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Lesson 3 - Chemical Reaction and Equation

1) A chemical equation describes a chemical change by showing the reactants on the left and products on the right. 2) For a chemical equation to be balanced, the number and type of atoms going into the reaction must equal the number and type of atoms coming out of the reaction, in accordance with the law of conservation of mass. 3) Chemical equations can be balanced by adjusting the coefficients, which are numbers placed in front of chemical formulas, but subscripts cannot be changed to balance an equation.

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Joanna Ruth Sepro
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295 views

Lesson 3 - Chemical Reaction and Equation

1) A chemical equation describes a chemical change by showing the reactants on the left and products on the right. 2) For a chemical equation to be balanced, the number and type of atoms going into the reaction must equal the number and type of atoms coming out of the reaction, in accordance with the law of conservation of mass. 3) Chemical equations can be balanced by adjusting the coefficients, which are numbers placed in front of chemical formulas, but subscripts cannot be changed to balance an equation.

Uploaded by

Joanna Ruth Sepro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemical Reaction

and Equation
{ Balancing Chemical Equations
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW THESE?
Which of the following involves a chemical
reaction?
1. Freezing of water to ice
2. Combustion of fuel in motorcycle
3. Smashing of coal
4. Digestion of food
5. Rusting of iron
6. Gasoline burning
7. Shredding paper
Describing a Chemical Reaction

Indications of a Chemical
Reaction

 Evolution of heat, light, and/or


sound
 Production of a gas

 Formation of a precipitate

 Color change
Chemical Reactions

Chemical change = Chemical reaction

Substance(s) is used up (disappear)

New substance(s) is formed.


Different physical and chemical properties.
• A certain amount of energy is needed to break the chemical
bond between a carbon and a hydrogen atom. It takes a
different amount of energy to break the bond between a
carbon and an oxygen atom. Every chemical bond has its
own unique bond energy.

• It takes energy to break bonds. However, energy is released


as chemical bonds are formed.

• The starting chemicals in a reaction are called the reactants.


The final products of a chemical reaction are called
products. On the reactant side of the chemical equation,
bonds are broken.

• On the product side of the reaction, bonds are formed.


Energy is needed to break the bonds of the reactants.
Energy is released as the new bonds are formed in the
products.

ENERGY & CHEMICAL REACTIONS


PRODUCTS AND REACTANTS

Two kinds of substances:

1. The substances present before the change.

2. The substances formed by the change.

Reactants –present at the beginning of the reaction

Products –are the substances formed by the chemical


reaction
Signs of Chemical Reactions
There are five main signs that indicate a chemical reaction has taken place:

release
input
change in color change in odor production of new input or release difficult to reverse
gases or vapor of energy
Chemical Reactions
COLLISION THEORY

• States that for reactants to


transform into products,
there should be effective
collision among the
reactant particles
• Effective collisions
between molecules, which
result in the formation of
products, only occur when
the two conditions are met:
• activation energy
• proper orientation of
molecules
SVANTE ARRHENIUS

suggested that particles must possess a certain


minimum amount of kinetic energy in order to react
ACTIVATION ENERGY

• All reactions require energy to start the


breaking of bonds. This energy is called
activation energy.
• Activation energy is the minimum amount of
energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
• Different reactions have different activation
energies.
ENERGY INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL RXNS

ENDOTHERMIC EXOTHERMIC
• requires the addition • reactions that
of heat from its produce heat
surroundings • Energy released
• Energy absorbed

Ex: photosynthesis, Ex. Combustion of


cooking of egg, cold fuels, or heat
packs packs
Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products aluminum oxide

and their relative amounts in a reaction.

reactants product
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the


physical states of compounds.

The numbers in the front are called


stoichiometric coefficients.
Additional Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
“Yields”; indicates result of reaction

Used to indicate a reversible reaction

(s)
A reactant or product in the solid state;
also used to indicate a precipitate

Alternative to (s), but used only to indicate a precipitate

(l) A reactant or product in the liquid state

A reactant or product in an aqueous solution


(aq)
(dissolved in water)

(g) A reactant or product in the gaseous state

The delta sign above the arrow indicates that heat is supplied
to the reaction
Chemical Reactions

A+B→C+D
Reactants Products

Chemical Equation
Chemical Reactions

Products contain the same atoms as reactants.

Rearrangement of atoms
Types of Chemical Rxns
1. Combination /Synthesis Reaction

Direct combination reaction (Synthesis)

2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl

Na Cl
→
Cl
Na

General form: A + B → AB
element or element or compound
compound compound
Synthesis Reaction
Direct combination reaction (Synthesis)

2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl

Na Cl Na+ Cl -

Cl Cl - Na+
Na

General form: A + B → AB
element or element or compound
compound compound
Formation of a solid: AgCl

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → KNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s)


2. Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition reaction
2 H2 O 2 H2 + O2

H
O
H
+
H
O

General form: AB A + B
compound two or more elements
or compounds
3. Single Replacement (Substitution)
4. Double-Replacement (Metathesis)
5. Combustion
Oxygen combines with a compound
to form carbon dioxide and water.
Type of chemical reactions

1. A + B → AB Synthesis reaction (combination)

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

2. AB → A + B Decomposition

2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2

3. A + BC → AC + B Single replacement reaction

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

4. AB + CD → AD + CB Double replacement reaction

NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl


Type of chemical reactions

5. AB + xO2 → yCO2 + zH2O + Heat (Energy) Combustion

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O + Heat


Chemical Equations
aluminum oxide
sandpaper
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

4 g Al + 3 g O2 yield 2 g Al2O3

This equation means:

4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules yield 2 molecules of Al2O3

or

4 Al moles + 3 O2 moles yield 2 moles of Al2O3

4 mol Al@27g/mol 3 mol O2@32g/mol 2 mol Al2O3@102g/mol


108 g + 96 g = 204 g
Balancing Chemical
Equations
What is a chemical equation?
 Chemical equation - Describes a chemical
change.
 Parts of an equation:

Reactant Product

2Ag + H2S Ag2S + H2

Reaction symbol
Reactants and Products
 Reactant - The chemical(s) you start with before the
reaction.
 Written on left side of equation.

 Product - The new chemical(s) formed by the reaction.


 Right side of equation.
Subscripts and Coefficients
 Subscript - shows how many atoms of an element are in a
molecule.
 EX: H2O
 2 atoms of hydrogen (H)
 1 atom of oxygen (O)
 Coefficient - shows how many molecules there are of a
particular chemical.
 EX: 3 H2O
 Means there are 3 water molecules.
A Chemical Reaction
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither

created nor destroyed.
 In other words, the number and type of
atoms going INTO a rxn must be the
same as the number and type of atoms
coming OUT.
If an equation obeys the Law of

Conservation, it is balanced.
Unbalanced and Balanced Equations

Cl Cl
H H
Cl H
Cl Cl Cl
H
Cl
H
H

H2 + Cl2 → HCl (unbalanced) H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl (balanced)


reactants products reactants products

H 2 1 H 2 2
Cl 2 1 Cl 2 2
An Unbalanced Equation
 CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Reactant Side Product Side

1 carbon atom 1 carbon atom


4 hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms
2 oxygen atoms 3 oxygen atoms
A Balanced Equation
⚫ CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Reactant Side Product Side

1 carbon atom 1 carbon atom


4 hydrogen atoms 4 hydrogen atoms
4 oxygen atoms 4 oxygen atoms
Rules of the Game
1. Matter cannot be created or destroyed.
2. Subscripts cannot be added, removed, or changed.
3. You can only change coefficients.
4. Coefficients can only go in front of chem.
formulas...NEVER in the middle of a formula.

 A few extra tips:


 Try balancing big formulas first; save free elements for last.
 If the same polyatomic ion appears on both sides of the equation,
it’s usually okay to treat it as one unit.
 There is no one particular way to balance equations. Some
equations are harder to balance than others and might require
some creativity to solve.
Balancing Equations
 Balance the following equation by adjusting coefficients.

N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3

reactants products

N 2 21
H 6
2 63
Balancing Equations
 Balance the following equation by adjusting coefficients.

2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
reactants products

1 K 12
2
1 Cl 2
2 1
3 O 2
6 6
Balance the following equation:

2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O


Balance the following equation:

4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
Balance a chemical equation

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

2 2C3H8(g) + 10O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)

3 3C3H8(g) + 15O2(g) → 9CO2(g) + 12H2O(g)

Lowest set of numbers


Examples for Balancing

• “Solid potassium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas and potassium
hydroxide dissolved in solution.”

• Write and balance the chemical equation for this reaction.

1K(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 1KOH(aq) +1H2


2 2
Practice Problems

1. Zn + NaOH → H2 + Na2ZnO2
2. Br2 + KI → KBr + I2
3. AgCl → Ag + Cl2

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