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Lecture 2 RE Exercise 1-5

1. The document provides examples of calculating solar altitude, declination, and time at different locations and dates. 2. It gives the latitudes and longitudes of several cities around the world, and calculates the solar altitude at noon for these locations on the equinoxes and solstices. 3. Further examples calculate the solar declination and altitude for Karachi, Pakistan on different dates, and the solar time and hour angle for Karachi given local time on November 8th.

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Shehzaib Yousuf Khan
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78 views

Lecture 2 RE Exercise 1-5

1. The document provides examples of calculating solar altitude, declination, and time at different locations and dates. 2. It gives the latitudes and longitudes of several cities around the world, and calculates the solar altitude at noon for these locations on the equinoxes and solstices. 3. Further examples calculate the solar declination and altitude for Karachi, Pakistan on different dates, and the solar time and hour angle for Karachi given local time on November 8th.

Uploaded by

Shehzaib Yousuf Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise 1: Earth’s geometry

Where the following cities are located?

1. Sydney (Australia): 33.8688° S, 151.2093° E


2. Nairobi (Kenya): 1.2921° S, 36.8219° E
3. Balingen (Germany) 48.2748° N, 8.8495° E
4. Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) 21.4858° N, 39.1925° E
5. Oregon (USA) 43.8041° N, 120.5542° W
6. Greenwich (UK) 51.4934° N, 0.0098° E

Exercise 2: Solar declination and altitude angle


What is the altitude of sun at noon in Karachi (Latitude = 24.8508) on?

1. Equinox
2. June Solstice
3. December Solstice

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 𝜙 + 𝛿

On Equinox: 𝛿 = 0

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 + 0
𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 61.15°

On June Solstice: 𝛿 = 23.45°

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 + 23.45


𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 88.6°

On December Solstice: 𝛿 = −23.45°

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 − 23.45


𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 41.7°
Exercise 3: Solar declination and altitude angle
What is the altitude of sun at noon in Karachi (Latitude = 24.8508) on?

1. January, 12
2. July, 23
3. November, 8

284 + 𝑛
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ( ))
365

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 𝜙 + 𝛿

For January 12: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐

284 + 12
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ( )) = −21.745°
365

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 − 21.745 = 43.4°

For July 23: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏 + 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒

284 + 204
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ( )) = 20.02°
365

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 + 20.02 = 85.17°

For November 8: 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒 + 𝟖 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐

284 + 312
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ( )) = −17.402°
365

𝛼𝑠,𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 90 − 24.85 − 17.402 = 47.74°


Exercise 4: Solar time from local time
What is the solar time and hour angle in Karachi (Longitude=67.0181⁰E) on 8 November 2:35pm local
time?

Hint: Find in sequence LT, LL, GMT, SL, n, B, E, ST and finally 𝜔.

Remember! You can always find solar time from local time if you are given with longitude and day.
4 × (𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿)
𝑆𝑇 − 𝐿𝑇 = 𝐸 −
60
Where,

ST: Solar time (in 24 hours format)

LT: Local time (in 24 hours format)

SL: Standard longitude (depends upon GMT)

LL: Local longitude (+ve for east, -ve for west)

E: Equation of time (in hours)

𝑆𝐿 = 𝐺𝑀𝑇 × 15
If LL > 0 (Eastward): 𝐺𝑀𝑇 = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙(𝐿𝐿/15)

If LL < 0 (Westward): 𝐺𝑀𝑇 = −𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(|𝐿𝐿|/15)


229.2
𝐸= × (0.000075 + 0.001868 cos 𝐵 − 0.032077 sin 𝐵
60
− 0.014615 cos 2𝐵 − 0.04089 sin 2𝐵)
Where,
360
𝐵 = (𝑛 − 1) ×
365
Karachi Location: Eastward 67.0181⁰ = LL
67.0181
𝐺𝑀𝑇 = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙 ( ) = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙(4.46787) = 5
15
and Local time: 2:35 PM
35
𝐿𝑇 = 14 + ( ) = 14.5833
60
Standard Longitude:

𝑆𝐿 = 𝐺𝑀𝑇 × 15 = 5 × 15
𝑆𝐿 = 75
Equation of Time: For November 8 ⇒ 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒 + 𝟖 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐
360
𝐵 = (312 − 1) × = 306.74
365
229.2
𝐸= × (0.000075 + 0.001868 cos(306.74)
60
− 0.032077 sin(306.74)
− 0.014615 cos 2(306.74)
− 0.04089 sin 2(306.74))
229.2
𝐸= × (0.000075 + 0.001118 + 0.025691934 + 0.004136
60
+ 0.039218)
𝐸 = 0.268316
Solar Time:
4 × (75 − 67)
𝑆𝑇 = 14.5833 + 0.268316 −
60
𝑆𝑇 = 14.318 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑆𝑇 = 2: 19 pm
Hour Angle:

𝜔 = (𝑆𝑇 − 12) × 15
𝜔 = 34.77°
Exercise 5: Local time from solar time
At what local time, sun will be at noon in Karachi on 8 November?

Hint: Solar time is given in terms of “noon”. Find in sequence ST, LL, GMT, SL, n, B, E and finally LT.

For Noon 𝑆𝑇 = 12 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Karachi Location: Eastward 67.0181⁰ = LL


67.0181
𝐺𝑀𝑇 = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙 ( ) = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙(4.46787) = 5
15
Standard Longitude:

𝑆𝐿 = 𝐺𝑀𝑇 × 15 = 5 × 15
𝑆𝐿 = 75
Equation of Time: For November 8 ⇒ 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒 + 𝟖 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐
360
𝐵 = (312 − 1) × = 306.74
365
229.2
𝐸= × (0.000075 + 0.001868 cos(306.74)
60
− 0.032077 sin(306.74)
− 0.014615 cos 2(306.74)
− 0.04089 sin 2(306.74))
229.2
𝐸= × (0.000075 + 0.001118 + 0.025691934 + 0.004136
60
+ 0.039218)
𝐸 = 0.268316
Local Time:
4 × (𝑆𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿)
𝑆𝑇 − 𝐿𝑇 = 𝐸 −
60
4 × (75 − 67)
𝐿𝑇 = 12 − 268316 +
60
𝐿𝑇 = 12.264 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝑇 = 12: 15: 50 pm

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