WEST PRIME HORIZON INSTITUTE, INC.

V. Sagun cor. M. Roxas St.

San Francisco Dist., Pagadian City

PLANT PARTS AND ITS

FUNCTION

Module 1 for College

Name of Student

Today, start where you are.

Use what you have and always do your best.
What you plant now, you will harvest later.
 Lesson 6: PLANT PARTS AND ITS FUNCTION
Main Topics:
Introduction
Different types of roots
Types of stem
Major parts of flowers
The Fruits

LD Lesson Discussion

A plant has different parts. The main parts are the roots, stem and the leaves. Each part has a
vital role in the life of a plant. The root absorbs water and different nutrients in the ground. The
roots also establish the plant as foundation. The stem carries the water and different nutrients
from the ground to the leaves. It also supports the foundation.

THE ROOTS

The main functions of the root system are absorption of water and minerals from the soil,
providing a proper anchorage to the plant parts, storing reserve food material and synthesis of
plant growth regulators.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROOTS

1. Taproot System

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation
of primary root which grows inside the soil. It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred
to as secondary, tertiary, and so on. The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root
system.

2. Fibrous roots

In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots.
These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system.

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 3. Adventitious roots

In some plants, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle and are called adventitious
roots.

4. Prop roots

Hanging structures that support a banyan tree are called prop roots.

5. Stilt roots

Similarly, the stems of maize and sugarcane have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes of the
stem. These are called stilt roots.

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 6. Pneumatophores

In some plants such as Rhizophora growing in swampy areas, many roots come out of the ground and
grow vertically upwards. Such roots, called pneumatophores, help to get oxygen for respiration.

THE STEM
The stem of a plant is one of two structural parts of a vascular plant (a plant that has tissues for moving
water and nutrients), the other being the root. The stem is the part above ground which provides
support for leaves and buds. It's like the major highway of a plant, and it's vital for plant life.

The region of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes while internodes are the portions
between two nodes. Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and of
vegetative propagation.

TYPES OF STEM:

1. Bulb – short, erect underground stem

2. Culm – flowering stem of grasses and sedges
3. Offset – like runner originates from leaf axil as a short and thickened branch away from the
mother plant.
4. Rhizome – horizontal underground stem
5. Runner or stolon – indeterminate aboveground stem with internodes and new plantlet and tip
6. Sucker – shoot arising below the ground from old stem
7. Tendril – slender coiling branch for climbing
8. Tiller – shoot produced from the base of the stem or culm
9. Tuber – thick storage underground stem
10. Corm – enlarged solid fleshy base

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 Stem Tendrils

Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb
such as in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines.

Axillary buds of stems may also get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns. They
protect plants from browsing animals.

Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical
(Euphorbia) structures. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.

THE LEAF
- Food manufacture
- Exchange gases
- Evaporate of water

Leaf is a flattened structure of a higher plant, typically green and bladelike, that is attached to a stem
directly or via a stalk. Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration.

Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems. Leaf develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil. The
axillary bud later develops into a branch.

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THREE (3) MAIN PARTS OF LEAF:
1. Leaf Base – part attached to the stem
2. Petiole - The petiole help hold the blade to light. Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to
flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to leaf surface.
3. Lamina - The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and
veinlets. There is, usually, a middle prominent vein, which is known as the midrib. Veins provide
rigidity to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials.

TRANSPIRATION:

Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil. Not all the water absorbed is utilized by the
plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of
transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull (the same that you produce
when you suck water through a straw) which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees.
Transpiration also cools the plant.

THE FLOWER
- Reproductive structure of flowering plants
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction.
Androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs. When a flower has both androecium and
gynoecium, it is bisexual. A flower having either only stamens or only carpels is unisexual.
Aestivation: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other
members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.

Complete flower – has all four parts of the flower (sepals, petals, pistil, and stamen)
Incomplete flower – a flower lacking sepals, petals, pistil or stamen.

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MAJOR PARTS OF FLOWERS:

1. Calyx – lowermost whorl of modified leaves, also known as sepals

2. Corolla – whorl of petals above the sepals
3. Gynoecium or pistil – group of carpels in the center or at the top of the flower
4. Gynophore – stipe of a pistil or carpel
5. Pedicel – stalk of a flower
6. Perianth – combined calyx and corolla
7. Petal – unit of corolla
8. Sepal – a unit of calyx
9. Stamen – male sporophyll within the flower

THE FRUIT
The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed
after fertilization. If a fruit is formed without fertilization of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpy fruit.
The ovules after fertilization, develop into seeds.

Transport of Water and minerals in plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root
hair. The root hair increases the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral
nutrients dissolved in water. The root hair is in contact with the water present between the soil
particles.

Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil. The vessels are
made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue for the transport of water
and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem. The xylem forms a continuous network of channels
that connects roots to the leaves through the stem and branches and thus transport water to
the entire plant leaves synthesize food. The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant.
This is done by the vascular tissue called the phloem. Thus, xylem and phloem transport
substances in plants.

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-Jay
Lesson 6: Evaluation.

Name: Course & Year: Block:

Instructor: Subject:
Date of Submission: February 20, 2020

Directions: Draw a plant that composed of the different parts (from roots up to the fruits) which are
stated from the lesson. The output will be assessed and graded based from the given rubrics below.
(Long bond Paper)

RUBRICS FOR DRAWING

CATEGORY 5 4 3 2

Neatness and Exceptionally Neat and Lines are neatly Appears messy
Attractiveness well designed, relatively drawn but the and “thrown
neat and attractive. drawing appears together” in a
attractiveness. quite plain. hurry.

Accuracy of All drawings are Most drawings Some drawings Few drawings
Drawings done correctly are done are done are done
and are easy to correctly and correctly and correctly and are
see. are easy to see. are easy to see. easy to see.

Labeling of Each drawing Most drawings Some drawings Few drawings

Names has a clear, neat have a clear, have a clear, have a clear,
label that neat label that neat label that neat label that
describes it. describes it. describes it. describes it.

Test I. Identification Direction: Write the answer of the space provided before the number.

___________1) It is a lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at the node. These are green in
color to perform the function of photosynthesis.

___________2) It is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

___________3) It is the vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant.

___________4) Food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by the vascular tissue
called _______.

___________5 Water comes out of leaves in the form of vapor by a process called __________.

___________6) It is a part of the flower that combined calyx and corolla.

___________7.) The _______ is the part above ground which provides support for leaves and buds.

___________8.) The arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of
the same whorl is known as _________.

___________9.) A middle prominent vein, which is known as the _______.

___________10.) It is a mature, or ripened ovary.

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-Jay
Test II. Essay

1. What is the importance of stomata in plants? (5pts)

Sources: Learning modules in Agri-Fishery ArtS. PDF

: Green Empire Reviewer Books

***Disclaimer*** Most of the images and graphic illustrations taken from the online resources are
owned by the original makers and are used solely as support materials for academic purposes.

9|Page Good Luck!

-Jay