1.

ABSTRACT

Vortex is the fluid elements rotation around a center of flow water. Various types of
industry have used this principle such as turbine design and safety standard for disaster. The
experiment’s purpose are separated into 2 parts, free vortex and forced vortex. Free vortex
experiment was conducted to study the surface profile and speed, and also to find the
relationship between surface profile and speed. While, the vortex experiment was conducted
to study on surface profile and angular velocity, and also to find the relationship between
surface profile and total head. In free vortex experiment, Two various diameters of orifices
are used to study the free vortex. It can be observed that the larger diameter of the orifice
creates a bigger vortex. In the forced vortex experiment, it involves the utilization of plastic
blade bottom of the container in order to make forced vortex. It is determined that because of
the angular rate of displacement rise, the peak from measurement gauge to bridge , h,
conjointly higher because the when the angular rate of displacement rise, the slope of the
curve conjointly higher as a result of the stream operate in the form of forced vorex. Overall,
we conclude that the formation of the vortex depends on the size of the orifice that we used.
The speed of circulation of vortex is slow, moderate and fast depends on the size of orifice
respectively. We can also conclude that the surface pattern of forced vortex experiment
shows a parabolic shape and the surface profile depends on the angular velocity. The higher
the angular velocity the higher the height from measuring gauge to the bridge. All of the
objectives were successfully achieved in this experiment.
2. INTRODUCTION

Vortex is the spin of fluid components at a standard center. Normally, the fluid flows
in rotating wave regarding to the unreal axis, straightline or bend wherever these motion
patterns are known as vortical flows. There are 2 kinds of vortices, i.e. free and forced. The
fluid circles at the middle for the forced vortex, whereas in free vortex, the fluid helixes
headed to the middle. The vortex flow are often seen in varied areas such as in rotary engine
style in the indusrtry, in the world phenomena and additionally in making safety against
natural disaster.

Free vortex shaped once water exit the container through a hole at the base of a tank
during which the point of the rotation being keen about primary disturbance. In the free
vortex flow, the mass of the fluids spin with none outward force. The rotation is effected by
the internal action or the rotation introduced previously.The free vortex formed with the aid
of the rotating plate. For example, the free vortex motion exit through a gap at rock bottom of
a shallow space wherever the velocity and the rate of rotation of the fluid are close to the
middle.

External forces is the cause of the forced vortex on the fluid adore the blade of a
pump. During this experiment, the forced vortex flow formed with the aid of plastic paddle.
The velocity of the forced vortex assumed zero at the middle and keeps rising relative to the
space from the middle. Each free vortex and forced vortex exhibit least pressure at the
middle, but compared to forced vortex, free vortex contains a lot lower minimum pressure.
The mass of fluid in the forced vortex motion is rotate by external supply of power. It exerts a
relentless torque on the mass of fluid and cause it to revolve with a relentless angular speed.

Instrument that used for the experiment is SOLTEQ Free and Forced Vortex (Model:
FM24) that is build to create and evaluate the features of free and forced vortex. The orifice
discharge accent allows complete study of the current through various diameter of orifices
with a variety of flow rates. In common usage, a vortex usually means a whirlpool or a
circular hollow formed by a liquid in a rotation. In fluid mechanics, vortex means a part of
fluid bordered by the so-called vortex lines, whose tangents at all points are parallel to the
local directions of vortices. The vortex lines, which are the rotation axes, must be either
closed lines or begin and end on the fluid borders or on the points in regions of unbounded
vortices. A vortex induces an external motion of a fluid. A vortex is a form of kinetic energy
that included to motion energy
4. THEORY

A vortex is a rotation movement of water, usually turbulent flow of fluid. Any spiral
motion with closed streamlines is vortex flow wherever the motion of the fluid moving chop-
chop around a middle is known as vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid in a very
free (irrotational) vortex square measure greatest at the middle, and reduce increasingly (little
by little) with distance from the middle, whereas the speed of a forced (rotational) vortex is
zero at the middle and will increase proportional to the gap from the middle (“Theory of a
Vortex”). There square measure 2 varieties of vortex flow that square measure free vortex
flow and compelled vortex flow.

Figure 1: Free and Forced Vortex Flow

4.1 Free vortex

The important features of free vortex is doesn't need the appliance of external energy
or demolition of energy within the flow field. In such circumstances, the absence of friction
would make it not possible to form or destroy the vortex motion. The motion within the fluid
can be long-lasting. Flow motion and also the speed of the fluid part that outright passing
through a given purpose are going to be constant with the time. a number of the samples of
free vortex are the motion of liquid through a hole at the bottom center of the vessel, the flow
of liquid around a circular bend in pipe and also the flow of fluid during a pump casing
(Pattinson, 2015).
 A free vortex could be simply looked and observed by emptying a kitchen sink or
industrial reservoirs from its content. In most cases, this phenomenon can be influence any
hydraulic intake in industrial applications which causing great technical troubles. Formation
of the free surface vortex can lower the hydraulic device's performance and even also harm
them if gas bubbles or floating substances are entered into the flow (Kumar D.S).

Based on the vortex profile for all diameters of opening and gradient of the graph are
often calculated with equation below:

K2
X= ( )( r1 )
2g 2

Where;
X = Head pressure / depth of the pitot tube (mm)
g = Gravitational acceleration (mm/s2)
r = Radius (mm)

The equation to find an actual velocity of the flow can be calculated by the pitot tube
reading and the gravitational acceleration [3]:

❑
V = √ (2 gH )
Where;
V = velocity (mm/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (mm/s2)
H = pitot tube difference (mm)

Furthermore, the theoretical velocity can be calculated using equation below:

K
V=
r

4.2 Forced vortex

In contrary with free vortex, fluid rotating in forced vortex circles at the middle where
the velocity and rate of fluid rotation is the largest at the middle and reduce gradually because
it goes aloof from the middle. The various important and prominent cases of forced vortexes
are: the liquids movement inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump when there is no flow as,
for instance, at the time when the outlet valves are shut, the liquid rotation inside the bound
of a mixer in an agitation tank, and the liquids rotation in the hamper of centrifuge. If in a
cylindrical tube liquid contains is rotated to form a vertical axis, it will be constant pressure
on the surfaces, paraboloids of revolutions are also included to free surfaces. Generally the
pressure is not constant at the walls but varies with height. Nevertheless, at normal speeds of
operating, the centrifugal forces would highly surpass the gravitational forces and the inner
surfaces of the liquids would be vertical and the wall pressure will almost stable and constant.
Meanwhile, at high operating speed, in which the inner surfaces and the gravitational forces
of the liquids would be more or less is vertical and the forces are overall little, the centrifuge's
function does not depend on the orientation of the axis rotation. Once mixtures of
suspensions or liquids are separated in the centrifuges, it is required to calculate the pressure
at the walls emerging from the rotation of the basket (Weber R., 1986).

The equation for the forced vortex may be created by applying Newton’s equation to
a fluid component and presumptuous there's no shear stress working on the fluid that is not
any relative motion between adjacent particles. Finally, the ensuing equation may be
expressed as:

w2 r 2
∆ h=h−h0 =
2g
Where;
h = initial surface height of the fluid
h0 = the height on the axis
ω = the angular velocity, rad/s
r = the radius of the cylinder
g = gravitational acceleration

5. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

5.1 Material
1. Water

5.2 Apparatus
 Orifice Profile measuring gauge

Paddle

Pitot tube

Assembly View
 1 Bridge 2 Profile measuring gauge
3 9.0 mm diameter, Nozzle 4 Three way inlet valve
5 12.5 mm diameter, Nozzle 6 Inlet
7 Surface profile 8 Outlet valve
9 Outlet 10 Pitot tube
11 orifice 12 Paddle

6. RESULTS
7.1 Experiment 1 (Free Vortex)
Table 1 The value of diameter centre, measure height, pitot tube head, pressure head,
radius and 1/r^2 with diameter of orrifice is 8 mm and the distance from bridge to
water surface is 240mm
Diameter Diameter at Measured Pitot Tube Pressure Radius, 1
of orifice Centre, D Height, h Head Head/Depth r (mm) r2

(mm) (mm) (mm) Difference, of the pitot (mm−2)

H (mm) tube, X (mm)

8 28.5 66.5 7.0 23.5 14.3 4.89 × 10−3
33.0 74.0 6.0 16.0 16.5 3.67 ×10−3
34.0 85.0 6.0 5.0 17.0 3.46 ×10−3

Pressure Head against 1/r^2

25
f(x) = − 9.25 x + 33.33
Pressure Head (mm)

20

15

10

0
1 2 3
1/r^2 (mm)

Figure 1 Graph of Pressure Head against 1/(r^2)

Table 2 The value of experimental velocity and calculated velocity with different radius
 Radius (mm) Experimental velocity Theoretical Velocity (mm/s)
(mm/s)
14.3 370.59 29.79
16.5 343.10 25.82
17.0 343.10 25.0

Velocity against Radius

400
350
300
Velocity, V (mm/s)

250
200 experimental velocity
150 theoretical velocity
100
50
0
14.3 16.5 17
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 2 Graph of Velocity in theoritical and experimental against Radius with diameter of
orrifice is 8 mm and the distance from bridge to water surface is 240mm

Table 3 The value of diameter centre, measure height, pitot tube head, pressure head,
radius and 1/r^2 with diameter of orrifice is 24 mm and the distance from bridge
to water surface is 225mm

Diameter Diameter at Measured Pitot Tube Pressure Radius, 1

of orifice Centre, D Height, h Head Head/Depth r (mm) r2

(mm) (mm) (mm) Difference, of the pitot (mm−2)

H (mm) tube, X (mm)

24 72.0 82.0 9.0 23.0 36.0 7.72 ×10− 4
77.0 95.0 8.0 10.0 38.5 6.75 ×10−4
84.0 100.0 8.0 5.0 42.0 5.67 ×10−4
 Pressure Head against 1/r^2
25

20 f(x) = − 9 x + 30.67
Pressure Head (mm

15

10

0
1 2 3
1/r^2 (mm)

Figure 3 Graph of Pressure Head against 1/(r^2)

Table 4 The value of experimental velocity and calculated velocity with different radius
Radius (mm) Experimental velocity Theoretical Velocity (mm/s)
(mm/s)
36.0 442.94 11.67
38.5 420.21 10.91
42.0 396.18 10.00
 Velocity against Radius
500
450
400
Velocity, V (mm/s)

350
300
250 experimental velocity
200 theoretical velocity
150
100
50
0
36 38.5 42
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 4 Graph of Velocity in theoritical and experimental against Radius with diameter of
orrifice is 24 mm and the distance from bridge to water surface is 225mm
 7.2 Experiment 2 (Forced Vortex)

Table 7.2 Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value

Distance Ho (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd
from
Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical
centre (mm)
0 72 72.00 73 73.00 75 75.00
30 77 78.11 79 80.07 80 81.16
70 80 86.05 83 88.80 81 87.32
110 85 99.93 85 99.33 87 102.60
No. of
revolutions 47 46 48
in 60s
Angular
velocity 4.92 4.82 5.03
(rad/s)
Height from Top of The Measuring Gauge to Bridge, H (mm)

Height from Top of The Measuring Gauge to Bridge against

Distance from Centre
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from Centre (mm)

Measured Linear (Measured)

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical)

Figure 7.2.1Graph Height against distance from centre for the 1 st trial
H eig h t fro m T o p o f T h e M ea su rin g G a u g e to B rid g e, H (m m ) H eigh t form T op of T h e M easu rin g G au ge to B rid ge, H (m m )
Height from Top of The Measuring Gauge to Bridge against Distance
from Centre
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from Centre (mm)

Measured Linear (Measured)

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical)

Figure 7.2.2 Graph Height against distance from centre for the 2 st trial

Height from Top of The Measuring Gauge to Bridge against Distance

from Centre
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from Centre (mm)

Measured Linear (Measured)

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical)

Figure 7.2.2 Graph Height against distance from centre for the 3 st trial
7. CALCULATIONS

7.1 Experiment 1: Free vortex

Orifice diameter = 24 mm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 225 mm

At D = 72 mm and h = 82 mm,
Pressure head , X =330−a−h=330−225−82=23 mm

m 1000 mm mm
0.5

√
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 ×9.81
s 2
×
m
×9 mm=420.21
s
1 1 1
= 2=
2
r 36 1296
1
¿ 7.72× 10−4
mm2
From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =8 mm3
1
r2
X K2
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
r2

K2 3
=8 mm
2g

m 1000mm mm4 mm2

√ 3
∴ K= 8.0 mm ×2 ×9.81 2 ×
s m √
= 156960 s =396.18
s s

At D = 72 mm, r = 36 mm:
 mm2
396.18
K s mm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =11.00
r 36 mm s

The same calculation was repeated by using different data.

8.2 Experiment 2: Forced vortex

Using the data from 1st trial:

No . of revolution 47
Angular velocity = 2 π × = 2π × = 4.92 rad/s
60 s 60 s

Height from the top of measuring gauge to bridge:

+ ω2 2 4.922
H = Ho r = 72 + ( 0 2) = 72.00mm
2g 2 ( 9.81 ×1000 )

+ ω2 2 4.922
H = Ho r = 77 + ( 302 ) = 78.11mm
2g 2 ( 9.81 ×1000 )

+ ω2 2 4.922
H = Ho r = 80 + ( 702 )= 86.05mm
2g 2 ( 9.81 ×1000 )

+ ω2 2 4.922
H = Ho r = 85 + ( 1102 ) = 99.93mm
2g 2 ( 9.81 ×1000 )

The same calculations were repeated for 2nd and 3rd trials.
8. DISCUSSION

This experiment was conducted with free and forced vortex experiment. These two
kinds of vortex have different purposes. Free vortex was carried out to study on surface
profile and speed, and also find a relation between surface profile and speed. While forced
vortex has purposes to study on the surface profile and angular velocity and also find a
relation between surface profile and the total head.

Free vortex experiment was done with two different diameters of orifice which are 8
mm and 24 mm.The radius in 8 mm orifices are 28.5, 33.0, and 34.0 mm. And the actual
velocity that we obtained after calculated are 370.59, 343.10, and 343.10 mm/s. While for the
24 mm orifices, The radius are 36.0, 38.5 and 42.0 mm with the actual velocity are 442.94,
420.21 and 396.18 mm/s. The diameter of orifice should show the same trends if the radius is
larger, the velocity will be lower. The size of the orifice also determine the form of vortex, in
which the larger the diameter of the orifice would create a larger vortex too. The pattern
obtained from this experiment is circumferential It can happen because once we use the larger
orifice, the more water can flow out of the tank. So the diameter of vortex also increased.
However, as we can see from the graph velocity against radius that has been calculated from
the graph of pressure head against 1/r 2, the results show different and it has fluctuated line
and does not match to the theoretical velocity. The velocity got from the experiment should
be linear at the same time as the theoretical velocity, but the data indicates something wrong.
The possibility of an error occurred because of such as the students fault or human error when
measuring and collecting the data.

For the forced vortex experiment, a paddle was used to rotate the water inside the tank
with the purpose is to observe between surface profile and angular velocity. We have
conducted three trials to measure the height from measuring gauge to bridge and the angular
velocity can be calculated. Each trial have four different distance from diameter, that are 0,
30, 70, and 110 mm. The paddles speed rotation was measured during one minute by the
time. Surface profile is depending on the angular velocity, also surface pattern of this
experiment shows a parabolic shape. The angular velocity obtained from the first, second,
and third trials are 4.92, 4.82 and 5.03 rad/s. And these numbers were compared to the
theoretical of angular velocity. ‘

From the plotted graph, It shown the difference slope between the actual and
theoretical data. We can see the second and third trials have big difference with the
theoretical, That can be happened because there are some factors that make the data is
different from theoritical, such as human error, and so on. We can also observed from the
data that we gained, the higher the angular velocity will show the higher height from
measuring gauge to bridge.

9. CONCLUSION

From of this experiment, we can conclude that the formation of the vortex depends on
the size of the orifice that we used. The speed of circulation of vortex is slow, moderate and
fast depends on the size of orifice respectively. In forced vortex experiment, we can conclude
that urface pattern of this experiment shows a parabolic shape and the surface profile depends
on the angular velocity. The higher the angular velocity the higher the height from measuring
gauge to the bridge. Overall, All of the objectives were successfully achieved in this
experiment.
10. RECOMMENDATIONS

While doing the experiment the results can be not accurate caused by various
conditions. But there are many ways to get the better results. There are several
recommendation:

1. Use appropriate ruler such as long ruler to measure the length of the needles, and do
several time to get accurate value.
2. Ensure that the apparatus is in the good condition.
3. Make sure that the needles touch the water surface accurately to get precise data to be
used in the further calculations.
4. Ensure the flow and level of water stable when the measurement was taken
5. A better mechanism is needed to read the revolution of paddle associated with time
which meant for more precise calculating number of revolution of paddle in forced
vortex at the exact time.

11. REFERENCES

1. Mecholic. (2016, February 17). Free And Forced Vortex Flow. Retrieved from
https://www.mecholic.com/2015/10/free-and-forced-vortex-flow-comparison.html
2. D. S. Kumar, “Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Power in Engineering,” Katson Publishing
House, Ludhiana
3. Mehmet Kanoglu, Michael A. Boles, Yunus A. Cengel: Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, Ninth Edition
4. Pattison, M. J. (n.d.). Fundamentals - Vorticess. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1248/?tid=104&sn=1159
5. S. K. Agrawal, 2006, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited.
6. Vortex dynamics and heat transfer behind self-oscillating ... (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5022723
7. Weber R, Boysan F, Swithenbank J, Roberts PA. Computation of near field
aerodynamics of swirling expanding flows. 21st International Symposium on
Combustion, 1986. p. 1435–43.
12. APPENDIX