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Experiment 5 FM and PM Modulation

1. The experiment analyzes and evaluates FM and PM modulations by plotting the output waveforms and frequency spectra. 2. FM results in frequency variation that is proportional to the amplitude and instantaneous rate of change of the modulating signal. In PM, carrier frequency varies proportionally to the derivative of the modulating signal. 3. The maximum frequency deviation occurs at the peak of the modulating signal for FM, whereas it occurs at the zero crossings for PM.

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56 views

Experiment 5 FM and PM Modulation

1. The experiment analyzes and evaluates FM and PM modulations by plotting the output waveforms and frequency spectra. 2. FM results in frequency variation that is proportional to the amplitude and instantaneous rate of change of the modulating signal. In PM, carrier frequency varies proportionally to the derivative of the modulating signal. 3. The maximum frequency deviation occurs at the peak of the modulating signal for FM, whereas it occurs at the zero crossings for PM.

Uploaded by

LuelsonCordovaDeclarador
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 5

FM and PM modulation

Artillo, Joshua Benedict


Deveza, Raimel Angelo
Declarador, Luelson jay
Roldan, Precious Joy
BSECE 4A2
August 29, 2018
I. Objectives.
1. Analyze and evaluate the FM and PM modulations.
2. Plot the FM and PM modulations Receiver output waveform and frequency spectrum.

II. Basic Theory


When the amount of phase shift of a constant-frequency carrier is varied in accordance with a
modulating signal, the resulting output is a phase modulation (PM) signal . Imagine a modulator
circuit whose basic function is to produce a phase shift, i.e., a time separation between two sine
waves of the same frequency. Assume that a phase shifter can be built that will cause the amount
of phase shift to vary with the amplitude of the modulating signal. The greater the amplitude of
the modulating signal, the greater the phase shift. Assume further that positive alternations of
the modulating signal produce a lagging phase shift and negative signals p produce a leading
phase shift. If a constant-amplitude, constant-frequency carrier sine wave is applied to the phase
shifter whose phase shift is varied by the intelligence signal, the output of the phase shifter is a
PM wave. As the modulating signal goes positive, the amount of phase lag, and thus the delay of
the carrier output, increases with the amplitude of the modulating signal. The result at the output
is the same as if the constant-frequency carrier signal had been stretched out, or had its
frequency lowered. When the modulating signal goes negative, the phase shift becomes leading.
This causes the carrier sine wave to be effectively speeded up, or compressed. The result is the
same as if the carrier frequency had been increased. Note that it is the dynamic nature of the
modulating signal that causes the frequency variation at the output of the phase shifter: FM is
produced only as long as the phase shift is varying. To understand this better, look at the
modulating signal shown in Fig. 5-3(a), which is a triangular wave whose positive and negative
peaks have been clipped off at a fi xed amplitude. During time t0, the signal is zero, so the carrier
is at its center frequency. Applying this modulating signal to a frequency modulator produces the
FM signal During the time the waveform is rising (t1), the frequency increases. During the time
the positive amplitude is constant (t2), the FM output frequency is constant. During the time the
amplitude decreases and goes negative (t3), the frequency decreases. During the constant-
amplitude negative alternation (t4), the frequency remains
constant, at a lower frequency. During t5, the frequency increases.

III. Diagram
A frequency shift occurs in PM only when the modulating signal amplitude varies. (a)
Modulating signal. (b) FM signal. (c) PM signal.

IV. Equipment
SciLab Software

V. Procedure
a. Open SciLab.
b. Write the code for plotting.
c. Execute code.
d. Input desire modulation index.
e. SciLab will display the FM and PM modulation output waveform and frequency
spectrum.
VI. Results and Discussion

` ` Phase modulation output waveform and frequency spectrum

Frequency modulation output waveform and frequency spectrum


Conclusion:

the maximum rate of change of modulating voltage occurs exactly at the zero crossing points. In
contrast, note that in an FM wave the maximum deviation occurs at the peak positive and
negative amplitude of the modulating voltage. Thus, although a phase modulator does indeed
produce FM, maximum deviation occurs at different points of the modulating signal. In PM, the
amount of carrier deviation is proportional to the rate of change of the modulating signal, i.e., the
calculus derivative. With a sine wave modulating signal, the PM carrier appears to be frequency-
modulated by the cosine of the modulating signal. Remember that the cosine occurs 90° earlier
(leads) than the sine. Since the frequency deviation in PM is proportional to the rate of change in
the modulating signal, the frequency deviation is proportional to the modulating signal frequency
as well as its amplitude. This effect is compensated for prior to modulation.

Observation
In FM, the frequency deviation is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
The maximum deviation occurs at the peak positive and negative amplitudes of the modulating
signal. In PM, the frequency deviation is also directly proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal. The maximum amount of leading or lagging phase shift occurs at the peak
amplitudes of the modulating signal. This effect, for both FM and PM.

By: Luelson Jay C Declarador

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