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Environmental Protection in India

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Radhika Kapur
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 Environmental Protection in India
Dr. Radhika Kapur
Abstract
The meaning of the environment in simple terms is surroundings. The main purpose
of this research is to acquire an understanding of what kinds of measures and policies are
required to get formulated in order to ensure environmental protection. In India, the main
factors that are causing environmental degradation are, industrialization, growth of
urbanization, expansion and massive intensification of agriculture and the destruction of
forests. Environment includes, living and non-living components. The living components are
the human beings, trees, plants, organisms, animals and birds, whereas the non-living
components include, air, water and land. Any adverse change occurring within the
environment is known as environmental pollution. The main areas that have been taken into
account include, historical perspective of the environment, environment quality, Environment
Protection Act, 1986, laws formulated after independence, measures for environmental
protection, environmental policies, causes of environmental pollution, benefits of the natural
environment, forests in India and importance of natural resources.

Keywords: Environmental Protection, Forests, Laws, Natural Resources, Policies,

Pollution

Introduction
In India, the environmental problems are rapidly increasing. The economic
development and the growth in the population are the main factors that have led to extensive
utilization of the environmental resources, infrastructure and the natural resources within the
country. Industrial pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, industrialization, urbanization and
land degradation are the problems that are growing to a major extent. Overexploitation of the
country’s resources, i.e. land and water and the industrialization process has resulted in the
environmental degradation of resources. Environmental pollution is regarded as one of the
problems that has affected humanity and other forms of life, not only in India, but in other
countries of the world too (Chapter 3, n.d.). The environmental pollution is caused due to
numerous factors. Air pollution mostly takes place with the emission of gases, pollutants and
toxic fumes from the industries and vehicles, water pollution is caused primarily due to
dumping of waste materials in the water resources and land pollution takes place mainly due
to dumping of waste materials on the land.
 When the problem of environmental pollution became severe within the country, then
there has been emergence of environmental consciousness. The extensive use of the natural
resources has created a situation, where humans and other forms of life are experiencing
problems in sustaining their living conditions. Water pollution is regarded as the form of
pollution that has affected the lives of the individuals to a major extent. There are number of
individuals, especially residing in rural areas that depend upon the water bodies to carry out
their activities of daily living. The main factors that have led to an increase in environmental
pollution are, corruption, lack of technical expertise, poor environmental planning and lack of
support from religious authorities. Global warming, acid rain, climate change, ozone layer
depletion, floods, cyclones, drought, radiation, contamination of ground water, air pollution,
coastal water pollution (Chapter 3, n.d.) and so forth are the various environmental problems
that are affecting all forms of life on the planet.

Historical Perspective of the Environment

Environment rendered an imperative contribution in the process of historical

developments. There is an interconnection between the favourable or unfavourable conditions
of any country and the environmental conditions of the country. The history of nations and
evolution of culture and civilization have been influenced to a major extent by the
environmental features. The reason being, human society, like any other living organism,
tries to assume itself to the natural environments. Nature not only provided shelter and food,
but also led to evolution of mankind. Ever since man emerged on the earth, there has been
determined dependence on nature. In the early stage of his emergence, man was quite
unaware, and the natural environmental conditions led to his evolution. Even in the modern
times, in spite of progress and attempt of science to control nature and environment, human
beings are unable to subdue it; rather they are organized and influenced by the natural
phenomena to a major extent. The use of natural resources should be within limits, and not be
over-exploitation (Patra, 2016).
Environment is a comprehensive term, which incorporates all natural things that
surrounds us and is vital to sustain life such as, air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere), land
(lithosphere), flora, fauna and environmental history is the study of human contact with the
natural world. Environmental history shares a disorganized border with economic and social
histories, history of science and technology, disease history, and even with various other
disciplines. The primary objective of environmental history is to improve one’s
understanding of how human beings have been affected by the natural environment and also
how they have affected the environment, and with what kinds of consequences. The central
feature of the Indian culture is unity in massive diversity. India, since the remote period is not
only divided in culture, religion, social customs, language, dress and food habits but also in
climate, environment, flora and fauna. It is inhabited by a variety of races with different
degrees of culture ranging from illiterate and unaware individuals to well-educated
philosophers. Hence, it has been described as an ethnological museum. Physically it is
divided into five well demarcated divisions i.e. the Himalayan region, the Indo-Gangetic
alluvial northern plain, the Deccan plateau, south-eastern and south-western coastal plains
(Patra, 2016).
Rivers are the persistent sources of water, which is indispensable for drinking,
preparation of meals, cleanliness, cultivation, irrigation, mode of transportation and medium
of trade and commerce. The rivers like the Indus, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi,
Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and so forth, contributes an important part for the
progress and opulence of Indian civilization and culture. The Himalayan Rivers which
originated from the Himalaya regularly depend upon snow for their water supply and are
continuing in nature. While the rivers in the Peninsula, are completely dependent on
monsoon, and become dry during the summer season. The extensive coast line of India,
however, since early times nurtured overseas trade and maritime activities and gave stimulus
to cultural development in distant countries. It was from different ports of ancient India that
the enterprising sailors and navigators maintained commercial and cultural relations with the
countries like Egypt, Babylonia, Greece, the Roman Empire and different countries of South-
east Asia (Patra, 2016).
The history of the environment in India is old. The ancient Indians had great respect
for the environment and worshipped the objects and the manifestations of nature with utmost
devotion and genuineness. The early Indians lived close to the nature and the utilization of
the natural resources proved to be one of the major aspects in the sustenance of their living
conditions. Some of the trees, like tulsi, neem, pipal, ashvattha, bel, vat (banyan), sal and
banana trees not only had religious importance but also medicinal values. The trees also
symbolized the concept of fertility. They also worshipped, the other natural resources, such
as, mountains, rivers, land, soil, animals and birds. Animals like cows, bulls and elephants
were worshipped in ancient India and are worshipped even in the present (Patra, 2016). The
main contribution of the natural environmental conditions in the sustenance of the living
conditions of the individuals is in making provision of shelter, food items, medicinal plants in
the treatment of illnesses and other health problems and wood is obtained from the trees,
which is used for multiple purposes.

The cultural and the religious heritage of India shows a deep concern for the
protection and preservation of the environment. In ancient India, the individuals were hunters
and food gatherers. They entirely were dependent upon the natural environmental conditions
for sustaining their livelihoods. Within the course of time, they settled down and became food
producers, agriculturalists and traders. These individuals, resided mostly in the mountains and
forests, where the water facilities were available. The natural resources assisted them in
making provision of shelter, food and other items. This factor established a close relationship
between nature and human beings. When the climatic conditions are favourable and pleasant,
then the human beings feel happier and healthier. Climatic conditions are considered to be of
utmost significance, especially when the individuals are unaware of technology and modern
and innovative techniques. They are dependent upon the climatic conditions in order to
enhance production in the agricultural sector. Good monsoon helped in the improvement of
production, whereas, lack of rainfall led to drought and famines. Favourable climatic
conditions led to prevention of various problems and disasters that impose detrimental effects
upon the individuals. These include, floods, drought, earth-quakes and so forth (Patra, 2016).

In the present existence too, the natural environmental conditions have been
favourable and of utmost significance to the individuals. The individuals belonging to rural
and tribal communities depend upon them for sustenance of their living conditions. On the
other hand, there are many advantages of the natural environmental conditions that are
benefitting not only the rural and the tribal communities, but also the individuals residing in
urban areas. When manufacturing and production of materials, infrastructure and other
products takes place, then raw materials are obtained from the environment. For instance,
trees are the major providers of wood, which is used for numerous purposes. To save the
living world and the environment, one should review the past history and generate awareness
and consciousness to put one’s best efforts for its protection and preservation. Otherwise the
posterity will experience the risk, which one cannot imagine in the present. The study of the
environment in recent times not only is confined to the scientists, involved in various
branches of biology and ecology, but rather it also demands a dynamic and autonomous role
of historians to develop a new standard for the future (Patra, 2016).

Environment Quality
 Maintenance of environmental quality is the essence of requirement for improving the
quality of life of not only individuals, but also other organisms and species. The main
purpose of this improvement is to lead to sustainable development. It has been reported that
environmental factors are responsible in most cases, for nearly 20 percent of the problem of
diseases in India and a number of environmental health factors are meticulously connected
with different dimensions of poverty, e.g. malnutrition, lack of access to clean energy and
water. Hence, there is a need for balance and agreement between economic, social and
environmental needs of the country. Environmental degradation is a major factor in
improving and continuing the problem of poverty, particularly among the rural communities.
The degradation factors have an adverse effect upon soil fertility, quantity and quality of
freshwater, air quality, forests, and fisheries. Studies have shown the dependence of the
poverty stricken individuals in rural areas, particularly the tribal societies upon natural
resources. It has been found that the poverty stricken individuals are particularly defenceless
to loss of resilience within the ecosystem (Analysis of Existing Environmental Instruments in
India, 2009).
Environmental planning and management is a broadly expanding and rapidly evolving
dynamic area. Within the country in the present existence, development is having an
increasing impact upon the environment. The environmental issues are increasing on the
agenda of Government, including international agencies, private sector, non-governmental
agencies and citizens. The environmental policies, plans, programs, norms and standards are
also evolving to address the increasing environmental issues. The management of
environmental problems is, by its nature, cross-sectoral and multijurisdictional. As such
observing is to be based upon a set of indicators that report, whether the strategic objectives
are being achieved. In addition, the indicators should be measurable, based on the existing
data, observable, collected over a regular interval, comprehensively accepted, easy to
understand, comparable, and balanced between positive and negative impacts (Analysis of
Existing Environmental Instruments in India, 2009).
In India, Ministry of Environment and Forests is the nodal agency in the
organizational structure of the Central Government, for the planning, promotion,
management, direction and supervision of the implementation of environmental and forestry
programs. The Ministry is directed by the principle of sustainable development and
improvement of human welfare. The Ministry of Environment and Forests mainly puts
emphasis upon the implementation of policies and programs relating to conservation of the
country's natural resources, including lakes and rivers, its biodiversity, forests and wildlife,
ensuring the welfare of its animals and prevention and reduction of pollution. While
implementing these policies and programs, the main objectives are conservation and survey
of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife, prevention and control of pollution, afforestation and
regeneration of degraded areas, protection of environment and ensuring the well-being of
animals. These objectives are well supported by a set of legislative and regulatory measures
directed at the preservation and protection of the environment (Analysis of Existing
Environmental Instruments in India, 2009).
Beside these legislative measures, a National Conservation Strategy and Policy
Statement on Environment and Development, 1992; National River Policy, 1988, a Policy
Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992, and National Environment Policy, 2006 have
also been initiated. These objectives are sought to be achieved through environmental impact
assessment, eco-regeneration, assistance to organizations, implementing environmental and
forestry research, education and training, distribution of environmental information and
international collaboration and generation of environmental awareness. India has provided for
the protection and upgrading for the environment in its constitution and has taken several
steps in planning and there have been formulation of policies to overcome the environmental
problems. In all its plans, India has put emphasis upon the protection of the environment.
Planning in a coherent way establishes an imperative tool for all round development as well
as to protect the environment. Environmental regulation is seen to contribute different roles
during different phases of the country's growth. Originally, environmental regulation served a
reactive purpose as a means of cleaning up after the introduction of new technologies and
new industries (Analysis of Existing Environmental Instruments in India, 2009).
The most efficacious and cost efficient programs integrate a range of good practices.
Including, among others, adopting holistic and modified approaches, working together with
multiple local partners and methodological specialists, providing support over the long-term,
focussing on the economic situations, planning, including setting targets, monitoring,
scrutinizing, evaluating and promoting achievements. Environmental protection expenditure
includes the money spent on all activities and tasks aimed at the prevention, reduction and
elimination of pollution resulting from the production practices or consumption of goods and
services (Study on Economic and Social Benefits, 2014). In the protection of the
environment, implementation of measures to prevent various forms of pollution is vital. On
the other hand, it is necessary to ensure that production of goods takes place in an appropriate
manner and individuals should not cause any wastage of materials. The materials that are
obtained from the environment for the production purposes, should be utilised in an
appropriate manner.

Environment Protection Act, 1986

The Environment Protection Act was enacted in the aftermath of the Bhopal gas
tragedy in 1984, claiming more than 3000 lives. The statement of objects and reasons for this
act, refers to the reasons taken at the Stockholm Conference in June 1972, and expresses
concern in terms of the decline in environmental quality, increasing pollution, loss of vegetal
cover, biological diversity, excessive concentration of chemicals in the atmosphere, and
increasing risks of environmental accidents and hazards of the life systems. According to this
act, the environment includes, air, water and land. It also puts emphasis upon the
interrelationship between air, water, land, human beings and other living organisms. The
hazardous substance is defined as any substance or preparation, which by reasons of its
chemical or physiochemical properties or handling is liable to impose unfavourable effects
upon human beings, other living organisms, plants, property and the environment (Sankar,
n.d.).

The main features of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 have been stated as
follows: (The Environment Protection Act, 1986).

Under this act, the rules are made thereunder or under any other law for the time
being in force, which is relatable to the objects of this act.

Planning and execution of the nation-wide program for the prevention, control and
abatement of environmental pollution is the main objective of the act. Environmental
pollution is regarded as a major factor that is disadvantageous to the existence of human
beings, plants, organisms, animals and birds.

The formulation of standards for the quality of the environment in its various aspects
is vital. This point makes provision of the ideas, regarding conservation of the environment.

The formulation of standards for the emission or discharge of environmental

pollutants from various aspects is considered important. In some cases, the emission of gases
from the industries cannot be done away with. As it happens in the manufacturing and the
production processes. Standards need to be formulated in an appropriate manner in order to
curb pollution. It is vital to make use of the methods and techniques that enhance production
as well as cause decline in pollution.
 Limitations of the areas in which any industries, operations or processes or the
categories of industries, procedures or functions shall not be put into practice or when they
are to be put into practice, they are subject to certain safeguards.

Formulation of measures and procedures need to be formulated that prevent accidents.

The occurrence of accidents, natural calamities and disasters are damaging and impose
detrimental effects upon the existence of the individuals. They may suffer loss of life,
finances and property. Hence, when these situations take place, it is vital to put into practice
appropriate remedial measures.

When the individuals are working with hazardous substances, it is vital for them to
acquire proper training. Training of the workforce is regarded as an important factor in
organizations and industries, especially, when they are working with machines and handling
hazardous substances.

Examination of processes, materials, equipment, machines and substances that are

likely to cause environmental pollution is important. It needs to be ensured that the effects of
pollution caused by the substances are alleviated. It needs to be ensured that when individuals
are making use of these materials and substances, they make use of proper gear and take
precautions.

The implementation of research and sponsoring of the investigations is considered

imperative in terms of the problems of environmental pollution. When one will be able to
analyse the factors that cause environmental pollution, only then they would be able to put
into practice the measures that alleviate pollution.

Inspection of the premises, plants, equipment, machinery, tools, devices, apparatus

and other sources, materials and substances is vital on the part of the authorities. The main
purpose of the inspection is to ensure that the use of the above stated aspects, do not cause
environmental pollution.

Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutions is

considered as the major aspect in the implementation of tasks and functions that are required
to get carried out within the laboratories. It is vital to keep the indoor environmental
conditions clean, hence, activities and functions need to be carried out in their specific places.

Collection and dissemination of information is considered as an essential aspect in

terms of environmental pollution. Many individuals within the country, who are not aware in
terms of implementation of measures to keep the environment clean, especially for them,
collection of information is regarded as effectual. For instance, when an elderly person, who
is unaware and not educated is conveyed that he should make use of garbage cans to put in
the waste materials and taught the significance of cleanliness, he will be able to understand.
Hence, it is vital to generate awareness among the individuals that they should keep the
environment clean.

Preparation of manuals and guides is considered essential in relation to the prevention

and control of environmental pollution. In public libraries and even in educational
institutions, individuals are communicated about the aspect of environmental protection. In
higher educational institutions and in schools, students are taught about the ways to keep the
environment clean. The area of environmental protection primarily include the steps and
procedures that are needed in order to keep the environment clean and free from all types of
pollution.

The Central Government considers necessary for the purpose of securing the
operative implementation of the provisions of this act. It is vital that all individuals within the
country should be aware of this act and adequately implement the measures.

Laws formulated after Independence

India achieved its independence from the British rule in 1947. During this time, the
country was in a backward state to a major extent. Large proportion of the population were
illiterate and did not generate sufficient awareness in terms of preservation of the
environment. There was a major need of the formulation of laws, which primarily focused
upon the preservation of the environment. The laws have been stated as follows: (Shandilya,
2015).

In the year 1950, the Constitution of India focused upon the environment, but what
was required to be taken into consideration were the appropriate measures that led to
preservation of the environment. Within the environmental conditions, pollution was the
major problem. Hence, it was essential to put into practice the measures to control pollution.
All forms of pollution, air, water and land are harmful to the individuals, other organisms and
vegetation.

It was in the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, which made the Government of India
recognize the significance of environmental protection. In this declaration, within the
country, the Government was able to form a comprehensive perspective of the preservation of
the environment.

Environmental laws were enacted by the Government of India. After independence,

there was spread of the viewpoints among the individuals that for the sustenance of the living
conditions and for the operative growth and development of the community, region or the
country as a whole, it is vital to formulate environmental laws and implement them in an
appropriate manner.

National Council for Environmental Policy and Planning was established in 1972. In
1985, it was evolved into the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 had the major objective of management and
preservation of wildlife. This act was enacted under the provisions of Article 252 to prevent
the decline of wild animals and birds. It prohibits the poaching of certain animals, except for
the purpose of education or scientific research. With regards to certain wild animals, license
is made mandatory for their hunting. It provides that a state government may declare any area
to be a sanctuary or a national park, if it considers that such area is of suitable ecological,
faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance for protecting, or
developing wildlife and the environment (Sankar, n.d.).

The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 aimed at the establishment
of the pollution control boards at the centre and states. This is the first important environmental
law enacted by the Parliament. Water is a state subject and 12 states had passed the enabling
resolutions. The Government of India, in pursuance of clause 19 of Article 252, passed this
legislation. It defines pollution as contamination of water or such variation of the physical,
chemical or biological properties of water of such discharge of any sewage or trade effluent or
of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance into the water bodies, whether directly or
indirectly. These may impose harmful effects to the life and health of animals or of aquatic
organisms (Sankar, n.d.).

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 aimed to check deforestation, diversion of forest
land for non-forestry purposes, and to promote social forestry. This act was passed to prevent
deforestation, which results in ecological inequality and decline in the environmental
conditions. It prevents the state governments and any other authority to reserve a forest which
is already reserved. It prohibits forestland to be used for non-forest purposes, except with the
prior approval of the central government (Sankar, n.d.).
 The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981, aimed at checking air pollution
through pollution control boards. The preamble to the act states ‘whereas decisions were taken
at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in June 1972,
in which India participated, to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural
resources of the earth which, among other things, include the preservation of the quality of air
and control of air pollution; and, whereas it is considered necessary to implement the decisions
aforesaid in so far as they relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air
pollution’. The central government utilized Article 253 to enact this law and made it applicable
throughout the country. This act defines air pollutants as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance,
including noise, present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be
detrimental to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment
(Sankar, n.d.).

The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, provides for mandatory insurance for the
purpose of providing assistance to the individuals affected by accidents, while handling any
hazardous substance. The statement of objects and reasons states the need to provide for
mandatory public liability insurance for connections in management of hazardous substances
to provide relief to the victims. Such an insurance apart from safeguarding the interests of the
victims would also provide cover and enable the industry to liberate its liability to settle large
claims arising out of major accidents. If the objective of providing immediate relief is to be
achieved the mandatory public liability insurance should be in the principle of no fault
liability, as it is limited to only relief on a limited scale. However, availability of immediate
relief would not prevent the victims to go to courts for claiming larger compensation (Sankar,
n.d.).

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, is a major legislation intervention effected in the
name of the communities that are meant to participate in the protection of biodiversity within
the regions. Within the natural environment, there are diverse forms of life, these include,
variety of plants, animals, birds and other organisms. With the influence of any hazardous
substance or materials or with the occurrence of natural calamities or disasters, detrimental
effects are not only imposed upon humans but also a variety of organisms and other forms of
life. Hence, the primary objective of this act is to ensure measures are formulated for the
protection of various forms of life and the environmental conditions.
Measures for Environmental Protection
 The protection of the environment is needed for the sustainable development of the
individuals. The industrial pollution, degradation of forests, depletion of ozone layer, the
greenhouse gases results in global warming and the climate, which will have an opposing
influence on the environment and human health. There is a need for conservation of
biodiversity, protection of wetlands, prevention of environmental pollution, and promotion of
ecological balance that leads to sustainable development. There are several provisions
provided in the Indian Constitution for the protection of environment. The legislations
enacted are, Environment Protection Act, Wildlife Preservation Act, Biodiversity
Conservation Act, Water and Air Pollution Prevention Acts and so forth (Sudhakar, n.d.).
Global Warming and Climate Change - Global warming is the term used to describe a
gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and its oceans. It
causes changes in the earth’s climate. The planet is warming up, and there is now
overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global
warming on the rise and species and their habitats on the decline, chances for ecosystems to
adapt naturally are declining. Climate change is one of the greatest intimidations that the
planet is experiencing. There have been an increase in temperatures in various regions, and
increasing extremities in weather patterns. Climate change resulting from increased
greenhouse gases has the potential to impose unfavourable effects upon the societies and eco-
systems. In particular, agriculture, forestry, water resources, human health, coastal
settlements and natural eco-systems will need to adapt to the changing climate or experience
detrimental effects. The changing climate patterns, and especially increased frequency and
rigorousness of extreme events, will increase vulnerability to the natural disasters, both
slower on set ones such as, drought and rapid onset disaster such as, floods and cyclones.
Forest Conservation – Forest conservation is regarded as an important aspect, as
forests products are used by the individuals to a major extent. The individuals residing in
rural, remote and hilly areas, make use of forest products to sustain their living conditions.
When they do not have access to medical and health care centres, they obtain materials from
the forests. Medicinal herbs and plants are obtained in order to treat wounds, illnesses and
other health problems. The individuals obtain wood, eatables and medicinal herbs to provide
treatment to their diseases. The role of forests in the national economy and in ecology was
emphasized in the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental
stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests. Other
objectives of the policy were meeting the need for fuel-wood, fodder, and small timber for
rural and tribal people, while recognizing the need to dynamically involve local people in the
management of forest resources. In 1988, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was amended
to simplify firmer conservation measures. The 2009 Indian national forest policy document
focuses upon the need to combine India's effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest
management. In India, forest management takes into consideration, the economic needs of
local communities.
Protection of Wetlands - Wetlands are multifaceted ecosystems and incorporate a
wide range of inland, coastal and marine habitats. They share the features of both wet and dry
environments and depict massive diversity, based on their genesis, geographical location,
hydrological regimes and substrate factors. They include flood plains, swamps, marshes, fish
ponds, tidal marshes, natural and man-made wetlands. Among the most productive life
support, wetlands have enormous socio-economic and ecological importance for mankind.
They are vital to the survival of natural biodiversity. They provide appropriate habitats for
endangered and rare species of birds and animals, endemic plants, insects and sustaining
migratory birds. India has a wealth of wetland ecosystems distributed in different
geographical regions. India is also a participant to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and
the Convention of Biological Diversity. Apart from government regulation, development of
monitoring methods is needed to augment the information in terms of physical and biological
characteristics of each wetland resource, and to acquire a better understanding of wetland
dynamics and their controlling processes.
Conservation of Biodiversity - Conservation of biodiversity is imperative. A federal
legislation enacted by the Parliament of India for preservation of biological diversity is the
Biological Diversity Act, 2002. It provides a measure for equitable sharing of benefits arising
out of use of traditional biological resources and knowledge. The act was enacted to meet the
obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The National Biodiversity
Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 to put into practice, the India’s Biological Diversity
Act 2002. The NBA is a statutory, autonomous organization and it performs assisting,
governing and recommended activities for the Government of India on matters of
conservation, sustainable use of biological resources and rational and justifiable sharing of
advantages arising out of the use of biological resources.
Wildlife Conservation – Wildlife conservation is referred to the protection of
endangered plant and animal species and their habitats. Among the goals of wildlife
conservation, one of the important aspects is, the future generations will be able to take
pleasure in the significance of wildlife and wilderness lands to humans. The government
agencies perform the task of formulation of measures that are needed for the protection of
wildlife. Many independent non-profit organizations also promote wildlife conservation
causes. Wildlife conservation has become an important practice due to the negative effects of
human activity on wildlife. To protect wildlife in India, Wildlife Conservation Act 2002 was
enacted. The main objective of Project Tiger is to ensure a worthwhile population of tigers in
India for scientific, economic, artistic, cultural and ecological values and to ensure their
protection. Areas of biological importance as a natural heritage for the benefit, education and
pleasure of the people need to be preserved. Project Elephant (PE), a centrally sponsored
scheme, was initiated in February 1992, to provide financial and technical support to major
elephant bearing states within the country for the protection of elephants, and their habitats.
Ozone Depletion – Ozone depletion provides description of the two distinct but
related phenomenon. A steady decline in the four percent per decade in the total volume of
ozone in the earth’s stratosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in the stratospheric
ozone over the polar regions of the earth. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone
hole. In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime
polar tropospheric ozone depletion events. The details of the polar ozone hole formation
differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic
destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the
stratosphere is photo dissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants, these are, CFCs,
freons, halons. These compounds are transferred into the stratosphere after being discharged
from the surface. Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase, as there has been
an increase in the emissions of halo-carbons. CFCs and other contributory substances are
referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). This is used to protect the ozone layer,
which protect humans from the ultra-violet rays of the sun.
Environmental Impact Assessment - An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an
assessment of the probable impacts that a proposed project may have on the environment,
consisting of the environmental, social and economic aspects. The purpose of the assessment
is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts, when deciding whether
or not to continue with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment
(IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as the process of classifying, envisaging,
appraising and modifying the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development
proposals prior to major decisions and the commitments made. EIAs are distinctive in that
they do not require observance to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they
require decision makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to
rationalize those decisions in light of the comprehensive environmental studies and public
interpretations on the potential environmental impacts.
Environmental Policies
Environmental policies may either be enacted as laws of the governing bodies or
created and enforced by the government agencies. The initiation of these policies may take
place from local, national or foreign governments. There are numerous concerns and issues
that are taken into consideration in the policies. These are, air, water, extraction of fossil
fuels, energy conservation, habitat protection or restoration, use of pesticides, storage and
disposal of hazardous materials, and recycling and trafficking in endangered species. The
interdisciplinary nature of environmental policy includes, technology, economics, and natural
and social sciences. To develop sustainable policies, it is necessary to possess adequate
knowledge of the actual and potential environmental impacts of various activities and some
knowledge of the technical characteristics, economic costs, social acceptability and possible
side effects of alternative policy options. The quality of the environment has a direct and
indirect effect on living conditions of human beings and other forms of life. The main aim of
the environmental policies is to stimulate production and create a better environment, which
would be beneficial to all (Policy and Legal Aspects of EM, n.d.). The sectors that get
directly or indirectly influenced by the environmental policies have been stated as follows:
(Policy and Legal Aspects of EM, n.d.).
Agricultural Sector – In India, over 70 percent of the population resides in rural areas.
In these areas, agriculture is the main occupation of the individuals. The environmental
policies have a major effect on the agricultural sector. In the agricultural sectors, in order to
enhance productivity, it is essential for the farmers and the agricultural labourers to possess
the knowledge in terms of usage of technology and other innovative methods and techniques.
In the present existence, the use of technology in this sector has contributed in the
improvement of productivity. On the other hand, it is vital for the climatic conditions to be
favourable. Agriculture has a major impact upon the environment, especially on land, water
and biodiversity. Over the past 10 to 15 years, the environmental performance of agriculture
has been mixed. Nitrogen and pesticide in water has been relatively high and the risks of soil
erosion and depletion of water resources has been in many countries. There have been
improvements in wildlife habitats, landscapes and greenhouse gases provided by agriculture.
Agriculture policies in India, provide substantial farm support, often linked to the commodity
production, affecting resource use, farming practices and the environmental conditions.
 Forestry Sector – Forests have been of considerable importance in both developed and
developing countries. These are strengthened by the policies formulated by the Government.
The forest products are of immense use to the individuals, primarily those belonging to rural
and tribal communities. The logging and forestry industry interests a variety of direct and
indirect subsidies. The incentives that promote the over harvesting of temperate and tropical
forests also indicate world trade in forest products. In India, the preservation of wildlife is
considered important. Forests serve to be habitats of wildlife and render a significant
contribution in their preservation. Invasion, wildfires, unlawful logging and poaching are also
the major factors contributing to the decline of wildlife populations in natural forests.
Insufficiency of standard data on types of wildlife species, their habitats and the lack of
integrating wildlife management in forest management plans, are the major reasons that are
causing deterioration of wildlife conservation in forest reserves. Another point is, co-
ordination among the Government institutions involved in wildlife and forest management is
in a deprived state.
Transport Sector – The transport sector, is one of the major sectors that need to take
into consideration the environmental policies. Emission of gases from vehicles is one of the
major aspects that cause environmental pollution. Science and technology, as part of their
contribution to economic and social development, must be functional to the identification,
escaping and control of environmental jeopardies and the solution of environmental problems
and for the common good of manhood. Education in environmental matters, for the younger
generation as well as adults, giving due consideration to the underprivileged, deprived and
economically weaker sections of the society, is essential to widen the basis for an open-
minded and progressive estimation and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and
communities in protecting and improving the environment in its complete human aspect. It is
also indispensable that mass media of communications avoid contributing to the decline of
the environment, but, on the opposing, distributes information of an educational nature on the
need to project and develop the environment in order to enable the industrial sector in
implementing the tasks of production and manufacturing in an appropriate manner, without
causing environmental pollution.
Energy Sector – The major impediment within the course of the efficiency of energy
is the present framework of incentives for energy exploration, development and consumption.
These incentives endorse coal, oil and gas, disregard the costs of air, land and water pollution
and seem to promote inadequacy, incompetence and wastage. While the industrialised
countries have been spending billions to misrepresent the market and consumer prices in
ways that dynamically encourage acid rain and global warming. They have been spending
only a few million on measures to promote energy efficiency. As long as pollution problems
are primarily national, there is a need for a resilient national authority. However,
environmental problems are becoming progressively international. This causes problems
among the environmental policies. In order to make provision of solutions for environmental
problems, it is to seek international co-operation. There are variations in the economic
interests of the countries and the energy sector also differs. Furthermore, polluting sectors are
not consistently distributed among the countries. The designing of the economic based
environmental policies takes place to facilitate economic growth and permit the business to
ensure sustainability of the environment and achieve economic efficiency.
Causes of Environmental Pollution

There are number of factors that cause the environmental pollution and these have
been stated as follows:

Bio-magnifications - Bio-magnifications describes situations where toxins, such as

heavy metals may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in
the process. Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the continuing decrease in
the pH of the earth’s oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved. The emission of greenhouse gases
leads to global warming, which affects ecosystems in numerous ways (Chapter 3, n.d.).
Emission of Gases - Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize
land which can change the species composition of ecosystems. Smog and haze can reduce the
amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production
of tropospheric ozone which damages plants. Soil can become unproductive and
inappropriate for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web. Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain, which lowers the pH value of soil (Chapter 3, n.d.).
Global Warming - Global warming, also known as the greenhouse effect,
instantaneously received international attention. Scientists, environmentalists, and
governments around the world took interest in this area. Global warming is called the
greenhouse effect, the reason being, gases that are gathering above the earth, make the planet
comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat near the surface of the earth, the greenhouse
effect is warming the planet and imposing unfavourable effects upon the environment
(Chapter 3, n.d.).
Hazardous Waste - In addition to releasing gases and particles into the atmosphere,
humans produce waste in the implementation of various activities and tasks that is causing
environmental pollution. This waste is produced normally from the production and
manufacturing processes that are carried out in industries. Often, this waste is hazardous and
dangerous to both nature and human life. The levels of dangerous wastes continue to grow.
Industries and individuals continue to be unaware of this environmental problem to a major
extent. As a result, many people and industries are failing to prevent the creation of
hazardous waste or to limit the negative effects it produces. Individuals often throw out
products without realizing that they are headed for a landfill and could be dangerous for the
environment. No matter where people put these hazardous waste materials, there is always a
chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into the human bodies
(Chapter 3, n.d.).
Ozone Depletion - The ozone layer protects the earth from the ultraviolet rays sent
down by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet
could be calamitous. Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles
above the earth, and at the very top it contains the ozone layer. The sun rays are absorbed by
the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the planet. Ozone is a bluish gas that is
formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form of oxygen that humans breathe in consists of two
oxygen atoms, O2. When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is considered a dangerous
pollutant and is one substance, responsible for producing the greenhouse effect. The highest
regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of ozone. The ozone layer protects both plant
and animal life on the planet. It was being depleted in the mid-1980s and the main cause of
this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons (Chapter 3, n.d.).
Smog – In many areas around the world, there has been an increase in smog. This
term is a combination of smoke and fog. Smog causes a smoky dark atmosphere to arise over
the cities. It decreases visibility and creates haze throughout the area. When this type of
atmosphere is created, the individuals experience visibility and discernibility problems. The
individuals in this case are not able to easily drive or walk around or carry out any kinds of
tasks and activities outdoors. In India, many places, especially the metros and other industrial
areas are experiencing the problem of smog (Chapter 3, n.d.).
Air Pollution – Air pollution includes all the contaminants that are found in the
atmosphere. These substances can either be in the form of gases or particles. The main factors
that have led to an increase in air pollution are, vehicles, industrial expansion and the use of
diesel generators. Due to these factors, there has been an increase in air pollution in Indian
cities. Air pollution can be found both indoors and outdoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside
the buildings that cause indoor pollution and that lasts for a long time. For instance, when in
rural areas, individuals make use of traditional stoves and use fuel wood for cooking
purposes, then it may cause indoor air pollution. The sources can be both natural and human
based. It can impose severe consequences on the health of the individuals as well as affects
the natural ecosystems (Chapter 3, n.d.).
Water Pollution – The attention of the individuals towards the occurrence of water
pollution emerged in the 1980s. In India, Ganges is regarded as the most sacred river. It is the
third largest river in the world. It is regarded as the lifeline to millions of Indians, who live
along its course and depend upon it for their daily requirements. The Ganges is polluted on a
major scale. This not only affects human beings but also the aquatic life within the river.
With the increase in population and industrialization, there has been an increase in water
pollution. The individuals, especially residing in rural and tribal areas make use of water from
the rivers to implement various tasks. These are, cleaning, washing, preparation of meals,
drinking, rearing of livestock etc. If the water bodies are polluted, then naturally
contaminated water would have an adverse effect upon their health, hence, it is essential to
curb water pollution.
Rain Forest Destruction – The rain forest destruction has received the attention of the
public and media. Destruction of the rain forests primarily means the chopping down of the
trees. Individuals need land to live on and they make use of wood products on a major scale,
hence for these purposes, they need to cut down the trees. The limiting growth in the
population is stated to be the first step that would lead to decline in the rain forest destruction.
Forests are considered as beneficial to the existence of the individuals in numerous ways. In
order to manufacture wood products, individuals need to chop down the trees, and they make
use of other products too that are obtained from the forests. But one of the points that is of
utmost significance is, destruction of forests should be done on a limited scale. It needs to be
taken into consideration that they are habitats of animals and birds and also advantageous to
human beings.
Land Pollution – Within the country, in rural as well as in urban areas, individuals
mostly throw waste materials on the roads and streets, while they are walking or even
driving. Hence, it can be stated that rapid increase in population in urban areas is a major
cause of land pollution. One of the areas of concern is, individuals are usually unaware that
they should not throw any kinds of waste materials on the streets and use containers. There
have been formulation of measures by the Government that individuals should keep the
surroundings clean and not throw any kinds of materials on the roads or streets. In India, in
all cities, the streets and the roads are dusty to a major extent, hence, it is vital to keep the
roads clean. Health problems are common among individuals. These are caused not only in
the case of water or air pollution but also land pollution.
Benefits of the Natural Environment
The benefits of the natural environment have been stated as follows:
Support Creativity and Problem Solving – When the individuals interact with nature,
they are able to develop creativity among themselves. In educational institutions, when the
students are taught in terms of the natural environmental conditions, then activities and
picnics are also organized. Their main purpose is to generate awareness among them and
make them more familiar with the natural environment. It has been found that students get
engaged in more creative forms of sports and play activities in the natural environment as
compared to indoors. Interacting with nature renders an effective contribution in the
development of creativity, problem solving and intellectual development (Benefits of
Connecting Children with Nature, 2012).
Improves Cognitive Abilities – The individuals are able to develop cognitive abilities
among them by interacting with the natural environment (Benefits of Connecting Children
with Nature, 2012). Remaining indoors, reading, using technology, watching television and
playing indoor games are not the major contributors that would lead to development of
cognitive abilities. For the effectual development of cognitive abilities, it is essential to
explore the individuals to the natural environmental conditions. When the individuals begin
learning and when they reach the age of three, the parents realise that for the cognitive
development to take place in an effectual manner, they need to be made familiar with the
natural environment.
Reduces Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) Symptoms – In some cases, individuals
experience problems in paying proper attention. For instance, students, who are below five
years of age, experience problems in paying attention and in some cases, adults also
experience problems in paying attention to what their trainers or instructors are explaining.
Hence, in order to provide effective solutions to this problem, it is essential for the
individuals to form a connection with the natural environment. One of the most common
ways of forming connection with the natural environment is by getting engaged in physical
activities, such as, running, jogging, yoga, outdoor sports, games and so forth. These
activities not only contribute in the improvement of health conditions of the individuals, but
they are able to develop their concentration and focus better.
Increase in the Physical Activities – In the present world, health has become
imperative for the individuals, belonging to all age groups and backgrounds. During the
initial stage, the individual is taken to the park, he plays on the swings, run and takes pleasure
in the natural environment. At a later stage, he begins to get engaged in outdoor sports.
Youth, middle aged and elderly individuals take pleasure in interacting with the environment
by getting engaged in various types of physical activities, such as, walking, running, cycling,
yoga, meditation and so forth. Physical activities, not only keep the individuals healthy, but
also stimulates their mind-sets, so that they feel pleasurable and are able to pay adequate
attention on their tasks and functions.
Improves Diet and Nutrition – When individuals get involved with the natural
environment on a regular basis, they are able to improve their diet and nutrition. Individuals
are able to develop more liking for healthy food items and have less craving for junk food.
Research has indicated that in some cases, interaction with nature and getting engaged in
physical activities, also enables them to completely give up unhealthy food. When individuals
consume a healthy diet, comprising of fruits and vegetables, they are more likely to develop
healthy mind-sets. They are also able to develop higher levels of knowledge and this
continues throughout their lives. In some cases, when individuals turn their diet into
vegetarian at a young age, they continue with this habit throughout their lives.
Improves Eyesight and Concentration – When individuals spend their time in the
natural environment, they are able to develop their eyesight. More time spend outdoors is
related to the reduction in the near sightedness, which is termed as myopia in children and
adolescents. In the present existence, not only in India, but in other countries of the world as
well, individuals experience problems in their eyesight. This is primarily due to watching
excessive television or sitting in front of the computers for long hours. Hence, teachers and
other individuals advise them to reduce excessive exposure to television and usage of
computers and they should get engaged in morning walks and physical activities, outside the
home.
Socialization – Socialization is regarded as an essential aspect for the effective growth
and development of the individuals. Getting involved in physical activities and other tasks
outside the home, enables individuals to form a social circle. When parents take their children
to the parks, they are able to make friends and interact with other children. The elderly
individuals in most cases, are able to form a circle of friends, when they go for morning
walks. Hence, within one’s home, one can only socialize with the family members, but apart
from family members, it is vital to establish a social circle outside the home as well. When
the individuals form a social circle and interact with people outside the home, then natural
environmental conditions are regarded as aspects that promote socialization among the
individuals.
Improvement in Self-Discipline and Conscientiousness – Self-discipline and
conscientiousness are regarded as essential aspects that are necessary for the individuals to
possess. Irrespective of the tasks and functions that a person is engaged in, in order to do well
in his job duties, it is essential for the individuals to be self-disciplined and conscientious.
Exposure of the individuals to the natural environment, enables them to observe the plants,
birds and in some cases animals. These living organisms are self-sufficient and carry out all
the activities that are needed to sustain their living conditions on their own. Hence, in some
cases, by observing them, the individuals are also able to develop that it is vital to be self-
sufficient and not be entirely dependent upon others to fulfil one’s needs and requirements.
Reduction in Stress – The observance of greenery in the natural environment is one of
the imperative aspects that help in the reduction of stress. There are cases of number of
individuals, who are engaged in full time jobs. Their job duties are demanding and they need
to work long hours. Demanding job duties and long working hours sometimes cause stress.
Hence, in order to reduce stress, it is vital to explore oneself to the natural environment.
Morning walks, fresh air and observance of greenery are the major aspects within the natural
environment that alleviate stress. Stress needs to be overcome in order to perform one’s job
duties appropriately and generate desired outcomes.
Improves Performance in Jobs and Functions – Research has indicated that any kind
of involvement of the individuals with the natural environmental conditions enables them to
improve their performance in various jobs and functions. It has been found that when a
person begins working after getting involved in a physical activity in the natural environment,
he is able to work better. Physical activities in a park, not only enables oneself to keep
themselves fit and in good health, but also in whatever tasks and functions, they are
performing, they are able to do them well. Interaction with the natural environment stimulates
the mind-sets of the individuals and they are able to concentrate better. On the other hand,
students are also able to improve their scores by concentrating better.
Health and Well-being – The interaction with nature helps individuals in improving
their health and well-being. Improvement in physical health and diet and nutrition are
important. Apart from these, the natural environmental conditions also render a significant
contribution in the development of cognitive abilities, rational thinking and problem solving
skills among the individuals. Research has indicated that elderly individuals, who are not
ambulatory and make use of a walking stick or a wheel chair also with assistance, take
pleasure in exploring the natural environment. In some cases, elderly individuals also take
pleasure in playing outdoor games and cycling. Exercising in green areas is associated with
positive health outcomes (Health Benefits of the Natural Environment, n.d.).
Reduction in Anxiety, Depression and Loneliness – Greenery in the natural
environment is regarded as an important factor in causing reduction in anxiety, depression
and loneliness among the individuals (Health Benefits of the Natural Environment, n.d.).
There are number of elderly individuals, who live alone and do not have family members
around. They usually make it a part of their daily routine to go for a morning walk on a daily
basis. Morning walks are regarded as the most common activities that are prevalent among
the elderly individuals. These activities not only cause reduction in anxiety, depression and
loneliness, but individuals are able to form good health and feel pleasurable.
Reduction in Anger and Frustration – Anger and frustration are regarded as negative
feelings that influence the mind-sets of the individuals. These feelings impose detrimental
effects upon the individuals. Anger and frustration are common, but what is important is,
individuals need to learn, how to exercise control upon them. One needs to prevent them
from imposing any kinds of unfavourable effects. Exposure of the individuals to the natural
environment, helps one to overcome the feelings of anger and frustration and takes things
easily. After one has spent some time in the natural environment, one generates awareness
that anger does not provide solutions to problems, but rather makes things worse. Hence, it is
vital to communicate with others politely and not in anger and frustration. Anger is not the
solution to any problem. In the case of occurrence of problems and difficulties, one should
remain calm. With calmness, one would be able to develop rational thinking, make wise
decisions and provide solutions to the problems.
Development of Skills – The individuals belonging to rural and tribal communities
mostly develop their skills and abilities by interacting with the natural environment. The rural
communities are primarily engaged in agriculture and farming practices and hence, they are
able to develop their knowledge and skills by exposing to the natural environment. The tribal
communities are primarily dependent upon the natural environment for the sustenance of
their living conditions. They are engaged in activities such as, agriculture, farming, hunting,
fishing, wood-cutting and so forth. The individuals are able to cause a decline in social
isolation, improve their practical skills and make improvements in the local environments.
They are also aware of techniques that are required for the conservation of the environment.
Alleviation of Poverty and Backwardness – The problems of poverty and
backwardness are regarded as major factors that prove to be impediments within the course of
one’s progression. When the individuals are poverty stricken, backward and illiterate, then
their exposure to the natural environmental conditions help them in finding ways to improve
their standards of living. Natural environmental conditions have proven to be beneficial to the
individuals in making provision of food, shelter, materials, medicinal herbs and so forth. In
most cases, poverty stricken individuals residing in rural and remote areas adopt measures to
utilise the natural resources in generating a source of income and sustaining their living.
Forests in India
The term forest, is derived from the Latin word, forest, which means ‘foris’. Forests
are regarded as one of the most important natural resources of the earth. Approximately one
third of the area of the planet is covered with forests. There are variations in the forests in
terms of composition and density and they are different from meadows and pastures. These
are important to the existence of humans and they have economic, social, religious, cultural,
and historical values and aesthetics associated with them. The materials that are obtained
from the forests include, fuel wood, timber, fodder, wildlife, habitat, industrial products,
climate, medicinal plants and so forth (Kumar, n.d.). There are number of functions that are
provided by the forests and these have been stated as follows: (Kumar, n.d.).
Protective Functions – Forests make protection against soil erosion, droughts, floods,
noise and radiations. These problems are the major barriers within the course of sustenance of
one’s livelihoods. Soil erosion imposes detrimental effects upon agricultural productivity.
The occurrence of droughts and floods are detrimental upon the existence of individuals as
well as other living organisms. These may lead to loss of life, and property. Noise and
radiations are harmful and are not wanted by individuals, but in some cases, they do occur
and are unavoidable. These may be in the construction of houses and buildings and also when
manufacturing and production processes takes place in industries and factories. Forests render
a significant contribution in alleviating the disadvantages, associated with these aspects.
Productive Functions – Products such as, gums, resins, medicines, katha, honey, pulp,
bamboo, timber, and fruits are provided by the forests. These products are not only used by
the individuals, belonging to rural and tribal communities, but also those belonging to urban
areas. Medicines are regarded as important, as they help in alleviating illnesses and health
problems. Resins, katha, honey, pulp, fruits, and vegetables are mostly consumed by the
individuals, they make provision of the required nutrition to them. Whereas, timber, bamboo
and gum are the products that are used by the individuals in manufacturing and the
production processes. The rural and the tribal communities make use of the timber and
bamboo in the construction of houses. On the other hand, these are also used in the
construction of houses and buildings in urban areas.
Regulative Functions – The regulative functions of the forests are regarded of utmost
significance. Forests regulate the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They
also help in the regulation of temperature. Planting of trees also encourages rainfall. Rainfall
helps in agricultural productivity and individuals take pleasure in it, during the summer
season. On the other hand, deforestation is regarded as one of the aspects that help in
alleviation of rainfall. Rainfall is considered beneficial to the individuals, especially for the
ones, who reside in arid regions. Scanty rainfall may also impose unfavourable effects upon
agriculture productivity, hence, it is vital for the individuals to promote afforestation. Another
regulative function is, plants take in carbon dioxide and give oxygen during photosynthesis
during the day time. Whereas, plants take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide during the
night.
Accessory Functions – Forests make provision of aesthetics, and habitats to various
flora and fauna and it also has a recreational value. In India, in the ancient times, the ascetics
resided in the forests and possessed knowledge in terms of preservation of the environment
and performance of other good deeds. Forests are habitats to various species of plants and
animals. Preservation of wildlife is also regarded as an important area that the Government is
taking into consideration. There have been formulation of measures and laws that wildlife
within the country should be protected. Therefore, preservation of forests is important in
order to preserve wildlife. The main reason is, they serve as habitats to various species of
plants, organisms and wildlife.
Regulation of Global Climate and Temperature – Forests render a significant
contribution in the regulation of global climate and temperature. The forest cover absorb the
solar radiations that would otherwise be reflected back into the atmosphere by the surface of
the earth. Transpiration of the plants leads to an increase in the humidity of the atmosphere.
This has an effect upon the rainfall, cools the atmosphere and regulate the hydrological cycle.
The main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. It is used by the forests in order to implement the
process of photosynthesis. The forests act as a basin for carbon dioxide and thereby leading to
a decline in the greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide. The soil erosion is prevented by
binding the soil particles directly in their roots. They also cause a reduction in the velocity of
wind and rain, which are the primary causes of erosion. Forests also absorb many toxic gases
and air pollutants, which can help in curbing air pollution.
 Economic Significance of Forests – The economic significance of forests is
highlighted in the production of timber, fuel wood, raw materials, food and other
miscellaneous products. Timber is the wood that is used in the manufacturing of furniture,
boats, bridges and other items that are of daily use by the individuals. Fuel wood is the wood
that is used for preparation of meals and other purposes, especially in rural areas. In these
areas, individuals usually adopt the traditional methods of cooking and make use of fuel
wood. Forests provide raw material for wood based industries like paper and pulp, sports
goods, furniture, match boxes and so forth. The tribal people obtain fruits, roots of plants and
trees and meat of the forest animals in order to fulfil their nutritional requirements.
The influence of human activities and natural forces upon the forests in India are,
clearing and burning of forests for the purposes of agriculture, cattle rearing and timber
extraction; clear cutting and conversion of forest land in hilly areas for agriculture, plantation
and housing; forests get affected by the toxic fumes and pollutants emerging from industries;
the use of pesticides and insecticides to control the insects in the forest plantations affects
food and species; the building of dams in forest areas for hydropower and water drown huge
areas, destroying of species and depriving people of their land; in areas like the Arctic, oil
exploration and military activities disrupt the ecosystem, contaminating areas and leading to
the decline of the species and the harvesting of old growth forests destroys the crucial habitat
of the endangered species (Kumar, n.d.).
Management of the forests is regarded as an essential aspect. The reason being, they
are advantageous to the existence of human beings in numerous ways. Social forestry is
termed as moving tree planting activities away from traditional forests and into other
common lands and private lands. It is intended to serve the needs of the individuals at doors
and reduce their dependence on the natural forests. It provides incentives to large scale
industries to clear the ecologically valuable degraded forest areas and common property lands
for plantations (Kumar, n.d.).
Importance of Natural Resources
Natural resources are fundamental to the economy and human well-being. The
primary benefit of the natural resources is that they provide the essential inputs that are
required for the production processes. Resource productivity is regarded as one of the
essential aspects that is to be understood, when understanding the significance of natural
resources. These refer to the effectiveness with which an economy makes use of the materials
extracted from natural resources, these are the physical inputs to generate economic values,
i.e. monetary inputs. Apart from the production processes, the extraction, processing and the
ultimate disposal of materials are considered as an important source of income and jobs in
many countries. There are number of individuals, who find employment opportunities in
mining, extracting, plantations, factories, and industries that make use of resources. These
activities have an impact upon the environment to a major extent or to a lesser extent. Natural
resources are an essential part of the ecosystems that support the provision of services. These
are, climate regulation, flood control, natural habitats, amenities and cultural services that are
essential to develop man-made, human and social capital (Material Resources, n.d.).
The use of the materials from the natural resources in the production and consumption
processes has many environmental, social and economic consequences. The consequences are
on the rates of extraction and depletion of renewable and non-renewable natural resources,
and the extent of harvest and natural productivity of renewable resource stocks. The
environmental pressures associated with the extracting, processing, transporting, usage and
disposal of materials, such as, pollution, waste materials, changes in the climatic conditions,
disruption of habitats and their effects on environmental quality, i.e. air, water, climate, soil,
and biodiversity, landscape and ecosystem services and human health. International trade and
market prices of raw materials and other products and productivity and competitiveness of
the economy are the factors that are augmenting the economic development of the country
(Material Resources, n.d.). The individuals, belonging to deprived, marginalized and
economically weaker sections of the society are also generating awareness within themselves
in terms of production and marketing strategies. This awareness would help them in
marketing their products and incurring profitability.
The last decades have witnessed unprecedented growth and demand for raw materials
on a world-wide scale. These have particularly been influenced by rapid industrialization of
the emerging economies and continued high levels of materials consumption in the developed
countries. There have been expansion of international commodity markets with increasing
mobility of the production factors and closer linkages between the countries and regions.
Establishing an economy that is efficient in resources is considered imperative in growth and
development. The policies are required to be put into practice to bring about improvements in
the production of resources and management of the natural resources and materials. The three
main principles need to be taken into account are, reduce, reuse and recycle, these are also
termed as 3Rs. These policies are required to be founded on a good knowledge base of the
material basis of the economy, international and national material flows and the factors that
lead to changes in the usage of natural resources and material productivity over the period of
time, across countries and in different sectors of the economy (Material Resources, n.d.).
 Over the last 30 years, the strongest growth in the demand of the raw materials has
been for metal ores. Between the years, 1980 and 2008, the global metal extraction more than
doubled. It began to decline in the 1990s, and in 2002, it began to witness augmentation. This
acceleration was due to high demands in the countries, making an entry in their energy and
material intensive phase. These are combined with high levels of consumption in the
developed economies. There has been a rapid expansion in the demand for construction
materials. Economic growth and the associated expansion of the construction sector have a
strong influence upon the demand. The demand of the construction materials is being
influenced by a variety of factors. These include, type of housing needed, size of dwellings,
as well as, country specific factors, such as, geography, urban planning and consumer
preferences (Material Resources, n.d.). The construction of houses and buildings are taking
place in a manner that they may be adaptable to the occurrence of natural calamities and do
not suffer immense losses. The materials and the techniques that are implemented for
construction purposes are innovative, scientific and modern.
The consumption of energy and the utilization of raw materials put emphasis upon the
connection between the environmental burdens and the economic activities. Energy
consumption and use of raw materials are significant for not only sustaining one’s living
conditions, but also for the economic activities. The trends in these factors have an influence
upon the state of the environment in particular, through the overdoing of renewable resources
and the risk of exhausting non-renewable ones. Damage is caused to the landscapes and
ecosystems by withdrawing mineral resources from nature, and discharge of residuals and
pollutants, as well as air emissions and waste, into the environment through the utilization of
these resources. Increasing material volumes in the economy also lead amongst other things
to additional goods transport, with the associated environmental burdens, including energy
consumption and land use, as well as air emissions (Hahlen, 2005).
Raw materials in general include the various energy sources. In the breakdown of the
raw materials indicator used for the National Sustainability Strategy, raw materials or
primary materials include the abiotic raw materials withdrawn from the domestic
environment, as well as the abiotic material imported. This breakdown includes non-
renewable mineral resources that is, fossil energy sources, minerals, such as the sands, stone
and earth used in particular for construction purposes, as well as ores. The definition does not
accommodate renewable or biotic raw materials, such as in particular, products of agriculture,
as well as water. Abiotic materials imported from abroad are collected autonomously of their
degree of processing, i.e. semi-finished and finished products are also included in addition to
raw materials. Accounting for all goods included in the national economy guarantees that
substitution of withdrawal or import of raw materials by importing semi-finished and finished
products is not misinterpreted as progress in productivity. To calculate the raw material
productivity as with energy productivity, the ratio between gross domestic product adjusted
for price changes and the abiotic primary material volume is formed. The target increase in
production of raw materials constitutes a major contribution towards saving of resources
(Hahlen, 2005).
Conclusion
The area of environmental protection in India is of utmost significance. Whether it is
the environmental conditions in rural areas or urban areas, they are considered vital in the
sustenance of the living conditions of not only human beings, but also other organisms,
animals, birds and plants. There have been formulation of various laws and acts that are
necessary for the preservation of the environment. In India, the rural and the tribal
communities primarily depend upon the natural environmental conditions for the sustenance
of their living conditions. They obtain water from the water bodies, in order to carry out
various household chores and are primarily dependent upon forests to fulfil their daily
requirements. For the individuals, belonging to all age groups and backgrounds, the natural
environmental conditions prove to be effectual in reducing stress, depression, anxiety and
loneliness. Individuals feel pleasurable and contented, when they get engaged in any kind of
physical activity within the natural environment.
The natural environmental conditions are habitats for animals and other organisms.
The destruction of the environment would impose detrimental effects upon their existence.
There are numerous uses of the natural environment to the individuals. They obtain raw
materials, food items, shelter, medicinal herbs and plants to treat their illnesses and other
health problems, and so forth. Forests make provision of productive, protective, regulative,
and accessory functions. They regulate the global climate and temperature and economically
benefit the individuals. Pollution within the country is one of the most serious problems,
effecting the environment. There are different forms of pollution, air, water, noise and land.
Hence, in order to protect the environment, it is vital to formulate measures to curb pollution.
The individuals belonging to all categories and backgrounds are required to generate
awareness in terms of all factors that are needed for the protection of the environment. They
need to put into practice all measures that are needed to keep the environment clean. These
include, planting more trees, keeping the water bodies clean, alleviating noise pollution, and
implementation of production processes should take place in a manner that would emit lesser
amount of gases and toxic fumes, and pollutants.
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