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Classification of Spectros

This document discusses several types of spectroscopy used for chemical analysis: 1) Atomic spectroscopy including atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy which use the light absorbed or emitted by atoms to identify and quantify elemental composition. 2) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy which analyze compounds based on their absorption of UV/visible or infrared light. 3) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy which uses nuclear spin states and magnetic fields to provide information about molecular structure. 4) Raman spectroscopy which detects inelastic scattering of laser light and provides structural information through vibrational fingerprints.

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MD. DELWAR HOSSAIN
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67 views

Classification of Spectros

This document discusses several types of spectroscopy used for chemical analysis: 1) Atomic spectroscopy including atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy which use the light absorbed or emitted by atoms to identify and quantify elemental composition. 2) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy which analyze compounds based on their absorption of UV/visible or infrared light. 3) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy which uses nuclear spin states and magnetic fields to provide information about molecular structure. 4) Raman spectroscopy which detects inelastic scattering of laser light and provides structural information through vibrational fingerprints.

Uploaded by

MD. DELWAR HOSSAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(MD.

DELWAR HOSSAIN, ROLL:529, Reg:WU8/14/17/18/529)

 Classification of Spectroscopy:

Atomic Spectroscopy:

Atomic spectroscopy was the first application of spectroscopy developed, and it can be split into atomic
absorption, emission and fluorescence spectroscopy. Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra so
atomic spectroscopy can quantify and identify a sample's composition.

The main types of atomic spectroscopy include :

 atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS),


 atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and
 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS).

AAS:

Atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light to transition to higher levels of energy. AAS quantifies the
amount of absorption of ground state atoms in the gaseous state. AAS is commonly used in the detection
of metals.

AES:

Atoms are excited from the heat of a flame, plasma, arc or spark to emit light. AES used the intensity of
light emitted to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. Techniques that use AES include flame
emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and spark or arc
atomic emission spectroscopy.

AFS:

It is a beam of light that excites the analytes, causing them to emit light. The fluorescence from a sample
is then analyzed using a fluorometer, and it is commonly used to analyze organic compounds.

Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy:

Ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) spectroscopy analyses compounds using the electromagnetic radiation
spectrum from 10 nm to 700 nm. Many atoms are able to emit or absorb visible light, and it is this
absorption or reflectance that gives the apparent color of the chemicals being analyzed.

The absorption of visible and UV radiation is associated with excitation of electrons from a low energy
ground state into a high energy excited state, and the energy can be absorbed by both non-bonding n-
electrons and π-electrons within a molecular orbital

Infrared Spectroscopy:
Infrared (IR) analyses compounds using the infrared spectrum, which can be split into near IR, mid-IR
and far IR. Near IR has the greatest energy and can penetrate a sample much deeper than mid or far IR,
but due to this, it is also the least sensitive. Infrared spectroscopy is not as sensitive as UV/Vis
spectroscopy due to the energies involved in the vibration of atoms being smaller than the energies of the
transitions.IR uses the principle that molecules vibrate, with bonds stretching and bending, when they
absorb infrared radiation.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance :

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) uses resonance spectroscopy and nuclear spin states for
spectroscopic analysis. All nuclei have a nuclear spin, and the spin behavior of the nucleus of every atom
depends on its intramolecular environment and the external applied field.

When nuclei of a particular element are in different chemical environments within the same molecule,
there will be varied magnetic field strengths experienced due to shielding and de-shielding of electrons
close by, causing different resonant frequencies and defines the chemical shift values.

Raman Spectroscopy :

Raman spectroscopy is similar to IR in that it is a vibrational spectroscopy technique, but it uses inelastic
scattering. The spectrum of Raman spectroscopy shows a scattered Rayleigh line and the Stoke and anti-
Stoke lines, which is different from the irregular absorbance lines of IR.

Raman spectroscopy works by the detection of inelastic scattering, also known as Raman scattering, of
monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near-infrared or ultraviolet range. For a transition to be
Raman active, there must be a change in the polarizability of the molecule during the vibration and the
electron cloud must experience a positional change.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance :

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) uses resonance spectroscopy and nuclear spin states for
spectroscopic analysis. All nuclei have a nuclear spin, and the spin behavior of the nucleus of every atom
depends on its intramolecular environment and the external applied field.

When nuclei of a particular element are in different chemical environments within the same molecule,
there will be varied magnetic field strengths experienced due to shielding and de-shielding of electrons
close by, causing different resonant frequencies and defines the chemical shift values.

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