SEMINAR ON

ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES

AND PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATION AND UNIONS-
SELF DEFENSE,
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING,AND
EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION

SUBMITTED TO , SUBMITTED BY ,
MRS.SHOBANAM.SC (N), MS.ESAKKIAMMAL,
PROFESSOR, M.SC (N) 1ST YEAR,
HOD OF MSN DEPT, AJKKSACON.
ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES AND
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION AND UNIONS –SELF
DEFENCE
INTRODUCTION:
A professional organization is created to deal with issues of concerns to those
practicing in the profession. North America the major professional nursing organizations
are the National League for Nursing (NLN) and American Nurses Association
(ANA).The ANA is part of the International Council of Nursing. These organizations
seek to improve the standards of practice, expand nursing roles and foster the welfare of
nurses within the speciality areas.
REGULATORY BODIES:
A regulatory body is an external organisation that has been empowered by
legislation to supervise and control the educational process and outputs its primary
purpose is to protect the public these are the authorised bodies to make rules and
regulation

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION:
It provides a mean through which your own professional development can be
channelized with authority because of their representative character.
It provides you an opportunity to express your viewpoints, develop your
leadership qualities and abilities and keep you well informed of professional trends and
news.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND UNIONS:
 International council of nurses
 American nurses association
 Indian nursing council
 State nursing council
 Trained nurses association of india
 Student nurses association
 World health organization
  Red cross
 UNICEF
 World bank

COMMON ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL AND REGULATORY

BODIES
Each National state regulatory body receive their authorities from legislation that
provides a vital role:
1.To ensure the public’s rights to Equality Healthcare services by:
 Sitting and enforcing Standards of nursing practice
 Monitoring and enforcing Standards for nursing education
 Monitoring and enforcing standards of nursing practice
 Setting requirements for registration of nursing professionals.

2.To support and assist professional members. According to Harvey and mason 1995,
professional and the regulatory bodies plays important three roles
 They are set up to safeguard the public interest. This is what gives them their
legitimacy
 Professional bodies also represent the interest of the professional practitioners and
here they act as a professional association or trade union (including legitimating
restrictive practices), or as a learned society contributing to continuous
professional development.
 the professional or regulatory bodies represents its own self-interest the
organisations act to maintain their own privileged and powerful position as a
controlling body . This is where control, legitimated by public interest becomes
confounded by control based on self interest.

FUNCTIONS OF REGULATORY BODIES :

 They are responsible for the licensing of nursing within their respective state.
 They ensure the members practice competently and ethically,
 These organisations are responsible, for serving and protecting the public by:
 Communicating new developments in professional practice
 Ensuring that their regulated professionals are qualified and follow clearly defined
  The organisations also act when it appears that one of the their regulated
professionals is practicing in a manner that is incompetent , unethical or impaired
by alcohol , drugs Oriya mental condition
 The organisations also make regular reports to the government. There should also
be guidelines for the employers of nurses regarding mandatory reporting
requirements. For example, termination of a nurse from employment requires the
employing agency to report this incident to the nursing regulatory body.
 These bodies these empowered to exercise a high degree of control and influence
over professional affairs.
 It has power to set the standards for education, practice and contract. Law creates
it.
 It also establishes the standards of maintaining registration, codes of contact for
practice and ethics also criteria for expanding the scope of professional practice
and thus ensures the public safety and protection.

ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSING

FUNCTION:
 To provide directors to fulfill the objectives of ICN
 To establish categories of membership and determine their rights and obligations
 To act upon recommendations of the board of directions relating to admission and
readmission of member associations into ICN
 To receive nominees for the board and to elect the board
 To act upon the recommendation of the board of directors for the amount of
NNA’s dues
 To act through mail or any written communication on ICN business that requires
immediate attention

ROLE OF AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

 Establish standards for nursing care
 Develop educational standards
 Promote nursing research
 Establish a code of ethics
 Overse acredentialing system
 Influence registration affecting health care
 Protect the economy and general welfare of registered nurses
  Assist with professional development of nurses by providing continuing education
programme

ROLE OF INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL

 To establish and monitor a uniform standard of nursing education for nurses
midwife, axillary nurse-midwives and health visitors by doing inspection of the
institution
 To recognize the qualifications under section 10( 2)(4) of the indian nursing
council act, 1947 for the purpose of registration and employment in india and
abroad
 To give approval for registration of indian and foreign nurses processing foreign
qualification under section 11 (2)a of indian nursing council act, 1947
 To prescribed the syllabus and regulation for nursing programs
 Power to withdraw the recognition of qualification under section 14 of the act in
case the institution fails to maintain its standards under section 14 (1) b that an
institution recognizeded by a state council for training of nurses, midwives,
axillary nurse midwives or health visitors does not satisfy the requirements of the
council
 To advise the state nursing council, examining boards, state governments and
central government in various important items regarding nursing education in
country.

Activities related to state nursing councils, school of nursing and examination

board
 Prescribing the syllabi
 Implementation of syllabi
 Inspections of examinations centers and school of nursing recognition of
qualification
 Maintanence of register nurses in India

Activities related to government of India

 Sanctioning of budget and grand in aid
 Collection of information from state nursing services and school of nursing having
special projects
Nursing educational institutions
 recognition of nursing education institution
 revision of syllabus of various nursing program
 development of various Diploma and certificate courses
 collaboration with WHO for various projects

ROLE OF STATE NURSING COUNCIL

THE PRESENT FUNCTION OF THE STATE NURSES REGISTRATION COUNCIL

 Recognize officially an inspects schools of in their states

 Conduct examinations
 Prescribe rules of conduct , take disciplinary actions
 Maintain registers of graduate nurse , nurses holding degrees in nursing ,
midwives revised axillary nurse midwives or multipurpose workers and health
visitors
 Inspect and accredit schools / training institutions of nursing in their state
 Issue license and ensure the maintence of standards as laid down by INC
 Qualification a General nursing certificates including senior and junior certificates
diploma or degree in nursing issued by any of the following authorities namely the
respective state Council appoint the examination boards and the universities
recognised by IMC general nursing certificates and also provide free certificates
diploma or degree in midwifery issued by any of the designated authorities
 Inspect and audit schools, training institutes of nursing in their state contact
 The examinations prescribe , rules of contact maintain registers of nurses
midwives and ANM and health visitors
 In the state issue licence registration certificate and to ensure the maintenance of
standards as laid down by IMC

ROLES OF TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

To establish standards and qualifications for nursing practice
 Upgrading development and standardization of nursing education
 Improvement of living and working condition for nurses in India
 Registration for qualified nurses
 It has promoted the development of courses higher education for nurses
 It gives scholarship for nurses who wish to go on for advanced study
 Helped to organize the state nurse and midwife registration council
  Helps to develop leadership ability
 Helps to share and solve professional problems
 Helped to remove discrimination against male nurse
 Helped to improve economic conditions for nurses
 The official organ of TNAI is the nursing journal of india which is published
monthly
 To initiate standards of nursing education
 To establish a code for ethical contact
 To promote legislation and speak for nurses in regard to legislative action
 To promote and protect the economic welfare of the nurses
 To provide professional counseling
 To represent nurses and to serve as their spokesman with allied national and
international agencies
 To serve as the official representative of tnai as a member of icn.

Activities:
 Report with Government of India
 Government resignation as service Association
 Setting of basic nursing curriculum
 Development of Higher Education conducting continuing education program
 Organizing biannually conferences
 Formation of nursing institution
 Help eliminate discriminate against male nurses
 Monthly publication of nursing journal of India
 Publication of nursing year book and other nursing books

Recent activities:
 Setting up of the Twin institution
 Central Institution of nursing research
 Elderly care home

ROLE OF STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

 Student Association exhibition
 Fundraising
 Special prices
  Annual meet for the student nurse activities of S N A organisation of meeting and
conferences
 Maintenance of diary
 Exhibition
 Public speaking and writing
 Project undertaking
 Propagation of nursing profession
 Fundraising , socio cultural and educational activities

Other activities
 This can be in the form of quiz on general knowledge and professional topics for
article
 Writing poetry writing smile competitions ect.. Hobbies such as sewing, stitching,
knitting should also be arranged

ROLE OF WHO:
 Prevention and control of specific diseases
 Development of comprehensive health services
 Family health
 Environmental health
 Health statistics
 Bio-medical research
 Health literature and information
 Co-operation with other organization

ROLE OF RED CROSS SOCIETY:

 Humanitarian services
 Armed forces services
 Services to the war veterans
 Disaster serevices
 First aid nursing
 Health education
 Maternity and child welfare services

ROLE OF UNICEF:
  Child health: focuses on health status mainly immunization
 Child nutrition
 Family and child welfare: day care centers home economic extension programs

ROLE OF WORLD BANK:

 World bank accompany with the WHO and giving fund for health related
activities.

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

INTRODUCTION:
The Concept Of Collective Bargaining Was Introduced Very Late In India, As
Trade Unions Were Formed Only In The 28 th Century The Concept Of Collective
Bargaining Attained Significance Only After 1962. The Term ‘Collective’ In Collective
Bargaining Is Used Because Both The Nurses And Management Come Together And Put
Collective A Effort To Establish Mutually Agreeable Terms And Conditions For Nurses.
The Phase Collective Bargaining Is Said To Be Coined By Sydney And Beatrice Webb;
And Great Britain I Said To Be The ‘Home Of Collective Bargaining’.
Bargaining Is The Process Of Cajoling, Debating, Discussing And Even
Threatening So As To Arrive At And Amicable Agreement For Those Being
Represented.
WHAT IS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
Collective bargaining involves a set of procedures by which employee
representatives and employer representatives negotiation to obtain a signed agreement
that describes condition of employment, especially wages, hours and benefits.
The national association of manufactures defined the process of collective
bargaining as a method by which management and labour may explores each others
problems and view points, and develop a framework of employment relations with in
which both may carry on their daily associations in a sprit of cooperative goodwill and
for the their mutual benefit.
Collective bargaining is the process of negotiating the terms of employment
between an employer and a group of workers. Usually conditions of employment,
working conditions and other workplace rules, salary structure, working hours, holidays,
sick leave, vacation time, retirement benefits and healthcare benefits etc are taken for the
negotiation.
Collective bargaining has been defined as the technique that has been adopted by
unions and management for compromising their conflicting interesting .
OBJECTIVES OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
The basic objectives of collective bargaining are,
 To arrive at an agreement on wages and their conditions of employment
 To maintain employee employer relation bilaterally
 To protect the interests of nurse employees through collective action
 To negotiate voluntarily, yielding some concessions and sacrifice by both parties
 To bargain from your position of strength without exploiting the weakness
 To resolve the difference between as employees and management through
negotiation
 To have a peaceful co-existence for the mutual benefits and progress.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND NURSING:
There are four major issues in nursing in regard with collective bargaining:
 Whether it is professional?
 Which organization/ associations represent nurses at the all bargaining table ?
 Weather to join union ?
 What is the role of administrator to the right to bargain collectively?
There are many reasons, the nurses start bargaining collectively: the working
conditions and safety, wages, salary, autonomy, staffing, benefits, cadre, promotions, etc.
Job dissatisfaction is also reported as a precursor to increased union activities.
Where as the common subject matters of collective bargaining in the government sectors
are: union recognition and scope of bargaining: management rights: union security:
strikes and lockouts: activities and responsibilities: wages, working conditions; job rights
and seniority; discipline, promotions; grievances handlings; health and safety etc.
This can be at the organizational level, local, state, and national level. In india,
nurses have the associations at the national, state and local level in service side as well as
teaching side.
The committees are also formulated to discuss the issues like cadre, staffing,
working conditions.
 In one of the study by bloom, 1980 on ‘collective bargaining by nurses: a
comparative analysis of management and employee perceptions’ reported that in
collective bargaining, the nurses’ definition of a situation might be quite different from
that of health services management:
Thus their reasons for striking and their assessment of the bargaining issues would
not be congruent with those of management.
Thus traditionally, wages and working conditions have been the primary focus of
collective bargaining. But in the recent times, the process of bargaining has been
extended to earn most all aspects of employee - employer relations, covering a large area.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING :

This following are the features of collective bargaining:
1.Collective : is a two way group process where the employers representative and
employees representatives sit together to negotiate terms of employment.
2.Strength: Both the parties in collective bargaining is strong and equal.
3.Voluntary: Both parties come to the negotiation table voluntarily in order to go in
particular negotiation. It is based on discussions mutual trust, and understanding.
4.Formal: It is a formal process in which a certain employment related issues are to be
regulated at national , organisational and workplace level.
5.Flexible: It is flexible and the continuous process and not fixed or static.
6.Improvement: It is method to improve the employer - employee relation in the
organization and resolve management and employees conflicts
7.Representation: Collective bargaining is between the representatives of employees and
management. The management does not directly deal with employees. It carries
negotiations with the representatives / executive of unions / association.
8.Dynamic: Collective bargaining is dynamic , that go on changing over a period and
grows and expand the way of agreement, the way of implementation and way of
discussion.
9.Continuous: Collective bargaining is continuous and begins with agreements, the
implementation of agreement and futher negotiations.
10.Bipartite process: Because of the employee and employers representatives negotiate
directly face to face across the table.
PROCESS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
The process of collective bargaining involves negotiation and discussion between
the management and union. It is a complex process involving number of procedures.
techniques and tools. The process compress of five main steps.
PREPARATION PHASE :
In this phase following activities are carried out:
 Selection of negotiation team it consists of representative of both the parties ,they
should have adequate knowledge and displays for negotiation. They must know
when to listen, when to speak, when to stand their ground, when to concede and
when to make counter proposal. Timing is important.
 Identification of problem.
 Examination of situation , and issues for negotiation
 Collection of data: Enough supporting data is kept ready initially time is spent
together relevant data related to issues.
DISCUSSION PHASE:
The following activities are carried out during discussion phase
 Deside An Appropriate Time And Set A Proper Climate For Negotiation.
 Decision On Ground Rules.
 Maintenance Of Mutual Trust And Understanding.
 Involve In Active Listening, Asking Questions, Observation And Summarising
Decisions.
 Collective Bargaining
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES OR PROPOSAL PHASE:
During this phase , there is:
 Initial opening of statements
 Possible alternatives / opinions to resolve the issues by both parties.
 Brainstorming
BARGAINING PHASE :
During bargaining phase, both parties involves in the following activities:
 Problem solving
 Proposals are set forth.
SETTLEMENT PHASE:
After the bargaining phase, settlement phase starts with
 Consensus agreement on common decision
 Negotiated change
FORMALIZING THE AGREEMENT :
 Drafting of agreements : after good faith bargaining , a formal document must
prepare. it should be simple , clear and concise.
 Signing the agreement: Both parties signed the agreement and abide by its terms
and conditions.

ENFORCING THE AGREEMENT :

 To have the agreement effective and meaning, it should be enforced or
implemented immediately.
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
MERITS
 It provides nurses the opportunity to have a voice regarding professional issues of
staffing and working practice as well as wages, benefits and working conditions.
 Promotes nurses democracy and their participation in management
 Helps in establishing harmonious relationship between nurses employees and
employers
 Emphasizes on the interests and benefits of both parties
 Eliminate unnecessary expenditures and avoid bitterness among nurses and their
employers.
DEMERITS
 The collective bargaining process may not be fair at all times
 The decision is often influenced by power and politics
 The immediate consequences of collective bargaining if not fulfilled is strike or
lock-out
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
According to Fosson JA , there are four types of collective bargaining:
Distributive, Intergrative or Cooperative, Productivity and Composite bargaining:
Distributive bargaining:
 o Economic issues like wages, salaries and bonusare discussed
o One party’s gain is another party’s losts
o More competitive
Integrative or cooperative bargaining:
o Both the parties may gain, or at least neither party losses
o It tends to be more cooperative
o Both the parties are trying to make more something
Productivity bargaining :
o Substantial benefits based on the productivity standards
o Management control over work place relations
Composite bargaining
o Wages with equity

ROLE OF TNAI IN BARGAINING AND POLICIES FOR STRIKE:

According to TNAI nurses Association of India , the association cannot be legally
appointed as a negotiating body at a local , state or National level. It is also well
documented that the nurses formed the service Association in various state and in many
places they also join paramedical workers and even 4 th class employees Unions , where
they lost their professional standing. keeping in mind the necessary to better conditions
for nurses and to maintain the dignity and standard of the nursing profession the
association framed following regulations:
to approach Union / state governments and other employing Agencies to form
Grievances Committees solve all local problems, personal or professional, wherever
possible.
to have a state level committee with a TNAI representative to act as arbitrator in
cases referred to by the local Grievances Committee
to encourage and assisted the state government services Association in recognition
negotiating bodies by the employees
the association would extend corporation and create opportunities for joint
activities and action and the terms and conditions where the state government nurses
organizations already exist
TNAI and its number will not support any strike controlled or voted by any Union,
organisation which indicates employees other then nurses
 The TNAI members may support is strike action where the Welfare of the
members of the profession as a whole, or the improvement of Nursing services to
community and the state government nurses association and State branch,TNAI agrees
under the following conditions:
 The grievance If Exist, be thoroughly investigated by the government nurses
association and send a report to the local or state TNAI executive.
 The State branch executive,e TNAI, should be satisfied with the report
 The association will legally approach the authority for correcting situation
 If no action is taken by the authorities despite all efforts the members of the
government nurses Association will be asked to vote for strike
 A strike notice should be given at least two months before the date of strike during
this period this efforts should be made to pursue the authorities and the public
should be informed through the media about the grievance of the nurses : the
consequences on the care of patients and the public; the efforts already made;
asuring the public to provide nursing care for all seriously ill patients and
emergency cases during the strike; and asking for support from the press and
public.
 Action plans to be used including rentering emergency nursing care during the
strike should be made jointly by the government association and tnai.
 Inform all members about the action plan and to act as a professional during the
strike.
 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION
MEANING
Educational preparation for nurses means preparing the nurses at universitylevel
and school of nursing, at hospital level and at community level.
WHY EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION IS NECESSARY FOR NURSES?
 Nursing is interpreted in different ways by different people. It is still
thought by many people that nursing is only taking care of sick person. It is
only helping doctor in treatment of the patients.
 No medical service is complete without nursing or without trained nurses.
 Nursing comprises of several responsibilities like dealing with patients of
medical illness , clients having surgeries , psychiatric or pediatric patents .
nursing also involves other duties like maintain patients , dispensing
medication , setting up the equipments of an operation theatre and many
other routine jobs.
GROWTH OF HEALTH INDUSTRY
The demands for nurses also increasing making a career in nursing , schools ,
colleges , hospitals community health centres need trained and qualified nurses.
Statistics of nurses (source Indian nursing council)
India is short of 1.94 million nurses ,according to an indiaspend analysis of data
from the Indian nursing council and the world health organization. International nurses
day is observed on may 12 every year , and the acute shortages of nurses- attributable to
low recruitment , migration , attrition and drop outs due to poor working conditions – has
experts worried.
There was a shortage of 2.5 million nurses in india in 2010, according to this
WHO bulletin. In the same year , india had 1.23 million registered nurses and registered
midwives , according to INC data.
 As of 2014 , there was 1.79 millions registered nurses / midwives and 7,86,796
auxiliary nurse midwives in india, according to INC data.
On average, india’s nurse –to- population ratio is 1:475.14, including registered
nurses and midwives and lady health visitors , according to NHP 2016 . the WHO
recommends a nurse –to – ratio 1:500
In the public health system , the government has a norm of one nurse per primary
health centre and seven per community health center , by those standards , rural india is
short of more than 13,000 nurses , according to data from the rural health ststistics 2016.
There has been a 130 percent rise in the number of sanctioned posts for nurses in
rural public health centers – from 34,061 in 2005 to 78,530 in 2016. During the same
period , the shortage fell from 13,352 to 13,115 nurses. Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarkhand had the maximum proportion of vacancies based on required numbers , at
64.2 percent , 50.5 percent , respectively.
Fewer takers for nursing college seats
Admissions to nursing colleges have come down by nearly half across the country.
Half of south Indian nursing colleges are in the process of shutting down, devi shetty, a
padma Bhushan awarded cardiac surgeon, wrote in the economic times on September 19 ,
2015.
The curricula in nursing colleges is often better suited to the developed countries
rather than in resource – poor settings in nurses ‘ home countries, the WHO bulletin
pointed out.
There are 2,958 institutions for general nurse midwives with an admission
capacity of 1,18,406 students, 1,9221 institutions for auxillary nurse midwives with an
admission capacity of 54,859, according to data from the national health profile 206.
“The nursing profession is given low social status (in India) because of the
prevelalent religious and societal traditions”, this 2011 paper argued. “Nursing work
involves rendering services on a personal level to the patient and has chances of being
exposed to bodily fluids and contaminations”.
“Going by current trend , around half of private hospitals and most of government
hospitals in the country will have to close doen in the next five years because of an acute
shortage of nurses”, mr.Roy warned.
Criteria for selection in nursing
Candidates , who wish to apply for nursing courses, should pass physics and
chemistry and biology as main subjects.
MAJOR COURSES IN NURSING
The major courses their duration and their eligibility requirements are:

Name of course Duration Eligibility

ANM health worker 18 months 10th std
GNM 3.5 years 12th biology , physics &
chemistry
B.SC nursing 4 years 12th biology , physics &
chemistry

Auxillary Nurse Midwives Programme

It is a nursing programme with the duration of 18 months . it was first started at
S.Mary’s hospital taren in Punjab in 1951. Initially, very few training centers undertook
to give this course, but the financial aid given by the Govt. of India under the scheme for
preparing personnel for primary health centers gave a great impetus to the training
programme.
General nursing midwifery programme
The Indian nursing council at its meeting in 1950 came out with some important
decision related to the future pattern of nursing in India. One the important decisions was
that there should be only two standards of training of nursing and midwifery . so, the
general Nursing and midwifery course was started.
Basic B.SC nursing
It is the nursing programme at university level. It wsa first started in 1948 in
Rajkumari Amrit college of nursing, new Delhi. Similar course in B.SC. nursing was
started by other universities also. After the completion of these major courses, there are
other certificate course and master degrees in Nursing and Doctorate in Nursing.
Name of course Duration Eligibility
Post basic b.sc nursing 2 years Diploma in nursing + 1 year
experience
M.SC Nursing 2 years BSC + 1 year experience
M.Phil in Nursing 2 years in part time and 1 ½ MSC nursing
year in regular
Ph.D in Nursing 3 years in part time and 2 After MSC Nursing , after
years in regular M.Phil nursing
Post basic post certificate BSc nursing
The need for higher training for certificate nurses was stressed by Mudaliar
committee , and the two years post basic and certificates B.Sc. degree program after
GNM was started in 1962.
Post graduation education
Two years formal course in master of nursing program was started in 1959 in
Rajkumar amrit kaur College of Nursing and one can choose speciality according to his
or her choice.
M Phil nursing program
M Phil nursing program was first starter in Rajkumari nursing on October 15,
1986. This is the program for 1 and half year for regular candidates and 2 years of part
time candidates
PhD programme
Ph.D program was started in few colleges like College of Nursing PGI College of
Nursing CMC Vellore , RAK College of Nursing, Delhi. It is a 3 Years program after
MSc nursing and 2 Year program after MPhil in nursing.
CONCLUTION:
Professional bodies and the regularory bodies are the organizations they are
dealing the rules of their particular ares. Their role is important in the health care
activities and educational development.collective bargaining is also one of the important
area in the nursing field , it focus the benefits.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Potter and perry. ‘Fundamental of nursing’ 6 th edition , volume 1 , Elsevier
publication.
2. K.Park , ‘Preventive and social medicine’ 22nd edition , Banarsidas bhanot
publisher .
3. Jogindra vati , ‘principles and practice of nursing management and
administration for Bsc and Msc nursing’ Jaypee publication
4. https: / /journals.Jww.com