SUBMITTED TO:

Maam Aniqa
SUBMITTED BY:
Maryam Shahzadi
REGISTRATION:
70076221
COURSE:
Mathematics
DEPARTMENT:
BDNS
SEMESTER:
03

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 ASSIGNMENT NO. 01
Applications of Mathematics in different fields.
Introduction

In 18th century mathematics was already become a part of modern science.

Mathematics begins to develop very fast because of it’s introduction to schools.
Therefore everyone have a chance to learn the basic fundamentals of
mathematicsIn 21st century mathematics is used In robotics In space research In
sports In Biological calculation In field of information technology etc. Even those
suffering from math-related anxieties or phobias cannot escape its everyday
presence in their lives. From home to school to work and places in between, math is
everywhere.
Whether using measurements in a recipe or deciding if half a tank of gas will make
the destination, we all use math. It is a good idea, therefore, for teachers and
parents of reluctant math learners to use real-world examples to ignite a spark of
practical interest.

Mathematics in School and Work

Students can’t avoid math. Most take it every day. However, even in history and
English classes they may need to know a little math. Whether looking at time
expanses of decades, centuries or eras or calculating how they’ll bring that B in
English to an A, they’ll need some basic math skills. Jobs in business and finance may
require sophisticated knowledge of how to read profit and earning statements or
how to decipher graph analyses.
However, even hourly earners will need to know if their working hours multiplied by
their rate of pay accurately reflects their paychecks.

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Mathematics in Finance

Many mathematical and statistical applications are yet to be improved to take into
account of the intrinsic complexities in finance and related fields. Many of the
statistical tests it seems do not sufficiently discriminate.
For example, statistical tests usually fail to contradict the random-walk hypothesis
for prices. It is certain that more work is needed to cope with the large effects of
noise in financial time series analysis. A number other aspects it seems needs work
such as the assumption that participants act rationally and aim to maximize returns.
The work on neural psychology and behavioural finance may help provide significant
insights and advances in thinking. It is certain that if all ofthe above are incorporated
into the modeling process a higher level of mathematics will be required to deal
with aspects such as “real” market participants, ideas of random walks, market
interdependencies, correlations, and so on. Tularam, G. A. (2013). Mathematics in
finance and economics: importance of teaching higher order mathematical thinking
skills in finance. eJournal of Business Education and Scholarship of Teaching, 7(1),
43-73.

Mathematics in Materials Sciences

Materials sciences is concerned with the synthesis and manufacture of new

materials, the modification of materials, the understanding and prediction of
material properties, and the evolution and control of these properties over a time
period. Until recently, materials science was primarily an empirical study in
metallurgy, ceramics, and plastics. Today it is a vast growing body of knowledge
based on physical sciences, engineering, and mathematics. For example,
mathematical models are emerging quite reliable in the synthesis and manufacture
of polymers.
Some of these models are based on statistics or statistical mechanics and others are
based on a diffusion equation in finite or infinite dimensional spaces. Simpler but
more phenomenological models of polymers are based on Continuum Mechanics
with added terms to account for ‘memory. ’ Stability and singularity of solutions are
important issues for materials scientists. The mathematics is still lacking even for
these simpler models.

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Another example is the study of the formation of cracks in materials. When a
uniform elastic body is subjected to high pressure, cracks will form. Where and how
the cracks initiate, how they evolve, and when they branch out into several cracks
are questions that are still being researched.

Mathematics in Biology

Mathematical models are also emerging in the biological and medical sciences. For
example in physiology, consider the kidney. One million tiny tubes around the
kidney, called nephrons, have the task of absorbing salt from the blood into the
kidney. They do it through contact with blood vessels by a transport process in
which osmotic pressure and filtration play a role.
Biologists have identified the body tissues and substances, which are involved in this
process, but the precise rules of the process, are only barely understood. A simple
mathematical model of the renal process shed some light on the formation of urine
and on decisions made by the kidney on whether, for example, to excrete a large
volume of diluted urine or a small volume of
concentrated urine. A more complete model may include PDE, stochastic equations,
fluid dynamics, elasticity theory, filtering theory, and control theory, and perhaps
other tools.Other topics in physiology where recent mathematical studies have
already made some progress include heart dynamics, calcium dynamics, the
auditory process, cell adhesion and motility (vital for physiological processes such as
inflammation and wound healing) and biofluids. Other areas where mathematics is
poised to make important progress include the growth process in general and
embryology in particular, cell signaling, immunology, emerging and reemerging
infectious diseases, and ecological issues such as global phenomena in vegetation,
modeling animal grouping and the human brain.

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Mathematics in Digital Technology

Computer vision, image processing, speech recognition and language

understanding, computer aided design, and new modes of networking. The
mathematical tools in multimedia may include stochastic processes, Markov fields,
statistical patterns, decision theory, PDE, numerical analysis, graph theory, graphic
algorithms, image analysis and wavelets, and many others.
Computer aided design is becoming a powerful tool in many industries. This
technology is a potential area for research mathematicians. The future of the World
Wide Web (www) will depend on the development of many new mathematical
ideas and algorithms, and mathematicians will have to develop ever more secure
cryptographic schemes and thus new developments from number theory, discrete
mathematics, algebraic geometry, and dynamical systems, as well as other fields.

Mathematics in the Army

Recent trends in mathematics research in the USA Army have been influenced by
lessons learnt during combat in Bosnia. The USA army could not bring heavy tanks in
time and helicopters were not used to avoid casualty. Also there is need for lighter
systems with same or improved requirement as before. Breakthroughs are urgently
needed and mathematics research is being funded with a hope to get the urgently
needed systems. These future automated
systems are complex and nonlinear, they will likely be multiple units, small in size,
light in weight, very efficient in energy utilization and extremely fast in speed and
will likely be self organized and self coordinated to perform special tasks.
During the last 50 years, developments in mathematics, in computing and
communication technologies have made it possible for most of the breath taking
discoveries in basic sciences, for the tremendous innovations and inventions in
engineering sciences and technology and for the great achievements and
breakthroughs in economics and life sciences. These have led to the emergency of
many new areas of mathematics and enabled areas that were dormant to explode.
Now every branch of mathematics has a potential for applicability in other fields of
mathematics and other disciplines. All these, have posed a big challenge on the
mathematics curricula at all levels of the education systems, teacher preparation

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and pedagogy. The 21st Century mathematics thinking is to further strengthen
efforts to bridge the division lines within mathematics, to open up more for other
disciplines and to foster the line of inter-discipline research.

Mathematics in Banking

A lot of teens do not have bank accounts, but you still do banking. You need to know
how to manage your allowances so that you can afford the best that you can get on
what you have. Otherwise you may find yourself without money for the essentials
like stationery after buying the luxuries like ice cream. Mathematics in
GardeningEven doing something as mundane as gardening requires a basic maths
skill. If you need to plant or sow new seeds or seedlings you need to make a row or
count them out or even make holes. So even without thinking you are doing maths.
Measuring skills is always needed, and calculations are important when doing
something new in the garden.

Mathematics in the kitchen

Whatever you do in the kitchen requires maths, like counting the number of
teaspoons of sugar that are just right for you in your tea or coffee or complicated
cooking and baking. Even just using the stove, microwave and kettle is basic maths
skills in action.

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Mathematics in Home

Some people aren't even out of bed before encountering math. When setting an
alarm or hitting snooze, they may quickly need to calculate the new time they will
rise. Or they might step on a bathroom scale and decide that they’ll skip those extra
calories at lunch. People on medication
need to understand different dosages, whether in grams or milliliters. Recipes call
for ounces and cups and teaspoons — all measurements, all math. And decorators
need to know that the dimensions of their furnishings and rugs will match the area
of their rooms.

Mathematics in Travel

Travelers often consider their miles per gallon when fueling up for daily trips, but
they might need to calculate anew when faced with obstructionist detours and
consider the additional cost in miles, time and money. Air travelers need to know

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departure times and arrival schedules. They also need to know the weight of their
luggage, unless they want to risk some hefty baggage surcharges. Once on board,
they might enjoy some common aviation-related math such as speed, altitude
and flying time.

Mathematics in the Store

Whether buying coffee or a car, basic principles of math are in play. Purchasing
decisions require some understanding of budgets and the cost and affordability of
items from groceries to houses. Short-term decisions may mean only needing to
know cash on hand, but bigger purchases may require knowledge of interest rates
and amortization charts. Finding a mortgage may be much different from choosing a
place to have lunch, but they both cost money and require math.

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Mathematics in Health care

Professionals in the medical field use math to determine proper doses for patients'
medicine, read results from CAT scans, MRIs and X-rays and to evaluate body mass
index. Physicians, nurses and others in the medical industry use mathematics on a
daily basis in hospitals and offices and when performing research. Math plays a
crucial role in health, as it allows for the safe administration of painkillers and
antibiotics and ensures appropriate treatment and diagnoses. Medicine Both
doctors and nurses use math every day while providing health care for people
around the world. Doctors and nurses use math when they write prescriptions or
administer medication.
Medical professionals use math when drawing up statistical graphs of epidemics or
success rates of treatments. Math applies to x-rays and CAT scans. Numbers provide
an abundance of information for medical professionals. It is reassuring for the
general public to know that our doctors and nurses have been properly trained by
studying mathematics and its uses for medicine.

Mathematics in Agriculture

Fertilizers are needed to harvest products in optimum quantity. In order to provide

optimum levels to the plant of concern, you should know levels of elements
available in your soil. Nitrogen and phosphorus are two fertilizers that should be
supplied by fertilizers. NH4 (ammonium ion) plus NO3 (nitrate) increased wheat
yields 7 to 47% in 14 studies. Animal manures and other types of organic waste may
be important sources of nitrogen for optimum plant growth. The amount of
nitrogen supplied by application of manure varies with the type of livestock,
handling, rate (pounds per acre) applied, and method of application. Because the
nitrogen form and content of manures varies notably, an analysis of manure is
recommended to improve nitrogen management. Optimum levels should be know.
Another applciation is irrigation
water quality such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR or adjusted SAR) to compute
your irrigation water quality. There are formulas developed to compute SAR or adj
SAR.

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