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Lecture1.1. Basic definitions of matrices

Basic definitions of matrices

1.1.1 Matrix
A n x m matrix is a rectangular array arranged in n-rows and m-columns

 a11 a12 a13 . . a1m 

a a2 m 
 21 a22 a23 . .
A = a31 a32 a33 . . a3m 
 
 . . . . . . 
an 1 an 2 an 3 . . anm 
aij is an element in ith row anf jth column.
Dimension of matrix.
The numbers of rows and ciolumns ofa matrix are called dimensions.

Examples.
A 2 x 3 matrix is rectangular array of objects, written in 2-rows and
3- columns. These objects can be numbers or functions.

2 1 0
A   is 2 x 3 matrix,
 5 2 x
with a11  2, a12  1, a13  0, a 21  5, a 22  2 and a 32  x

 3 2 4
B=  5 9 8  is 3 x 3 matrix
-1 0 4 

C= 3 is 1 x 1 matrix

In a matrix information can be shown more clearly and in compact form.

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Example.1.

Distances between major four cities of Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia Riyadh, Makkah, Medina and Jeddah can be shown in
following 4 x 4 matrix

Riyadh Makkah Madina Jeddah

Riyadh 0 794 718 847
Makkah 794 0 337 67
Madina 718 337 0 327
Jeddah 847 67 327 0

Example.2. Production of the plant in First week is shown in 3 x 4 matrix

Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 4

Pepsi 5000 5400 3000 1000
7Up 4000 3200 2000 500
Marinda 1000 3400 1000 600

1. Size of a Matrix: If a matrix A has n rows and m columns,

then we say A is “ n by m matrix” and we write it as “ n x m”

Examples:

0 1 2 
2 0 
(i)   is 2 x 2 matrix (ii) 9 7 4 is 3x3 matrix
3 1 3 5 1 
 1 x x2 ex 
 
(iii)  x  1 2 0 2 x  is 3x4 matrix (3 rows x 4 columns )
 0 0 5 x 


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2. Square Matrix: If n = m that is number rows and columns are equal, then the
matrix is square matrix.

1 2
A=   , 2x2 is a square matrix
3 4
If number of rows and columns are not equal ( n ≠ m ) then matrix is called Rectangular
matrix.

2 3 1 0
B   3 1 0 7  is 3x 4 matrix
1 1 1 5 
3. Row Matrix: Matrix with only one row and can contain any number of columns

B = 1 2 4 3, 1 x 4 is a row matrix

4. Column Matrix: Matrix with only one column and can contain any number of rows

1 
2
C =   , 4x1 is a column matrix
3
 
4

5. Zero Matrix: A zero matrix is a matrix of nay order whose all entries are zero.
0 0 
O=   , is a zero matrix.
0 0 

6. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix with all its non- diagonal entries are zero.

1 0 0
Examples. A  0 2 0
0 0 1
 2 0 
B 
 0 3

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7. Unit Matrix: A diagonal matrix with all diagonal entries are one ‘1’

1 0 0
I  0 1 0
0 0 1

Lecture 1.2: Linear Equation and Different Forms

1.2.1 Linear Equation

An equation of straight line passing through origin is described as

y= mx .1

in which variable y is expressed in terms of x and the constant m , is called

Linear Equation.

Note: In Linear Equation exponents ( Power ) of the variable is always ‘ one’.

Example:3
2x  3y  5, x  y  2 are linear equations in two variables x
and y and are known as equations of line.

Example:4
2x  3y  4z  5, x  y  2z  2
are linear equations in three variables x, y and z and are known as equations of
plane.

1.2.2 Linear Equation in n variables:

a1x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  ....  an xn  b .2

where x1, x2 , x3 ,..., xn are variables and

a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,...,a n and b are constants are also called coefficients.

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1.2.3 Linear System:

A linear system of m linear equations and n unknowns can be written as

a11x1  a12 x 2  a13 x 3  ....  a1n x n  b1

a 21x1  a 22 x 2  a 23 x 3  ....  a 2n x n  b 2
a 31x1  a 32 x 2  a 33 x 3  ....  a 3n x n  b3
....................................................... .3
.......................................................
........................................................
a m1x1  a m2 x 2  a m3 x 3  ....  a mn x n  b m

where x1, x2 , x3 ,..., xn are variables or unknowns and a’s and b’s
are constants.

Example.1. A linear system of 4 linear equations and 3 unknowns is

2x  3 y  4z  5
x  2y  z  2
3x  7 y  3z  3
x  3 y  4z  2

Example.2. A linear system of 3 linear equations and 3 unknowns is

x  3 y  4z  0
2
x  y  z  2
3
3x  y  3z  3

Different Ways of writing System of Linear Equations

1.2.4 Equation Form

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System of linear equations:

a11x1  a12 x2  a13x31  b1

a21x1  a22 x2  a23x31  b2
a31x1  a32 x2  a33x31  b3

1.2.5 Matrix Form

can be written in the form of matrices product

 a11 a12 a13   x1   b1 

a    
 21 a22 a23   x2   b2 
a31 a32 a33   x3  b3 

1.2.6 Matrix Equation Form

or we may write it in the form AX=b,

 a11 a12 a13   x1   b1 

where A= a  ,X= x  , b = b2 
 21 a22 a23   2  
 a31 a32 a33   x3  b3 

1.2.7 Augmented matrix Form

 a11 a12 a13 b1 
Augmented matrix is A : b  a21 a22 a23 b2 

a31 a32 a33 b3 

Example:3. Write the matrix and augmented form of the system of linear equations
3x – y + 6z = 6
x+y+ z=2
2x + y +4z = 3
Solution:
1. Matrix form of the system is
 3 1 6   x  6 
1 1 1   y    2  AX  B
    
 2 1 4   z   3

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 3  1 6 6
2. Augmented form is A : b  1 1 1 2  .
2 1 4 3

Lecture 1.3 Solution of System of Linear Equations

1.3.1 Solution:

a11x1  a12 x2  a13x3  ....  a1n xn  b1

a21x1  a22 x2  a23x3  ....  a2 n xn  b2
a31x1  a32 x2  a33x3  ....  a3n xn  b3
....................................................... .3
.......................................................
........................................................
am1 x1  am 2 x2  am 3 x3  ....  amn xn  bm

Solution of the linear system (3) is a sequence of n numbers

s1 , s2 , s3 ,..., sn , which satisfies system (3) when we substitute
x1  s1, x2  s2 , x3  s3 ,..., xn  sn .
1.3.2 Solutions of the system of Linear Equations.
1. The system has exactly one solution, unique solution. System is
consistent.
2. The system has an infinite many solutions. System is consistent
3. The system has no solution. System is inconsistent

Example.1. Only one solution

Solve the system of equations

x - 3y   3 E1
2x  y  8 E2
Solution: Eliminating x from both equations, we subtract twice E1 from E2
-2E1 + E2 

 2x  6 y  6
2x  y  8
______________
+7y = 14  y=2

From Eq. 1

x = -3 +3y
x = -3 + 6 = 3

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Solution is x = 3 and y = 2 . System is consistent

Check Substitute the solution in Equations 1 and 2

Equation 1  3 – 3(2) = 3 – 6 = -3
Equation 2  2(3) +2 = 6 + 2 = 8 .

Example.2. No solution
Solve the system of equations

x - 3y   7 1
2x - 6 y  7 2
Solution:
2E1 - E2 

2x - 6 y  - 7
 2 x  6 y  - 14
_____________________
0 + 0 = -21
This makes no sense as 0  -21, hence there is no solution. System is inconsistent

NOTE: Consistent, the system of equations is consistent if the system has at

least one solution.
Inconsistent, the system of equations is inconsistent, if the system has
no solution.

Example: Inconsistent and consistent system of equations

For the system of linear equations which is represented by straight lines:

a1 x - b1 y  c1  l1
a2 x - b 2 y  c2  l2

There are three possibilities:

No solution one solution infinite many

[inconsistent] [consistent] [consistent]
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Note:1. A system will have unique solution (only one solution) when number of unknowns
is equal to number of equations.

Note:2. A system is over determined, if there are more equations then unknowns and it
will be mostly inconsistent.

Note:3. A system is under determined if there are less equations then unknowns and it may
turn inconsistent.

Example.3. Consider the system of linear equations

x  2y  2 E1
2x  4y  4 E2
Solution. Adding multiple E1 by –2 to E2

- 2x  4y  4 E1
2x  4y  4 E2
_______________________
00  x  2y  2
x  2 - 2y
Let y  2  x  2  4  2, solution is x  -2 and y  2
There is solution for each value of y,
hence system has infinite many solutions. Such system is known as consistent.

Example.4. Infinite many solutions

Find the solution of 4x  2y  1
Solution.
we can assign an arbitrary value to x and solve for y , or choose an arbitrary
value for y and solve for x .If we follow the first approach and assign x an
arbitrary value ,we obtain
1 1 1
x  t1 , y  2t1  or x  t2  , y  t2
2 2 4
arbitrary numbers t1, t 2 are called parameter.
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for example t1  2 yields the solution x  2, y 
2

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