Scribd
Upload
149 views

Regulation of Blood Glucose

The maintenance of blood glucose levels within a narrow range is regulated by factors that control the entry and depletion of glucose from the bloodstream. The major factors that increase blood glucose include absorption from the intestine, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and hyperglycemic hormones. Factors that decrease blood glucose include utilization by tissues, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and hypoglycemic hormones. After a meal, insulin is secreted to stimulate glucose uptake by tissues and storage as glycogen or conversion to fat. In a fasting state, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis prevent blood glucose levels from decreasing too far. Hormones like glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol counteract this decrease by stimulating glucose production.

Uploaded by

Swathi Pari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
149 views

Regulation of Blood Glucose

The maintenance of blood glucose levels within a narrow range is regulated by factors that control the entry and depletion of glucose from the bloodstream. The major factors that increase blood glucose include absorption from the intestine, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and hyperglycemic hormones. Factors that decrease blood glucose include utilization by tissues, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and hypoglycemic hormones. After a meal, insulin is secreted to stimulate glucose uptake by tissues and storage as glycogen or conversion to fat. In a fasting state, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis prevent blood glucose levels from decreasing too far. Hormones like glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol counteract this decrease by stimulating glucose production.

Uploaded by

Swathi Pari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

The maintenance of glucose level in blood within narrow limits is


efficiently regulated in order to maintain continuous supply of glucose
to brain

Factors maintaining blood glucose are:


The major factors which cause entry of glucose into blood are :

a) Absorption from intestine


b) Glycogenolysis
c) Gluconeogenesis
d) Hyper glycemic hormones (glucagon, steroids)

Factors leading to depletion of glucose in blood are:

a) Utilization by tissues for energy


b) Glycogenesis
c) Lipogenesis
d) Hypo glycemic hormone

Post prandial regulation:


After a meal, the blood glucose levels are raised, this stimulates the
secretion of insulin by beta cells of pancreas. Most of the tissues
requires insulin for the uptake of glucose except brain.

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen (or) used for lipogenesis .

Post prandial blood glucose levels should be <140 mg/dl


Regulation in fasting state:
Normally, 2 to 2 ½ hours after a meal, the blood glucose level falls to
near fasting levels, further drop in glucose levels is prevented by
glycogenolysis followed by gluconeogenesis.

Fasting state blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dl.

Hormones like Glucagon, Epinephrine, Glucocorticoids, Growth


hormone, ACTH and Thyroxine will prevent the decrease in blood
glucose hence they are referred to as hyperglycemic hormones.

Hyper glycemic
Hyperglycemic hormone Hypoglycemic factors
Factors 1.Glucagon
2.Corticosteroids
1.Absorption from 3.Growth 1.Glycolysis
GIT hormone
4.ACTH
2.Glycogenolysis 5.Thyroxin
In liver
2.Glycogenesis
3.Gluconeogenesis
in liver Plasma Glucose
Fasting - 70-110 mg/dl
PP <140mg/dl 3.lipogensis

Hypoglycemic
hormone
1.Insulin
EFFECTS OF HORMONE ON GLUCOSE LEVEL IN BLOOD:

a) Effect of insulin (Hypoglycemic hormone)


1.Decreases Blood glucose
2.Increases Glycogen synthesis
3.Increases Glycolysis
4.Decrease Gluconeogenesis
b) Glucagon (Hyper glycemic hormone)
Glycogen is mainly glycogenolytic, increases blood glucose levels .
Gluconeogenesis is favoured by glucagon by inducing enzymes
like PEPCK, Glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose -1,6-bisphosphatase.

c) Cortisol:
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and there by increases blood
glucose levels.

d) Epinephrine:
Released during stress, induces elevation of cAMP to increase
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

e) Growth hormone:
Inhibits the glycolysis (PFK) and mobilizes fatty acids from adipose
tissue.
DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS:
 Blood glucose estimation
FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl, PPBG ≥ 200 mg/dl.
 Urine analysis: Glucose, ketone bodies and proteins.
 Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
 Estimation of glycated hemoglobin.
Tests to monitor diabetes:
s.no Test for diabetes mellitus Reference range
1 Fasting blood glucose 70-110 mg/dl
2 2hr post prandial plasma glucose 80-140mg/dl
3 Blood urea 15-40mg/dl
4 Serum creatinine Male 0.7- 1.3mg/dl
Female 0.6-1.2mg/dl

5 Lipid profile
Total cholesterol 150-200mg/dl

Triglycerides Upto 150mg/dl

HDLc Male >40mg/dl


Female >50mg/dl

LDLc <130mg/dl

VLDLc <40mg/dl
6 HbA1c <5.7%
7 Urine microalbumin <30mg/dl
To prevent complications and to improve the life expectancy,
regular monitoring is required. Renal function tests and serum lipid
profile are the common tests which should be done at each visit.

You might also like