Introduction to Corrosion METL 1313

Practice Questions for final Exam

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1. If cost and availability were not factors in material selection, only the very best materials
would ever be chosen. T
2. Corrosion is a single reaction that can be turned off like a spigot. F
3. An alloy that is the best choice for one application may not be acceptable for another. T
4. The deterioration of wood, ceramic, or plastics is a form of corrosion. T
5. Corrosion occurs in most environments. T
6. Corrosion can attack piping only externally. F
7. All metals can and generally do corrode. T
8. Metals exposed to seawater will generally corrode less. F
9. Automobile bodies and bumpers now seldom suffer corrosion due to protective measures. F
10. Brass valves prevent corrosion at junctions on galvanized water pipes. F
11. Concrete degradation of bridges, highways, buildings, and drainage ducts is often caused by
mechanical forces rather than by environmental interaction. F
12. If copper, brass, aluminum or stainless steel were substituted for iron, corrosion would not be
anticipated. F
13. Some oxide of copper, aluminum, or chromium may form very slowly and coat the bare
metal. T
14. Compact layers of oxide, carbonate or sulfate can contribute to corrosion resistance. T
15. Cold water is always more corrosive than hot water. F
16. Plants handling poisonous, corrosive, and combustible materials often cannot operate unless
corrosion is controlled. T
17. Corrosion rates expressed in the English system cannot be converted to metric terms. F
18. Weight change is most commonly used as the measure of the extent of corrosion. T
19. Metal thickness is uniformly decreased by uniform corrosion. T
20. In dissimilar metal corrosion, the more positive metal corrodes at exposed junctions between
the two metals. F
21. Al corrosion preventive methods for underground corrosion are effective for atmospheric
corrosion. F
22. Some conditions in arid or tropical atmospheres may produce a very corrosive environment.
T
23. Moisture causes some atmospheric corrosion but is not usually an important factor. T
24. In a marine environment, the corrosion rates of aluminum alloys is extremely high. T
25. An iron pipe buried in dry soil usually suffers little or no corrosion. T
26. When salt is dissolved in water, the two atoms separate and each atom develops an electric
charge (+). F
27. The two electrodes of a corrosion cell must be different metals. F
28. The deep section of an oil well casing usually becomes the anode and surface piping the
cathode of an oxygen concentration cell. T
29. All surface film formations on metal surfaces reduce corrosion. F
30. Hydrogen is often formed at the anode of a corrosion cell. F
31. Corrosion in water is caused by contaminants. T
32. Total dissolved solids are maintained at or near zero for water used in supercritical steam
plants. T
33. Oxygen and metal ion concentration cells would normally develop at the same place in a
crevice. F
34. An iron pipe buried in bone dry soil usually suffers little or no corrosion. T
35. When salt is dissolved in water, the two atoms separate and each atom develops an electric
charge (+). F
36. The two electrodes of a corrosion cell must be different metals. F
37. The EMF series of metals always gives an accurate potential for metals in an environment. F
38. All surface film formations on metal surfaces reduce corrosion. F
39. Hydrogen is often formed at the anode of a corrosion cell. F
40. Leak rate usually decreases with time on an unprotected pipeline. F
41. Resistivity can be calculated from resistance measurements. T
42. Corrosion in water is caused by contaminants. T
43. Galvanic corrosion may be encountered in hot water piping in the home. T
44. Water boiling or flashing to steam can concentrate impurities present and cause stress
corrosion cracking. T
45. Corrosion resistance of copper alloys in sea water depends on the velocity of the flow of the
water. T
46. Condenser tube corrosion is often due to dissolved carbon dioxide. T
47. Total dissolved solids are maintained at or near zero for water used in supercritical steam
plants. T
48. Oxygen and metal ion concentration cells would normally develop at the same place in a
crevice. F
49. An iron pipe buried in bone dry soil usually suffers little or no corrosion. T
50. When salt is dissolved in water, the two atoms separate and each atom develops an electric
charge (+). F
51. The two electrodes of a corrosion cell must be different metals. F
52. The EMF series of metals always gives an accurate potential for metals in an environment. F
53. All surface film formations on metal surfaces reduce corrosion. F
54. Hydrogen is often formed at the anode of a corrosion cell. F
55. Leak rate usually decreases with time on an unprotected pipeline. F
56. Resistivity can be calculated from resistance measurements. T
57. Weathering steels are typically painted and are used when painting is required for
atmospheric exposure. F
58. Damage to concrete structures cannot be repaired. F
59. Anodic protection is not a generally applicable method of corrosion control. T

60. Weight change is most commonly used as the measure of the extent of corrosion. T

61. Corrosion inhibitors generally control corrosion by Forming thin films that modify the
environment at the metal surface. T
62. Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements require a long period. F

63. Visual examination is one of the most expensive nondestructive test methods. F

64. In Magnetic particle inspection (MPI), fine iron powder or iron powder suspended in a liquid
can be sprayed onto the surface. T

65. Electrical resistance (ER) probes contain a sensing element which is exposed to the process
stream. T

66. For electrochemical measurements, the process fluid needs to be sufficiently conductive. T
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers
the question.
1. Positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms is ……….
A. Atom
B. Electrolyte
C. Electron
D. Ion

2. Corrosion is what type of process of metals returning to their normal state?

A. Man-made
B. Synthetic
C. Natural
D. Mechanical

3. What are the conditions necessary for corrosion to occur? (Select all that apply.)
A. An anodic metal must be present.
B. Electrical contact between the anode and cathode must exist.
C. An electrolyte must connect the anode and cathode.
D. A barrier on the metal must exist.

4. When a metal corrodes, the metal atoms lose which of the following and become positively
charged metal ions in the electrolyte?
A. Photons
B. Protons
C. Neutrons
D. Electrons

5. Corrosion reactions are…………….

A. chemical reaction
B. electrochemical reaction
C. electrical reaction
D. combustion reaction

6. Corrosion is the deterioration of a substance or its properties due to

A. Mechanical overload
B. Fatigue
C. Reactions with its environment.
D. Wear
7. Corrosion occurs at an anodic surface where the
A. Metal ion concentration is higher than in the bulk solution.
B. Oxygen content is lower than in the bulk solution.
C. Metal ion concentration is lower than in the bulk solution.
D. Oxygen content is high.

8. Corrosion accelerated by an oxygen concentration cell will occur

A. Outside a crevice.
B. Within a crevice.
C. Both inside and outside of a crevice.
D. Every where

9. Select the factor least often contributing to corrosion

A. High temperature
B. Overdesign
C. Bacteria
D. Improper heat treatment

10. Which of the following must exist for corrosion to take place?
A. Cathode must be present.
B. Electrolyte must be present.
C. Metal must be present.
D. All the above

11. Select the most general reason metals corrode.

A. They are soluble in acids or alkalis
B. Their metallic form has a higher level of energy than their ores
C. They are influenced by stray electrical current.
D. Their corrosion products can disperse as fast as they form

12. Select the factor that most tends to decrease atmospheric corrosion.
A. Decreased polarization
B. Increased relative humidity
C. Increased temperature
D. Increased electrolyte resistivity

13. Select the material usually coated to protect it from atmospheric corrosion
A. Iron alloys
B. Stainless steels
C. Plastics
D. Titanium
14. Bimetallic corrosion is said to result from
A. Insulation.
B. Dissimilar metal contact.
C. Heat differentials
D. Use of binary alloys.

15. Zinc will often be found as a major alloying element in

A. Heat resistant alloys.
B. Copper alloys.
C. Titanium alloys.
D. Wrought stainless steels.

16. Stainless steels are normally classified based on their microstructure, and usually are defined
as iron-based alloys having at least
A. 11% Carbon
B. 11% Cupper
C. 11% Lead
D. 11% Chromium

17. Crevice corrosion It may occur at the following except:

A. Washers
B. Under barnacles and sand grains
C. Flat surfaces
D. Under applied protective films, and at pockets formed by threaded joints.

18. Select the most important factor in atmospheric corrosion.

A. Reduction of the anode
B. Oxidation of the cathode
C. Polarization of the electrolyte
D. The IR drop in the electrolyte

19. Hydrogen formed as the result of cathodic protection does not:

A. Exist in the form of single atoms.
B. Combine with oxygen to form water.
C. Form hydrogen gas
D. Penetrate the metal in the anode area.

20. When two dissimilar metals make electrical contact in the presence of a/an ____, the rate at
which corrosion occurs depends on the difference in their corrosive tendencies.
A. Ion
B. Electrolyte
C. Neutron
D. Electron
21. Corrosion is the electrochemical ____ of a metal because of its chemical reaction with the
surrounding environment.
A. Accumulation
B. Generation
C. Assimilation
D. Deterioration

22. The ____ of galvanic corrosion also depends on the ____ of the parts in contact.
A. Rate, type
B. Size, rate
C. Rate, size
D. Amount, type

23. Which type of corrosion is most commonly found on aluminum and magnesium alloys?
A. Pitting corrosion
B. Corrosion fatigue
C. Galvanic corrosion

24. As an example, carbon steel usually has almost pure iron crystals plus a compound having
the chemical formula
A. Fe3C
B. FeNO3
C. FeOH
D. Fe2O3

25. Metals are strengthened by:

A. Alloying
B. Precipitation hardening
C. Work hardening
D. Grain size refinement
E. All of the above
26. Problems associated with welds that may affect their corrosion resistance include:
A. Brittle failures.
B. Heat-affected zones
C. Porosity
D. All the above
E. B and C
27. Stainless steels have higher corrosion resistance because of
A. their passive Layer
B. their positive potential
C. their high amounts of chromium
D. All the above
E. A and C

28. The corrosion of embedded steel in concrete is because of

A. the low permeability of concrete
B. the high permeability of concrete
C. the passive film formed on steel
D. the high alkalinity of concrete (pH≈12.5)
E. All of the above

29. In ………………………., the metal becomes thinner and eventually fails.

A- Localized Corrosion
B- High Temperature Corrosion
C- Uniform Corrosion
D- Erosion Corrosion
E- Crevice Corrosion

30. In uniform corrosion, which type of corrosion rates is more danger?

A- Linear
B- Increasing with time
C- Decreasing with time

31. Uniform corrosion can be tolerated without the need to control it when:
A. The corrosion rates are High and are increase with time
B. The rate of attack is unacceptable
C. The corrosion rates are low and are either linear or decrease with time

32. Two forms of localized attack are:

A- Erosion and Crevice corrosion
B- Pitting and Crevice corrosion
C- Pitting and intergranular corrosion
D- Stress Cracking and High Temperature corrosion

33. The stages of pitting corrosion usually occur in the following order:
A- Propagation – Initiation - Re-Initiation - Termination
B- Initiation – Propagation – Termination - Re-Initiation
C- Initiation – Propagation - Re-Initiation – Termination
34. Pitting corrosion can be controlled by
A- Materials Selection
B- Protective Coatings
C- Cathodic protection
D- All the above

35. Crevice corrosion It may occur at the following except:

A- Washers
B- Under barnacles and sand grains
C- Flat surfaces
D- Under applied protective films, and at pockets formed by threaded joints.

36. There are two basic mechanisms of crevice corrosion:

A- Oxygen concentration cell corrosion and Chlorine concentration cell corrosion
B- Metal ion concentration cell corrosion and pH cell corrosion
C- Oxygen concentration cell corrosion and Metal ion concentration cell corrosion

37. The potential for crevice corrosion can be reduced by:

A- Avoiding sharp corners and designing out stagnant areas
B- Use of sealants
C- Use welds instead of bolts or rivets
D- Selection of resistant materials.
E- All the above

38. The extent of accelerated corrosion resulting from galvanic coupling is affected by the
following factors except:
A- The potential difference between the metals or alloys
B- The decrease in temperature
C- The polarization behavior of the coupled materials
D- Spatial effects, such as area, distance, and cell geometry
E- Resistivity of the electrolyte

39. Galvanic corrosion can be controlled in several ways, including the following ways except:
A- Design
B- Materials Selection
C- Anodic Protection
D- Electrical Isolation
E- Barrier Coatings
40. Which form of corrosion can occur very rapidly and result in a failure before inspection can
identify damage?
A- environmental cracking
B- Erosion Corrosion
C- Uniform Corrosion
D- High Temperature Corrosion

41. The combined action of a tensile stress and a corrosion reaction is the principle characteristic
of ….
A- Localized Corrosion
B- Crevice Corrosion
C- The environmental cracking

42. The types of environmental cracking are all the following Except:
A- Pitting Corrosion
B- Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
C- Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)
D- Corrosion fatigue (CF)

43. The Flow Assisted Corrosion including:

A- Erosion-corrosion and Cavitation
B- Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
C- SCC and HIC

44. ……………………… is often the result of the wearing a way of a protective scale or coating
on the metal surface.
A- Corrosion Stress Cracking
B- Crevice Corrosion
C- Erosion Corrosion
D- High Temperature Corrosion

45. ……………….. occurs when a fluid's operational pressure drops below its vapor pressure
causing gas pockets and bubbles to form and collapse.
A- Corrosion Stress Cracking
B- Crevice Corrosion
C- Cavitation
D- High Temperature Corrosion

46. Intergranular corrosion is localized attack …………………………..

A- Along the grain boundaries
B- In the grain bulk of the grain
C- At the metal surface.
47. In ……………………………, the attack is usually related to the segregation of specific
elements or the formation of a compound in the boundary.
A- Corrosion Stress Cracking
B- Crevice Corrosion
C- Cavitation
D- Intergranular corrosion

48. ………………………………………. is a form of corrosion that does not require the

presence of a liquid electrolyte.
A- Corrosion Stress Cracking
B- High-temperature corrosion
C- Cavitation
D- Intergranular corrosion

49. Which type of damage is called “dry corrosion” or “scaling.”

A- Corrosion Stress Cracking
B- Intergranular corrosion
C- High-temperature corrosion
D- Pitting Corrosion

50. Methods of corrosion control in high-temperature applications are largely confined to:
A- Materials selection and design
B- Modification of the environment
C- Protective coatings
D- Cathodic protection

51. In designing equipment and facilities, it is important to consider the various factors that
make up the service conditions, these factors including the following except:
A- Temperature
B- Velocity
C- Pressure
D- Material
E- Chemistry

52. The use of corrosion inhibitors, deaeration, and pH control are the three principal methods of:
A- Cathodic Protection
B- Environmental modification
C- Material selection
D- Protective coating
53. Corrosion inhibitors generally control corrosion by:
A- Forming thin films that modify the environment at the metal surface.
B- Removing the oxygen from the system
C- Changing the pH
D- Changing the temperature

54. All of the following are types of corrosion inhibitors except:

A- Anodic (passivating)
B- Cathodic
C- Ohmic
D- Natural
E- Organic

55. Common Corrosive Specie that Affect Corrosion Inhibition is:

A- Cl-
B- F-
C- Fe++
D- Cu++

56. The commonly methods of inhibitor application including the following except:
A- Coating
B- Continuous injection
C- Batch treatment
D- Squeeze treatment.

57. What is the most commonly used means of corrosion control?

A- Anodic Protection
B- Material Selection
C- Protective Coating
D- Corrosion Inhibitors

58. Three basic mechanisms by which a coating may provide corrosion protection are:
A- Barrier, Inhibitive Pigments, and Cathodic Protection
B- Conductive Layer, Inhibitive Pigments, and Anodic Protection
C- Changing pH, Changing Temperature, and Cathodic Protection
D- Reacting with metal, Modification of the Environment, and Changing the Potential

59. Cathodic protection reduces or eliminates corrosion by making the metal ………………
A- Cathode
B- Anode
C- Neutral
D- Active
60. In Cathodic protection, Impressed current uses external power to force current to flow from
the anode to the structure through ______
A- Metallic pate
B- Air
C- Electrolyte
D- Backfill

61. In the galvanic anode system, the pieces of metal that is placed in contact with the corrosive
environment and are electrically connected to the structure to be protected, it is must be………
A- More noble than structure
B- The same material as the structure
C- More active than structure
D- Any material

62. Materials that are commonly used as galvanic anodes are:

A- Iron, Cupper, and Zinc
B- Cobalt, Oxygen, and Sodium
C- Silver, Iron, and Nickel
D- Aluminum, Magnesium, and Zinc

63. Requirements for a metal to be a practical anode material including the following except:
A- Potential
B- Long life
C- toughness
D- Efficiency

64. Anode groundbed must be connected to the …………………… of rectifier, and the
structure to be protected must be connected to the ………………………. of the rectifier.
A- negative terminal, negative terminal
B- positive terminal, negative terminal
C- negative terminal, positive terminal
D- positive terminal, positive terminal

65. In the Impressed current system, the anode metal that is placed in contact with the corrosive
environment and is connected to positive terminal of the rectifier, it is must be………………..
A- More noble than structure
B- The same material as the structure
C- More active than structure
D- All the above
66. Various techniques may be used to determine the degree to which a structure, supposedly
under cathodic protection including the following except
A- Structure-to-Environment Potential
B- Coupons
C- pH measurement
D- Potential Change

67. ………………determine whether equipment or structures exposed to the environment still

conform to the safe parameters of the original design.
A- Monitoring
B- Corrosion allowance
C- Inspection

68. …………… is added to the required wall thickness of equipment or structures on which
defects, such as cracking or corrosion may occur.
A- Monitoring
B- Corrosion allowance
C- Inspection

69. …………….. allows operators to determine if corrosive conditions and corrosion rates are
changing.
A- Monitoring
B- Corrosion allowance
C- Inspection

70. The following are benefits of visual inspection except:

A- Scan large areas quickly
B- Makes surface defects easier to detect
C- Identify some forms of corrosion, pit depths, and pitting rates.
D- Use video techniques can be used in areas where personnel access is restricted, such as inside
reactor cooling jackets

71. Limitations of ultrasonic inspection include all below except:

A- Usually requires direct access to material surface
B- Requires extensive training and experience
C- Less accurate on non-metals
D- Limited use on thick materials
E- May not be suitable for online inspection of hot equipment due to temperature limitations
72. Which inspection method involves applying a magnetic field, typically with an AC coil or
DC “prods,” to the area to be inspected.
A- Ultrasonic inspection
B- Eddy Current
C- Magnetic Particle Inspection
D- Radiography

73. Benefits of radiography inspection include all below except:

A- Can use either electronic cameras or film
B- Creates permanent record of defects
C- Requires direct access to only one side of the inspected material
D- Requires minimal surface preparation since coatings and thin surface deposits are transparent
to x-rays
E- Works on most materials

74. inspection method requires extensive training.

A- Ultrasonic inspection
B- Eddy Current
C- Magnetic Particle Inspection
D- Radiography

75. ………………….. the most commonly used devices for monitoring corrosion.
A- Electrical resistance (ER) probes
B- weight-loss coupons
C- Linear polarization resistance (LPR)
D- Galvanic monitoring