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C17 Worksheet Week2+

1) The document discusses methods for solving first-order differential equations, including verifying implicit solutions, separable equations, and the integrating factor method. 2) For implicit solutions, one takes the derivative of the relation to show it satisfies the differential equation. For separable equations, the equation is rewritten in separable form and then integrated. 3) The integrating factor method involves finding a factor that allows the equation to be written in exact form and then integrated to find the general solution.

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Hussam Agab
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58 views2 pages

C17 Worksheet Week2+

1) The document discusses methods for solving first-order differential equations, including verifying implicit solutions, separable equations, and the integrating factor method. 2) For implicit solutions, one takes the derivative of the relation to show it satisfies the differential equation. For separable equations, the equation is rewritten in separable form and then integrated. 3) The integrating factor method involves finding a factor that allows the equation to be written in exact form and then integrated to find the general solution.

Uploaded by

Hussam Agab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 2051 Notes: Week 2

Verifying Implicit Solutions


Example: Show that the following relation defines an implicit solution to the given differential equation.
Differential Equation: 2xyy 0 = x2 + y 2 Relation: y 2 = x2 − cx
Beginning with the relation y 2 = x2 − cx, differentiate implicitly giving:
dy
2y= 2x − c
dx
Notice that the left hand side is almost the same as that of the differential equation. Multiplying both sides
by x gives:
2xyy 0 = 2x2 − cx
Observe that our equation has a c in it, whereas the differential equation does not. Returning to the original
relation, however, we see that cx = x2 − y 2 . Substituting this gives:
2xyy 0 = 2x2 − (x2 − y 2 ) = x2 + y 2
Practice Problems: Show the following relation defines an implicit solution to the given differential
equation.
dy
1. Diff. Eq: yy 0 = e2x Rel: y 2 = e2x 2. Diff. Eq: (1 + xexy ) + 1 + yexy = 0 Rel: x + y + exy
dx

Separable Equations
A first-order differential equation is separable if it can be written in the form
dy f (x)
= .
dx g(y)
dy
We then solve this equation by multiplying both sides by g(y), g(y) dx = f (x) and integrating both sides
with respect to x: Z Z Z
dy
g(y) dx = g(y) dy = f (x) dx.
dx
Example: Solve the initial value problem
dy cos x
= 2 ; y(0) = 2
dx y
This equation is separable, with f (x) = cos x and g(y) = y 2 . This gives:
Z Z
2 1 3
y dy = cos x dx, therefore, y = sin x + c
3
We use the inital value to solve for integration constant c. Substituting x = 0 and y = 2 gives
8
c=
3
This leads to the (implicit) solution:
y 3 = 3 sin x + 8
Practice Problems: Determine which of the following equations is separable. If separable, find the general
solution.

1. y 0 = x2 /y 2. y 0 + 2y = x/ cos(y) 3. y 0 + y 2 sin x = 0
Integrating Factor Method
Integrating factors are used to solve the linear first-order differential equation of the form

y 0 + p(x)y = f (x).

The method:
ˆ Step 1: Find the integrating factor: R
p(x) dx
µ(x) = e ,
R
where p(x) dx can be any antiderivative of p(x) (typically we choose the arbitrary constant C = 0).
ˆ Step 2: Multiply both sides by integrating factor to get
R R
e p(x) dx
(y 0 + p(x)y) = f (x)e p(x) dx

which will always reduce to


d  R p(x) dx  R
e y(x) = f (x)e p(x) dx .
dx
ˆ Step 3: Integrate the equation from Step 2 to get
R
Z R
e p(x) dx y(x) = f (x)e p(x) dx dx + C.

ˆ Step 4: Solve for y(x) to get


R
Z R R
−
y=e p(x) dx
f (x)e p(x) dx
dx + Ce− p(x) dx
.

Example: Find the general solution of


2
y 0 − 2xy = ex
2
This equation is in the form y 0 + p(x)y = f (x) where p(x) = −2x and f (x) = ex .
Step 1: Find the integrating factor,
2
R R
µ(x) = e p(x) dx
= e− 2x dx
= e−x

Step 2: Multiply both sides by integrating factor to get


2 2 2
e−x (y 0 − 2xy) = ex e−x

Which reduces to:


d  −x2 
e y(x) = 1
dx
Step 3: Integrate the equation from Step 2,
Z
−x2
e y(x) = dx + c = x + c

Step 4: Solve for y(x),


2
y(x) = (x + c)ex .
Practice Problems: Find the solution to the given initial value problem.
1
1. y 0 − y = 2te2t and y(0) = 1 2. ty 0 + 2y = t2 − t + 1, where y(1) = and t > 0
2
3. ty 0 + (t + 1)y = t, where y(ln 2) = 1 and t > 0

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