Exercise 8F

3
 1 
1 ∫  x
1
2  dx
+1 
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
2 0.5 0.308 0.2 0.138 0.1
x +1
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
 1  1
∫  x 2
=  dx ( 0.5) ( 0.5 + 2 ( 0.308 + 0.2 + 0.138) + 0.1)
1
+1  2
= 0.473 (3 s.f.)

2.5
2 ∫
1
2 x − 1 dx

x 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5

1.871 2
2x −1 1 1.225 1.414 1.581 1.732
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
2.5
1
∫ 2 x − 1=
dx ( 0.25 ) (1 + 2 (1.225 + 1.414 + 1.581 + 1.732 + 1.871) + 2 )
1
2
= 2.33 (3 s.f.)

3
3 ∫
1
x3 + 1 dx

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x3 + 1 1 1.061 1.414 2.092 3
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
1
∫ x3 + 1 =
dx ( 0.5 ) (1 + 2 (1.061 + 1.414 + 2.092 ) + 3)
1
2
= 3.28 (3 s.f.)

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 3
1
4 ∫
1 x2 + 1
dx

4 5 7 8 3
x 1 2
3 3 3 3
1
0.707 0.601 0.514 0.447 0.394 0.351 0.316
x2 + 1
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
1 11
∫ = dx   ( 0.707 + 2 ( 0.601 + 0.514 + 0.447 + 0.394 + 0.351) + 0.316 )
1 x +1 2 23
= 0.940 (3 s.f.)

1
 1 
5 a ∫  x + 2  dx
−1
x −1 −0.6 −0.2 0.2 0.6 1
1
1 0.714 0.556 0.455 0.385 0.333
x+2
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
1
 1  1
∫  x + 2  d=x ( 0.4 ) (1 + 2 ( 0.714 + 0.556 + 0.445 + 0.385) + 0.333)
−1
2
= 1.11 (3 s.f.)

b Overestimate as the curve is convex

6 a

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 1

∫ (x + 1) dx
3
6 b
−1
x −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
x +1 3
0 0.875 1 1.125 2
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
1
1
∫ (x + 1) dx ( 0.5) ( 0 + 2 ( 0.875 + 1 + 1.125) + 2 )
3
=
−1
2
=2

∫ (x + 1) dx
3
c=A
−1
1
1 
=A  x4 + x
4  −1
1 4  1 
=  (1) + (1)  −  ( −1) + ( −1) 
4

4  4 
5 3
= +
4 4
=2

d Same; the trapezium rule gives an underestimate of the area between x = −1 and x = 0, and an
overestimate between x = 0 and x = 1, and these cancel out.

2
7 ∫
0
3 x − 1 dx

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
3 −1
x 0 0.856 1.414 2.048 2.828
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
2
1
∫ 3x − 1=
dx ( 0.5 ) ( 0 + 2 ( 0.856 + 1.414 + 2.048 ) + 2.828 )
0
2
= 2.87 (3 s.f.)

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 3
 x 
8 a ∫  x + 1  dx
1

4 5 7 8 3
x 1 2
3 3 3 3
x
0.5 0.571 0.625 0.667 0.700 0.727 0.75
x +1
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
 x  11
∫  x + 1=
 dx   ( 0.5 + 2 ( 0.571 + 0.625 + 0.667 + 0.7 + 0.727 ) + 0.75 )
1  23
= 1.31 (3 s.f.)

b Underestimate as the curve is convex.

2
9 a ∫
0
x dx

i Four strips
2
x 0 0.5 1 1.5
1.414
x 0 0.707 1 1.225
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
3
1
∫=
x dx ( 0.5) ( 0 + 2 ( 0.707 + 1 + 1.225) + 1.414 )
1
2
= 1.82 (3 s.f.)

ii Six strips
1 2 4 5 2
x 0 1
3 3 3 3
x 0 0.577 0.816 1 1.155 1.291 1.414
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
2
11
∫=
x dx   ( 0 + 2 ( 0.577 + 0.816 + 1 + 1.155 + 1.291) + 1.414 )
0
23
= 1.85 (3 s.f.)

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 2
9 b A = ∫ x dx
0
2
2 3 
=  x2 
 3 0
2 3
= ( 2) 2
3
4 2
=
3

4 2
− 1.82
i 3 ×100 =
3.5%
4 2
3

4 2
− 1.85
ii 3 ×100 =
1.89%
4 2
3

2
10 a ∫2
x
dx
0

1.25 1.5 1.75 2

x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
2.828 3.364 4
2x 1 1.189 1.414 1.682 2 2.378
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2
2
1
∫ dx
x= ( 0.25 ) (1 + 2 (1.189 + 1.414 + 1.682 + 2 + 2.378 + 2.828 + 3.364 ) + 4 )
0
2
= 4.34 (3 s.f.)
b Overestimate because the curve is convex.

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