugged her shoulders and said, “I guess you’ll have to carry the bag from
the bottom.”

a. comparison
b. contrast
c. illustration/example
d. time

6. Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be

used for communication. Moreover, in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be
the year the first rocket to the moon was launched.

a. addition
b. cause and effect
c. contrast
d. time

7. Some people in Legazpi built their houses very close to the shoreline. Consequently,
they have had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea.

a. addition
b. cause and effect
c. contrast
d. illustration/example

8. Running in the Boulevard can make people more aware of their physical
surroundings, such as the scent of sea breeze or the calmness of the Albay Gulf.

a. addition
b. cause and effect
c. contrast
d. illustration/example

29
9. Residents complain bitterly about potholes in the streets and sloppy trash pick-up, yet
these same people resist paying higher taxes for the improvement of these services.

a. comparison
b. contrast
c. illustration/example
d. time

10.Telephone interviewing allows for a large number of responses in a short time and at
relatively low cost. Moreover, the method permits interviewers to reach respondents at
specific times of the day; this is an important consideration in the study of radio and TV
listening habits.

a. addition
b. comparison
c. contrast
d. time

ADVANCED:

Circle the letter of the word that correctly identifies the appropriate transition
word or phrase. Then underline the kind of transition used.

1. __________ the invention of television, people probably spent more of their

leisure time reading.
a. Because b. Before c. Nevertheless

The transition word indicates: addition cause and effect time

2. If you’re having company for dinner, try to get as much done in advance as
possible. __________, set the table the day before.
a. For instance b. In contrast c. Similarly

The transition word indicates: illustration/example comparison contrast

3. __________ I’m very allergic to flowers, my boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses.

a. Until b. Because c. Even though

The transition word indicates: time contrast addition

4. My grandfather loves to say, “You’re as nervous __________ a long-tailed cat in

a roomful of rocking chairs.”
a. after b. as c. as a result

30
 The transition word indicates: cause and effect time comparison

5. __________ Manny’s car stereo was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but
I had no idea what he was saying.
a. Moreover b. Because c. Just as

The transition word indicates: comparison addition cause and effect

Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in
the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and appreciate other’s
initiative to set the conversation back to its topic. Repair is the self-righting mechanism
in any social interaction. If
there is a problem in
understanding the
conversation, speakers
will always try to address
and correct it. Although
this is the case, always
seek to initiate the repair.
When
miscommunication
occurs, one can apply the
Repair Communicative
Strategy that includes
requesting clarification,
now acknowledging, topic
shifting, not responding,
repeating, recasting, and
adding.

31
 Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction. If there is a
problem in understanding the conversation, speakers will always try to address and
correct it. Although this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair. One requests
clarification by asking questions or using eyebrows, eyes, head or shoulders to show
that the Message could not be understood. By not acknowledging the new situation, the
situation already in progress will continue.

There are 7,107

islands in the
Philippines.

I beg your pardon, but the

latest record of the
number of islands in the
Philippines is 7641 and
not 7107.

More Examples:
• If everybody in the conversation seems to
talk at the same time, give way and
appreciate other’s initiative to set the
conversation back to its topic.
• The correct pronunciation of Nike is not
nayk but nayki.
• Excuse me, but there are five (5)
functions of Communication, not 4.
• I’m sorry, the word should be pronounced
as Pretty not “priti”.

32
 TRY IT OUT!

ACTIVITY 12. Petpeeve, as defined is something that a particular person finds

especially annoying. For this activity, think of those expressions/habits of the people you
talk to that you find annoying or irritating. Write these pet peeves on the first column of
the table below. Then, reflect and think of the possible solutions to the identified pet
peeves and write them down in the second column.
PET PEEVES SOLUTION
1. Slow walker Be considerate to others walking behind you.

Here are some

common pet
peeves of
people:

a. Chewing with mouth open n. Parents letting kids scream in public

b. Constant complainers o. Parking across two spaces
c. Constant complainers p. People acting sad to get attention
d. Continued arguing after proven wrong q. Stopping in the middle of a crowded path
e. Credit grabbers r. Strong body odor
f. Cutting in line s. Talking during the movie
g. Dirty/unflushed shared toilets t. Talking over other people
h. Endless commercials u. Unreliable people who don’t follow through
i. Interrupting v. Willful ignorance
j. Invasion of personal space
k. Lack of respect for other’s opinions
l. Making a big deal out of nothing
m. Not covering mouth when coughing or
sneezing

33
TERMINATION- Termination Communicative Strategy ends the interaction through
verbal and nonverbal Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each other.
Sometimes the Termination is quick and short. Sometimes it is prolonged by
clarification, further
questions, or the
continuation of the topic
already discussed, but the
point of the language and
body movement is to end the
communication.
This communicative strategy
happens when the
conversation participants’
close initiating expressions
that end topic in a
conversation. Most of the
time, the topics initiator takes
the responsibility to signal
the end of the discussion as
well. People tend to utilize
verbal and non-verbal
signals to end the
interaction. Although not all
topics may have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic through concluding cues.
When you want to end a conversation, you simply don’t log off or leave the other party
hanging.

Take a look at these examples:

What can you say about the

conversation? Did the other party
ended the conversation politely? If you
were the other party, how will you end
the conversation? ________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

34
 What can you say about Mike’s response on Luke’s message? Will you respond
the same way? Will you reply differently? If your answer is yes, what will your
response be like?
_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
TRY IT OUT!
Activity 13: Complete the dialogue with an appropriate closing:

Dialogue 1

Mark: Hi,Joshua.
Joshua: Hi, Mark. Did you go to the basketball game yesterday?
Mark: No, I went to the movies with my friends. Did our team win? No, they didn’t. They lost.
Joshua: Did they lose by much?
Mark: They lost by twelve points.
Joshua: Oh, that’s awful. Glad I didn’t go.
Mark:_______________________________________
Joshua: ______________________________________

Dialogue 2

Ronald: Would you like to go dancing with me this evening?

Shiela: I’d love to, but I’m just getting over the flu.
Ronald: Well, why don’t we do something else like go to a movie?
Shiela: Oh, no thanks, really, I’m still too weak for anything.
Ronald: Ok. How about dinner and dancing next Friday night?
Shiela: That sounds great. I’m sure I’ll be all right by then.
Ronald:__________________________________________
Shiela:___________________________________________

35
 LET’S RECAP

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES are plans, ways or means of sharing

information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological,
or linguistic purpose.
A speaker carries out NOMINATION to collaboratively and productively
establish a topic. Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with
the people you are talking to.

RESTRICTION in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a

speaker. When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out
with your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you must follow.
These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say. Sometimes
people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much time during
the conversation.
TURN-TAKING pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor.
TOPIC CONTROL covers how procedural formality or informality affects the
development of topic in conversations.
TOPIC SHIFTING, as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to
another. In other words, it is where one part of a conversation ends and where
another begins. In this communicative strategy, we also use effective conversational
transitions to indicate a shift or change of ideas/topic.
REPAIR refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening,
and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
TERMINATION refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating
expressions that end a topic in a conversation.

36
 You have reached the end of this
module. You did very well in all
the activities found here.
Answer the remaining activities
to finally assess what you have
learned. Good luck!

POST TEST : ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Activity 14

Well let’s take a look and check on what are the things you need to improve
through these communicative strategies.

A. Below you see a box with words in it. Place the word on the space before each
statement where it’s described best.
Nomination Restriction Turn-Taking
Topic Control Communicative Strategies
Topic Shifting Repair Termination

16. The primary idea is to give all communicators a chance

to speak.
17. When you apply this strategy, you try to open a topic to
the people you are communicating with.

18. Keeping the conversation going by asking questions

and eliciting responses.
19. These are plans, ways or means of sharing information
which are adopted to achieve a particular social,
political, psychological and linguistic purpose.
20. Refers to any limitation you have as a speaker.

21. ____________________Where part of a conversation ends and also begin.

22. Overcoming communication breakdown to send more

comprehensible message.
23. Utilization of verbal and non-verbal signals to end the
interaction.

37
B. Identify the communicative strategy used on the following statements. On the blank,
write N if the statement shows Nomination, RES for Restriction, TT for Turn-taking,
TC for Topic Control, TS for Topic Shifting, REP for Repair and T for Termination.

24. The correct pronunciation of Nike is not “nayk” nut “nayki”.

25. ______ There’s a new local film festival next month!
26. By the way, I found a purse, and its full of cash!
27. ______ Goodbye and Thank you Mr. Torres.
28. ______They say that the Philippine economy is getting better. Only the stupid
thinks that, right?
29. You have the spotlight now.
30. ______You said that you like milk chocolates, but you also stated that dark
chocolates are based from a single ingredient called cacao.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

ACTIVITY 15: CELEBRITY INTERVIEW

Put yourself in the shoes of your favorite celebrity (local or foreign). Answer the
interview questions as if you are the male or female celebrity. Make sure that you employ
all the concepts on Communicative Strategies that you have learned. Cut-out a picture of
your chosen celebrity and paste it on top of your output (next page).

Questions for the male actor:

1. What advice do you have for the kids and teens who want to be actors?
2. How would you describe yourself in 5 words?
3. Are you planning to be in any other movies?
4. What is your greatest strength and weakness?

Questions for the female actor:

1. What advice do you have for the kids and teens who want to be an actor like you?
2. What makes you smile and what scares you the most?
3. What type of movie do you like to act in the most?
4. Describe the next five years of your life, and your plans.

38
 ASSIGNMENT

Name of Celebrity

Insert
Photo
Here

39
CRAFT-A-COMIC!
Create a nine-frame Comic Strip focusing on the topic: 'THE NEW NORMAL IN THIS TIME
OF COVID-19". Be guided by the rubrics in creating your comic strips.

RUBRICS:
Criteria:
Idea: 40%
Creativity and impact : 20%
Artistic Skill: 20%
Originality: 20%

40
CLICK, WATCH AND LEARN!

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-communication-strategies-definition-types-
examples.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STiQ4BEV8ug

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=25&v=yJG--x80VxI&feature=emb_title

Hurray!!!!! Congratulations for

finishing this module! I’m pretty
sure you will take the next
modules so easy-breezy….
See you in the next!

REFERENCES

• Communicative Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Retrieved June 9,

2020 from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:429103/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• Department of Education. Oral Communication in Context (For Senior High
School). 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2016.
• Possel, H. (n.d.). Transition Words. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from
https://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/transition-words.html
• Purshouse, Craig. “Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] 1 AC 1074.”
Law Trove, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2020 from https://doi.org/

41
42
• ACTIVITY 1 VOCABULARY TASK (AVERAGE)
SOLVE THE PUZZLE
Across:
1. TRAINEE
5. POTENTIAL
Down:
2. POLICY
3. SCHEME
4. INTERSHIP
• ACTIVITY 1 (ADVANCED)
SOLVE THE PUZZLE
1. INTERNSHIP
2. TRAINEES
3. POTENTIAL
4. POLICIES
5. SCHEME
• ACTIVITY 2 (PRETEST)
1. Turn Taking
2. Nomination
3. Topic Control
4. Communicative Strategies
5. Restriction
6. Topic Shift
7. Repair
8. Termination
B. Identify the communicative strategy used
11. REP
12. N
13. TS
14. T
15. Restriction
16. TT
17. TC
•
ANSWER KEY -END OF MODULE-
• ACTIVITY 4: SEARCH FOR IT

43
44
• ACTIVITY 5: NOMINATION AND RESTRICTION CHECK (AVERAGE
LEARNERS) SOLVE THE PUZZLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
• ACTIVITY 11:
AVERAGE:
1. b
2. d
3. b
4. d
5. d
6. a
7. b
8. d
9. b
10. a
ADVANCED:
1. a. -- time
2. a. – illustration/example
3. c. -- contrast
4. b.—comparison
5. b. – cause and effect
• ACTIVITY 14 (POST TEST)
1. Turn Taking
2. Nomination
3. Topic Control
4. Communicative Strategies
5. Restriction
6. Topic Shift
7. Repair
8. Termination

B. Identify the communicative strategy used

9. REP
10. N
11. TS
12. T
13. Restriction
14. TT
15. TC

** FOR ACTIVITIES 3, 6-10, 12-13 & 15: ANSWERS MAY VARY.

45