Project Report on performance of Digital modulation

techniques:
1) Simulation of performance of BPSK and QPSK.
2) Simulation of comparison of performance of PSK and QAM.
1. Simulation of performance of BPSK and QPSK

MODULATION
In almost all cases, the source information is impressed upon a carrier-wave (essentially a
sinusoid of a certain frequency) by changing or modifying some characteristic of the
sinusoidal wave. This process is called modulation. The original source signal (e.g., audio,
voltage pulse train carrying digital information) is called the baseband signal. Modulation has
the effect of moving the baseband signal spectrum to be centered frequencies around the
frequency of the carrier. The resulting modulated signal is considered a bandpass signal.
Other processes that modify the original information bearing signal are sometimes called
modulation—for example, the representation of sampled signals by the amplitude, position or
width of a pulse Consider a general sinusoid of frequency fc which we will refer to as the
carrier frequency. Recall from previous chapters (2, 6, 9) that we can write this sinusoidal
carrier signal as:
c(t ) = A cos(2π fc t + ϕ)
Here, A is called the amplitude and ϕ the phase of the carrier. Before this carrier is
transmitted, data are used to modulate or change its amplitude, frequency, phase or some
combination of these. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting,
signal processing, and computing. Modulation allows us to send a signal over a bandpass
frequency range. If every signal gets its own frequency range, then we can transmit multiple
signals simultaneously over a single channel, all using different frequency ranges. Another
reason to modulate a signal is to allow the use of a smaller antenna.
DIGITAL MODULATION
Digital modulation is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the amplitude,
phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal. The encoding process affects the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal and its robustness to channel impairments. Digital Modulation
provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system availability with great
 quality communication. Hence, digital modulation techniques have a greater demand, for
their capacity to convey larger amounts of data than analog modulation techniques.
In a digital communication system, the source to be transmitted is discrete both in time and
amplitude. Digital information carrying signals must be first converted to an analog
waveform prior to transmission. At the receiving end, analog signals are converted back to a
digital format before presentation to the end user. The conversion process at the transmitting
end is known as modulation. The receiving end is known as demodulation or detection

Modulation Techniques. Digital modulation is the process of encoding a digital

information signal into the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal. The
encoding process affects the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and its robustness to channel
impairments.

Understanding Modern Digital Modulation Techniques

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ...
 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) And Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) ...
 Data Rate And Baud Rate. ...
 Multiple Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) ...
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) ...
 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) ...
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Modulation Categories

 The modulated signal, x(t), is given by

 The modulation can be classified into two categories:

o Linear modulation: A modulation process is linear when both a(t)cosζ(t) and
a(t)sinζ(t) terms are linearly related to the message information signal.
o Nonlinear modulation: when the modulating signal, ν(t), affects the frequency of
the modulated signal. The definition of nonlinear is that superposition does not
apply.

Binary Phase Shift Keying

 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation scheme, where the 0's and 1's
in a binary message are represented by two different phase states in the carrier signal: for
binary 1 and. for binary 0. In digital modulation techniques, a set of basis functions are
chosen for a particular modulation scheme. Phase Shift Keying PSK is the digital modulation
technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine
inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric,
contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.

In digital wireless
communication
systems, the modulating signal may be represented as a time sequence of symbols or pulses,
where each symbol has m finite states. Each symbol represents n bits of information where n =
log2m bits/symbol.

 Binary phase shift keying (PSK): a(t)=1

 the phase component ζ(t):
 ζ(t)=0 for symbol “1” and
 ζ(t)=π for symbol “0”
 The modulated signal is

BPSK is used as a robust modulation

scheme in many applications. In 802.11 wireless local area networks, although different
modulation schemes are used depending on the transmission rate, the header of each frame is
always transmitted using BPSK to ensure its successful reception. Second generation cellular
CDMA systems use what is called “dual BPSK” for transmissions from the cell phone tower to
mobile devices (downlink). Here, there are two BPSK signals, one using a cosine and the other a
sine that are transmitted simultaneously. Each of these signals carries the same data. The reason
why this is possible is because the sine and cosine are orthogonal to one another. This fact is also
exploited in M-ary modulation schemes.

Advantages of Digital over Analog:

 Greater noise immunity (due to its finite process)

 Robustness to channel impairments
 Easier multiplexing of various forms of information like voice, data, video
 Security – by using coding techniques to avoid jamming
 Accommodation of digital error control codes which detect and/or correct
transmission errors
 Equalization to improve the performance of overall communication link
 Supports complex signal conditioning and processing methods

Factors that influence Digital Modulation:

 Low BER at low received SIR

 performs well in multi-path and fading
 High spectral efficiency
 The performance of a modulation scheme is often measured in terms of its power
efficiency and bandwidth efficiency
 The power efficiency is the ability of a modulation technique to preserve the fidelity
(acceptable BER) of the digital message at low power levels
 (Good BER performance at a low SIR under conditions of co- channel interference,
fading, and time dispersion). The source information is normally represented as a
baseband (low-pass) signal
 Because of signal attenuation, it is necessary to move the baseband signal spectrum
to reside at a much higher frequency band centered at fc, called the carrier frequency,
in the radio spectrum
 At the receiver end, the demodulation process removes the carrier frequency to
recover the baseband information signal
 Choose different carrier frequencies for different signals
 Modulation/demodulation process facilitates channel assignment and reduces
interference from other transmissions.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are
modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270
 degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using
the same bandwidth. With BPSK, higher distance coverage can be achieved from the base
station cellular cell or fixed station to the mobile subscribers compare to QPSK. QPSK has
advantages of having double data rate compare to BPSK. This is due to support of two bits
per carrier in QPSK compare to one bit per carrier in the case of BPSK.

Simulation of performance of BPSK and QPSK

In this the analysis for Bit error ratio (BER) with BPSK modulation scheme in Additive White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN) channel is performed. The bit error probability curve is simulated using Matlab. The complete
BPSK system is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment The behavior of the system is simulated and the
results obtained are presented.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that in recent years the transition from analogue to digital systems has become
increasingly important in all areas of communications. In summary, each digital communication system includes a
set of information source, modulator, communication channel, demodulator, and pulse generator. Moreover, the
quality of information transmission largely depends on the processes of modulation and demodulation of the
signals. Depending on which parameters of the carrier analog signal will affect the modulation signal (digital array
of logic 0 and logic 1), there are Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift
Keying PSK) digital modulation formats, each of which is characterized by its peculiarities [1, 2, 3].
With the largest single application, the three types of digital modulation are the phase modulation
variants. With the largest application in comparison between the three types of digital modulation are the different
variations of digital phase modulation [2]. In the simplest version of PSK modulation the phase of the carrier
signal switches between two values (0° and 180°) to transmit the two logic levels 0 and 1 of the digital stream [1,
3]. The modulation with two values of the carrier signal is known as Binary Phase Shift Keying - BPSK, the main
advantage of which is the high level of resistance against errors in the transmission of the signal through the
communication channel.
Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis, as well as the realization of a structural model for the study of BPSK
modulated / demodulated signals, is essential task as it is a basis for exploring PSK systems with higher level
modulation formats and complexity. The main objective of the present work is the theoretical analysis and
simulation with Matlab of BER probability for BPSK modulation format and realization of Simulink model for
simulation study of BPSK based communication system.

Analysis and simulation of ber probability for BPSK modulation format

Basic indicators for the quality of information transmitted in digital communication systems are the
probability of a bit error Pb, as well as the probability of a signal symbol error Ps (Symbol Error Rate - SER).
These two parameters are closely interconnected, but in practice, the probability of a bit error is actually used, i.e.
Pb, which is the subject of analysis in this paper.
BER probability for BPSK modulation format was obtained in two ways-analytically and through
simulation, as for the simulation the Matlab tools were used [5]. To estimate this probability at a given Signal-to-
Noise Ratio (SNR) value, the following dependence can be used:
Nb
PU = (1)
N

where Nb is the number of error bits, and N is the total number of transmitted bits.
The calculated BER probability value represents only one estimated point of the actual value. A statistically
significant result can be obtained with a sufficiently large number of registered error bits at the output of the
demodulator. It is considered to be sufficient Nb ≥ 100.
 In digital communication systems, the signal to noise ratio is generally defined as the ratio of the bit
energy Eb to the noise power spectral density N0, i.e. Eb / N0. Furthermore:

Eb = PTb , (2)

where P is the signal power, and Tb is the time for transmission of one bit;
N0 = Pn / W , (3)

where Pn is the noise power, and W is the frequency bandwidth.

The definition of the SNR is a prerequisite for the analysis of the BER probability to be performed with
respect to Eb/N0, i.e. to determine the

Pb =f(Eb / N0 )
dependence . To determine this functional dependence, the block diagram on Figure-below is

Figure : Summary block diagram of a system with BPSK modulator - demodulator.

The phase-modulated signal s is represented by two constant amplitudes +± √ E b, which

define the two logical levels 0 and 1, i.e. s0 = -
 (corresponds to

Abstract:
The results of a simulation study that provides insight into the simulation methodology and
bit error rate (BER) performance of frequency-shift keying (FSK), binary phase-shift keying
(BPSK), and pi /4 differential phase-shift keying ( pi /4 DQPSK) in flat fading channels
inside open plan buildings are presented. A detailed measurement-based propagation channel
model, SIRCIM (simulation of indoor radio channel impulse response models), which
generates over 1000 closely spaced baseband equivalent complex impulse responses for a
mobile radio operating at 1.3 GHz and traveling over a 1-m path, is used. The small-scale
channel model, the communication system models used in the analysis and the methods used
to predict BER are described. The channel simulator and the systems models have been
thoroughly tested, and results from average instantaneous BER simulations are shown. The
BER performances of the modulation techniques are presented. It is found that BPSK offers
between a 2.8-dB and 3.0-dB improvement over pi /4 DQPSK, although the latter offers a 3-
dB increase in capacity for a given spectrum allocation.< >

3) Simulation of comparison of performance of PSK and QAM.

The main distinction between QAM and other digital signals is that QAM can either be analog or
digital. That is, you can either use a digital modulating signal or an analog modulating signal
with QAM. ... In its digital form, QAM is also a digital signal, but digital signals are not limited
to modulation. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. An important observation that impacts the
bandwidth of modulation schemes is that a sine and a cosine at the same frequency are
orthogonal. So it is possible to transmit a carrier at a frequency fc and another carrier at the same
frequency f c with a phase shift of 90◦ and be able to differentiate between the two of them
easily. This approach enables us to double the symbol rate without doubling the bandwidth
required for the transmission. This concept where both a sine and a cosine are simultaneously
used for transmitting information is called quadrature modulation. The cosine is called the in-
phase component and the sine is called the quadrature-phase component.
If different (multiple positive and negative) amplitudes are used with the two phase- shifted
carriers, the modulation scheme is called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). QAM is a
popular bandwidth efficient modulation scheme used in many practical systems. The general M-
QAM signal for an M-ary alphabet can be written as:

si (t ) = Ai, I cos(2π fc t ) + Ai, Q sin(2π fc t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts

for i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , M

where the subscripts I and Q refer to the in-phase and quadrature-phase components. Note
that we can also write the QAM signal as:

si (t ) = Ai cos(2π fc t + φi ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts

for i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , M

Ai,Q
Where Ai = √ A 2i , I + A 2i ,Q and ∅ I = - tan-1( )
Ai , I

QAM as a mix of both amplitude and phase shift keying since the message mi is mapped to a
carrier with amplitude Ai and phase φi . Like M-ASK, it is common in M-QAM to pick the in-
phase and quadrature-phase amplitudes such that they are of the form (2i − 1 − M )d where 2d is
the difference between two consecutive amplitude values and is a measure of the distance
between adjacent signals.

QAM is employed in all voice-band modems. QAM is also used in digital subscriber lines.
Traditionally, QAM has not been used in wireless systems because of its dependence on the
amplitude which will be affected by fading. However, recently, QAM is being considered in
wireless communications as well in OFDM based systems.