Understand piling works.

Piling types and the method of driving which are used in

the construction of buildings.
Mangrove pile./cerucuk bakau
Timber pile./cerucuk kayu
Sheet pile./cerucuk keping
Pre-cast concrete pile/ cerucuk konkrit pra-tuang
Bored pile/ cerucuk tergerek
Types of piling to be used based on ground conditions.
Compare between method of piling using friction and end
bearing pile.
The advantages and disadvantages of pile
Introduction
A deep foundation is a type of foundation
distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth
they are embedded into the ground.

Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile

driver. Driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete,
or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall
trees. Concrete piles are available in square, octagonal,
and round cross-sections (like Franki Piles). They are
reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed. Steel
piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section
(like an H-pile).
The wood is used for fuel, piling, crossties, and charcoal.
The red mangrove is also known for its large quantity of
tannins found in the bark. Red mangroves range from
Daytona Beach and Cedar Key southward.
Introduction
The mangrove piles are widely used in peninsular
Malaysia for low-rise building. Although the use of
mangrove piles is not recognized in other countries,
Malaysia
contractors and developers are very confident that the
mangrove piles can actually being used for piling in the
low-rise buildings due to the mangrove wood nature
density and strength.
Introduction

The use of mangrove wood in piling brings benefits and

disadvantages. The mangrove piles are not only cheap,
but also easy to be handled in pilling work. The
buildings using the mangrove piles as foundation can at
least stand for 10 years, and the mangrove piles are very
easy to be cleared off when the other type of foundation
is to be used. However, the mangrove piles may be
damaged if they are not fully submerged under the water
table level.
Introduction

The minimum length of the mangrove piles use is only

6.0m and they can be joint with a pile joint, which is
made up by a steel box. The lengthening of pile may
increase the soil bearing capacity and make sure then the
piles are stand on a firm or stiff clay, so that the
downward movement of piles will not happen.
Drop hammer is used for the driver of the mangrove
piles. To install the piles into soft clay, the drop hammer
just pushes the piles with small force. The clay is excavate
before the installation of piles.
.
Introduction
Timber piles are made of wood.

Today, timber piles are still more affordable/ than concrete or

steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete), and
depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not
be suitable for heavier loads.

A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they

should be protected from rotting above groundwater level.
Timber will last for a long time below the groundwater level.
For timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen.
Below the groundwater level, oxygen is lacking even though
there is ample water. Hence, timber tends to last for a long
time below groundwater level.
Splicing timber piles is still quite common and is the
easiest of all the piling materials to splice. The normal
method for splicing is by driving the leader pile first,
driving a steel tube (normally 60–100 cm long, with an
internal diameter no smaller than the minimum toe
diameter) half its length onto the end of the leader pile.
The follower pile is then simply slotted into the other
end of the tube and driving continues. The steel tube is
simply there to ensure that the two pieces follow each
other during driving. If uplift capacity is required, the
splice can incorporate bolts, coach screws, spikes or the
like to give it the necessary capacity.
Timber piles
• Timber piles are made of-tree
trunks driven with small end
as a point

• Maximum length: 35 m;
optimum length: 9 - 20m

• Max load for usual conditions:

450 kN; optimum load range =
80 - 240 kN
Advantages:
Comparatively low initial cost, permanently submerged
piles are resistant to decay/reput, easy to handle, best
suited for friction/geseran piles in granular material/bahan
bebutir.

Disadvantages of using timber piles:

Difficult to splice/sambat, vulnerable to damage in hard
driving, vulnerable to decay unless treated with
preservatives (If timber is below permanent Water table it
will apparently last forever), if subjected to alternate
wetting & drying, the useful life will be short, partly
embedded piles or piles above Water table are susceptible
to damage from wood borers and other insects unless
treated.
Introduction
Sheet piling is a form of driven
piling/cerucuk terpacu using thin
interlocking sheets of steel to obtain
a continuous barrier/halangan in the
ground. The main application of
sheet piles is in retaining
walls/tembok penahan and
cofferdams /empangan kekotak
erected to enable permanent works
to proceed. Normally, vibrating
hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling
are used to establish sheet piles.
Sheet piles are used to restrain soft soil above the
bedrock/batu hampar in this excavation.
Cerucuk keping digunakan untuk menghalang tanah
lembut diatas batu hampar semasa kerja pengorekan.
 Sheet piles are special interlocking piles of steel, wood,
or concrete. They form a continuous wall which resists
horizontal pressure from earth and water and are used
to:
1. Build cofferdams, which exclude water and earth from
an excavation before construction starts.
2. Form braces in trench sheathing.
3. Form small dams.
4. Form cut-off walls beneath water-retaining structures
to retard the flow of water.
5. Construct bridge piers.
6. Construct groins and sea walls.
Steel sheet piling is preferred because:

1. The interlock on each pile edge guides the pile during

driving and can transfer tension from pile to pile.

2. Steel sheet piles are strong and easy to drive and align
during hard driving.

3. The interlocking edge reduces leakage.

4. They can be recovered easily for reuse.

1. Pre-cast or pre-stressed concrete piles are one of the
most commonly used concrete piles. More than 40% of
our jobs involve concrete piles due to their relatively low
material cost, custom lengths and ready availability.
2. The cost of concrete pile can be varied based on design
loads, dimensions and length required; getting the load
bearing capacity needed without costly material waste.
3. Additionally concrete piles can be ready to drive in 14
days, as opposed to steel piles which can take from 6-8
weeks to receive from a mill.
4. Our experience and knowledge of soil mechanics
and job requirements help our clients save time and
money and can help avoid costly delays.
• Concrete piles may be precast, prestressed, cast in
place, or of composite construction

• Precast concrete piles may be made using ordinary

reinforcement or they may be prestressed.

• Precast piles using ordinary reinforcement are

designed to resist bending stresses during picking up
& transport to the site & bending moments from
lateral loads and to provide sufficient resistance to
vertical loads and any tension forces developed during
driving.
• Prestressed piles are formed by tensioning high
strength steel prestress cables, and casting the
concrete about the cable. When the concrete hardens,
the prestress cables are cut, with the tension force in
the cables now producing compressive stress in the
concrete pile.
• It is common to higher-strength
concrete (35 to 55 MPa) in prestressed piles because of
the large initial compressive stresses from
prestressing. Prestressing the piles, tend to counteract
any tension stresses during either handling or driving.
• Max length: 10 - 15 m for precast, 20 - 30 m for
prestressed

• Optimum length 10 - 12 m for precast. 18 - 25m

prestressed

• Loads for usual conditions 900 for precast. 8500 kN

for prestressed

• Optimum load range: 350 - 3500 kN

Advantages:

1. High load capacities, corrosion resistance

can be attained, hard driving possible

2. Cylinder piles in particular are suited for

bending resistance.

3. Cast in place concrete piles are formed by

drilling a hole in the ground & filling it with
concrete. The hole may be drilled or formed
by driving a shell or casing into the ground.
Disadvantages:
1.Concrete piles are considered permanent, however
certain soils (usually organic) contain materials that may
form acids that can damage the concrete.
2.Salt water may also adversely react with the concrete
unless special precautions are taken when the mix
proportions are designed. Additionally, concrete piles used
for marine structures may undergo abrasion from wave
action and floating debris in the water.
3.Difficult to handle unless prestressed, high initial cost,
considerable displacement, prestressed piles are difficult to
splice/sambat.
4.Alternate freezing thawing can cause concrete damage in
any exposed situation
Bored pile is another type of
reinforced concrete pile which
is used to support high
building which has heavy
vertical load.
Bored pile is a cast-in-place
concrete
Sometime referred to as
drilled piers, bored piles are
cast-in-place piles ranging
from 600mm to 6000mm in
diameter with depth that can
reach down to 100 meters.
PURPOSE
Bearing piles carry superimposed
loads, transferring them to the
ground as one of the following:

1. End-bearing. A column with the

point bearing on rock or firm
stratum.
2.Frictional. A column with
resistance between the pile and
soil into which it is driven. It
transmits the load to the lateral
soil. Frictional resistance is called
skin friction.
Bored Pile Advantages
The main advantages of bored piles over conventional footings
or other types of piles are:
1.Piles of variable lengths/panjang yang boleh ubah can be
extended through soft compressible or swelling soils, into
suitable bearing material.
2.Piles can be extended to depths below frost
penetration/penusukan di bawah fros, and seasonal
moisture variation.
3.Large excavations/pengorekan and subsequent backfill are
eliminated.
4.Adjacent soil /tanah bersebelahan is not disturbed or
remolded.
5.Absence of vibration will not disturb adjacent piles or
structures.
Bored Pile Advantages
6. Extremely high capacity caissons can be obtained by
expanding the base of the shaft up to three times the shaft
diameter, thus eliminating construction of caps over multiple
pile groups.
7.For many design situations bored piles offer higher
capacities with potentially better economics than driven
piles.

Bored piling is popular to be used in construction as a

foundation, especially for bridge work and tall buildings as well.
Bored piling work has to be done by specialist bored piling
contractor, normal piling contractor cannot execute these type
of work without experience and knowledge about bored piles.
Advantages and disadvantages of bored cast-in-situ piles
(after Tomlinson,1986)
Advantages:
1.Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground conditions
2.Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if necessary sampled
Or in situ tests made
3.Can be installed in very large diameters
4.End enlargements up to two or three diameters are possible in
clays
5.Material of pile is not dependent on handling oor driving
conditions
6.Can be installed in very long lengths
7.Can be installed without appreciable noise or vibration
8.Can be installed in conditions of very low head-room
9.No risk of ground heave
Advantages and disadvantages of bored cast-in-situ piles
(after Tomlinson,1986)
Disadvantages:
1.Susceptible to "waisting" or "necking/perleheran" in
"squeezing/himpitan" ground.
2.Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot be
subsequently inspected.
3.Water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft washing out
cement.
4.Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesionless materials.
5.Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in river
and marine structures.
6.Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils. Sinking piles
may cause loss of ground in cohesionless soils, leading to settlement
of adjacent structures.
There are several advantages that can be
obtained when using a type of pile
foundation, which is as follows:
1. Guaranteed because it is made of concrete
manufacturing
2. Foundation bearing capacity of soil can
reach the most hard
3. Bearing capacity not only from the end of
the pole/kutub, but also around the
appendage on the pole.
4. Pile bearing capacity/kapasiti cerucuk
galas on the use of a group or groups (single
pole load was arrested by two or more
columns) very strong
5. Relatively cheap price of the stake when
compared with the foundation sinks.
Besides its advantages, there are some deficiencies that
frequently encountered in the use of piles are as follows:

1.For areas that are within a small alley/lorong kecil,

workmanship difficult because of transport factors/faktor
pengangkutan

2. New usage in urban/bandar and surrounding areas/ kawasan

sekitar

3. When used outside urban areas/kawasan luar bandar, usually

the volume a bit so the price will be much more expensive.