Choke Sizing: Single Phase Flow
Choke Sizing: Single Phase Flow
Sizing
Home > Theory and Equations > Choke Sizing > SinglePhaseFlow > Gas Mass Flow
Choke Sizing
SinglePhase Flow
Gas Mass Flow
The relationship which describes the mass flow of a singlephase gas through a choke can be
generically written as:
where
With the gas density at standard conditions, the gas mass flowrate is readily converted into a daily
standard volumetric flowrate.
This equation applies only at the critical pressure ratio, . The critical pressure ratio can be
calculated from
Liquid Mass Flow
Singlephase liquids flowing through a restriction almost never reach the critical velocity, which is
many times that for singlephase gas. The flowrate can be related to the pressure drop across the
restriction with the following relationship:
where
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The choke flow coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number in the choke throat and so the
solution is necessarily iterative, but convergence is quite rapid.
RawlinsSchellhardt
Rawlins and Schellhardt give us a form of the equation for gas flow through chokes under critical
flow conditions which is dependent only on the upstream pressure. Rawlins and Schellhardt based
their equation on ideal gas at a standard pressure of 14.4 psia. Correction for nonideality and for a
standard pressure other than 14.4 psia is included in the following equation:
where
Szilas
Szilas gives us an alternate form of the gas mass flow equation and with constants and conversion
factors for field units, as:
where
This equation applies both at and above the critical pressure ratio, .
Multiphase Flow
AshfordPierce
Ashford and Pierce developed a correlation specifically describing multiphase flow through safety
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valves and tested it against field data. Their correlation has the form:
with
and where
This relationship applies both at and above the critical pressure ratio, .
Ashford and Pierce further define the critical pressure ratio, , as
where
As this is implicit in , it must be solved iteratively.
The AshfordPierce relationship cannot directly be applied here because oil may or may not be one
of the flowing phases. However, their relationship for the fluid velocity downstream of the choke
gives rise to an alternative approach which is amenable to solution with gas plus one or more liquid
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phases present:
where
Assuming critical flow in the choke throat, the downstream pressure and fluid velocity can be
calculated, and with the latter plus the produced fluid ratios, the mass flowrate of each phase is
obtainable.
Achong
Achong updated Gilbert’s relationship on the basis of data from oil wells in the Lake Maracaibo field
of Venezuela. The rate of multiphase flow through a choke and the upstream pressure are,
according to Achong, correlated by the following relationship:
where
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
q1 = liquid flowrate, bbl/d
Rp = producing gasliquid ratio, scf/bbl
Dc = choke diameter, 64ths of an inch
Baxendell
Baxendell’s correlation linking the rate of multiphase flow through a choke and the upstream
pressure – and fundamentally an update of the Gilbert correlation – is:
where
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
q1 = liquid flowrate, bbl/d
Rp = producing gasliquid ratio, scf/bbl
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Dc = choke diameter, 64ths of an inch
Gilbert
Gilbert developed a generalized correlation based on data from flowing oil wells in the Ten Section
field of California. The rate of multiphase flow through a choke and the upstream pressure can be
correlated, according to Gilbert, by the following relationship:
where
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
q1 = liquid flowrate, bbl/d
Rp = producing gasliquid ratio, scf/bbl
Dc = choke diameter, 64ths of an inch
Omana et al.
Omana et al. carried out field experiments in the Tiger Lagoon field of Louisiana with natural gas and
water flowing through restrictions. Carrying out a dimensional analysis, Omana derived the following
correlation:
with
and where
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Reliable use of Omana’s correlation is limited to an upstream pressure range of 400 – 1000 psig,
800 bbl/d maximum liquid flowrate, and choke sizes from 4/64" to 14/64". It should be applicable for
both bottomhole and surface chokes.
Ros
The rate of multiphase flow through a choke and the upstream pressure are, according to Ros on the
basis of Gilbert’s and other prior work, correlated by the following relationship:
where
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
q1 = liquid flowrate, bbl/d
Rp = producing gasliquid ratio, scf/bbl
Dc = choke diameter, 64ths of an inch
References
Achong, I., "Revised Bean Performance Formula for Lake Maracaibo Wells", internal co. report, Shell Oil
Co., Houston, TX, Oct 1961
Ashford, F.E. and Pierce, P.E., "Determining Multiphase Pressure Drops and Flow Capacities in Down
Hole Safety Valves", SPE Paper No. 5161, J. Pet. Tech., Sep 1975, 1145
Baxendell, P.B., "Bean Performance – Lake Maracaibo Wells", internal co. report, Shell Oil Co.,
Houston, TX, Oct 1967
Gilbert, W.E., "Flowing and GasLift Well Performance", Drill. & Prod. Practice, 1954, 126
Omana, R., Houssiere, C. Jr., Brown, K.E., Brill, J.P., and Thompson, R.E., "Multiphase Flow Through
Chokes", SPE Paper No. 2682, paper presented at Annual Fall Meeting of the SPE of AIME, Denver,
CO, Sep 28 – Oct 1, 1969
Ros, N.C.J., "An Analysis of Critical Simultaneous GasLiquid Flow Through a Restriction and Its
Application to Flowmetering", Appl. Sci. Res. (9), 1960, 374
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