Department of Environment, Malaysia

Copyright 2017 DOE

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 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This guidelines is based on research conducted on the Land-Disturbing Pollution Prevention

and Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2). The Consultant would like to express the utmost
gratitude and appreciation to the Technical Committee which includes,

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia

Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia

Environment Institute of Malaysia (EiMAS)

for their cooperation and contribution throughout the study. Finally, the consultant would like
to thank the bodies and individuals who assisted the work of the consultant with submissions
and information.
 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

BACKGROUND

There has been an increase in concern with regard to soil erosion issues which resulted in
sedimentation and deterioration of river water quality due to earthwork activities of development
projects. The deterioration of river water quality brought about by soil erosion originating from
surface water runoff, erosion and sedimentation requires more effective prevention and
mitigation measures in the construction practices. In the context of current regulations,
fundamental prevention practices which are more effective are needed to control pollution caused
by surface runoff, erosion and sedimentation.

The effect of surface runoff resulting in soil erosion and sedimentation on the environment has
long been one of the agenda of concern in Malaysia, particularly to the Department of
Environment (DOE) which is entrusted with the task of ensuring a sustainable development. A
review of the existing guidelines for the prevention and control of surface runoff, soil erosion and
sedimentation is therefore timely and to be enhanced with pollution controls which are more
practical and effective.

The first formal document to assist planners, practitioners and developers to control erosion was
prepared by the DOE in 1978. The guidelines which were formulated at that time were produced
to address the issues of surface runoff, erosion and sedimentation.

In 1992, various Government departmental agencies and academic institutions were called upon
to identify activities that could cause erosion and sedimentation and to recommend measures to
check these issues. The DOE Guidelines (1978) were reviewed and a new document entitled
“Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation” was produced in 1978.
It contained most of the 1978 guidelines together with additional new methodologies for the
prevention of erosion.

Between 1994 and early 1996, the DOE produced guidelines relating to the preparation of
environmental impact assessments (EIA) for each of the 19 prescribed activities listed in the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
Each of these documents contains general guidelines pertaining to the control of erosion and
sedimentation.

Under the “Teras ke-4 RMKe-11” i.e., “Heading Toward Green Growth in the Main Focus Field
(BFU) in Climate Change/Environment”, the Government has approved an allocation to execute
the Strengthening Environmental Sustainability project (Project Code: P23072004114001) for
2016 and 2017. One of the project scopes which the DOE will need to execute is on
Strengthening in Execution of EIA Procedures in Malaysia under Environmental Quality Act
1974 (Amendment 2012): Formation of Environmental Guidelines: Guidelines on Erosion and
Sedimentation.

In connection with the DOE’s effort to foster the culture of self-regulation in the regulated
sectors, mainstreaming the environmental agenda represents an important element in all the
procedures executed by the DOE, including the EIA procedures. From the EIA perspective,
 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

environment mainstreaming ought to be internalized and executed in all fields which are related
with the development of EIA projects such as, in all levels of the developer’s project organization
structure; in all levels of the process development making project decision; and in all levels
during project development phases (planning, construction and operation). Consideration,
specification and details that are contained in this Guidelines are consistent with the
mainstreaming spirit underlined in the latest EIA Guidelines.

In view of the above, this Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
Measures (LD-P2M2) has been produced to introduce erosion and sedimentation control
measures which are practical and effective to protect river water quality and to minimize the
degradation and deterioration of the environment due to earthworks activities.
 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

AIM OF GUIDELINES

The Guidelines on LD-P2M2 is a document to identify, cover and address matters relating to the
prevention, mitigation and control of the discharge from the development area containing the
major pollutant (suspended solids) resulting from land disturbing activities in an EIA project.

The Guidelines on LD-P2M2 has been prepared to improve on the “Guidelines For Prevention
and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia” (DOE, Nov 2008), as well as to provide
more details and understanding on the referred LD-P2M2 Document required for the submission
of EIA Report and EMP.

The main purpose of this Guidelines is to integrate the established erosion and sedimentation
control measures with the principles, techniques and methods in the execution of earthwork
activities for developmental projects by controlling, preventing and minimizing the effect of
pollution from erosion and sedimentation.

This Guidelines represents one of the efforts of environmental mainstreaming towards ensuring
environmental sustainability.

As mentioned above, this Guidelines is not meant to replace but to enhance the existing
guidelines/documents (Manual Panduan Pemeriksaan BMPs (Best Management Practices)
Untuk Kawalan Hakisan and Sedimen, and Guidelines For Prevention and Control of Soil
Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia), and to complement the existing methods that are currently
being used by the relevant project parties.

This Guidelines aims to explain the usage and application of pollution prevention and mitigation
measures prior to and during land disturbing activities, for the purposes of complying with the
prescribed EIA Conditions of Approval.
 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

GUIDELINES USAGE

At the moment, the Guidelines has been prepared primarily for the application into development
projects that are classified as Prescribed Activity under the latest Environmental Quality
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015.

The proposed Guidelines is mainly intended to be used for the preparation of EIA
Reports/Environmental Management Plans, as well as a tool for field inspection of EIA projects.
The document has been prepared for a wide audience who are involved in land development
planning, implementation and assessment, including Federal and State Government Departmental
and Agency staff, as well as for the private sector including planners, developers, contractors and
sub-contractors.

It is envisioned that this Guidelines is able to enhance the understanding of the DOE officers
when undertaking assessment of information related to document, maps and drawings associated
with project execution.

Additionally, the Guidelines aims to assist the project proponents and EIA consultants in the
understanding of LD-P2M2, as well as in the preparation of the LD-P2M2 Document. It also
standardizes the format of the LD-P2M2 Document that is required to be submitted at the EIA
stage, and which includes maps, plans and drawings, information required and procedures for
LD-P2M2 submission. Last but not least, this Guidelines should also assist the project proponent
personnel, especially the Environment Officer in the supervision of the overall implementation of
the LD-P2M2.

The chapters in this Guidelines are arranged in a logical sequence to explain the successive steps
necessary to control and manage erosion and sedimentation problems.

Chapter 1 gives an introduction on what LD-P2M2 is and the driving forces behind the need for
LD-P2M2.

Chapter 2 then presents the basic fundamentals of erosion and BMPs, including amongst others,
a summary of the existing Malaysian laws and regulation which encapsulate the requirements for
controlling erosion and sediment in project sites; an understanding of the processes of erosion
and sedimentation and highlights their resulted impacts; and the current methods used in
quantifying and prediction of potential soil losses from land disturbing activities of development
projects. Additionally, a discussion on the possible types of BMPs that are applicable in
Malaysia is also included in this chapter.
 GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Chapter 3 subsequently highlights a list of potential land disturbing activities with selected
examples, whilst Chapter 4 provides the readers with a basic understanding of project
implementation characteristics including the identification of project phases, project components,
work breakdown structures, and work scheduling, staging & sequencing.

Chapter 5 discusses the aspects of project implementation including techniques to apply the
mitigation measures into the phases of the construction and the methodology for preparing a LD-
P2M2 document in accordance to DOE’s requirements.

Lastly Chapter 6 covers IIM (Inspect, Install, Maintain); Compliance Monitoring, Impact
Monitoring, Performance Monitoring; Reporting & Documentation; and Environmental
Auditing.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

CONTENT
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDICS x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1

1.1 WHAT IS LD-P2M2 & LD-P2M2 DOCUMENT 1-1

1.2 WHY IS LD-P2M2 NEEDED 1-3
1.2.1 Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1-3
1.2.2 Teras ke-4 RMKe-11 1-4
1.2.3 Self-Regulation 1-4
1.2.4 New EIA Guidelines 1-4
1.2.5 Loss of Amenity 1-6
1.2.6 Public Interest and Awareness 1-12
1.2.7 Remedy Costs 1-16
1.2.8 Project Concerns 1-17
1.2.9 Best Available Technologies (BAT) 1-19
1.2.10 JPS & ESCP 1-19
1.3 WHEN IS LD-P2M2 REQUIRED? 1-20
1.4 FRAMEWORK OF THIS GUIDELINES 1-24

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF EROSION AND BMPS 2-1

2.1 LAWS, REGULATION AND OTHER GUIDELINES ON

EROSION AND SEDIMENT 2-1
2.1.1 Environmental Quality Act (Amendment) 2012 2-1
2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in
Malaysia, 2016 2-1
2.1.3 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion
and Siltation in Malaysia, DOE, 1996 2-3
2.1.4 Certified Erosion, Sediment and Storm Water Inspector Manual,
US Version, EnviroCert International, Inc., November 2011 2-4
2.1.5 Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual,
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, 2013 2-5
2.1.6 Chapter 12 Erosion and Sediment Control, Manual
Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA), JPS, 2012 2-5
2.1.7 Summary 2-6
2.2 UNDERSTANDING EROSION 2-7
2.2.1 Erosion 2-7
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2.2.2 Sedimentation 2-8

2.3 ISSUES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENT 2-9
2.3.1 Coordination & Communication 2-10
2.3.2 Command & Control 2-11
2.3.3 Issue of work program 2-11
2.3.4 Construction activity 2-11
2.3.5 Construction schedule 2-12
2.3.6 Construction methodology (Method statement) 2-12
2.3.7 Issue of planning 2-12
2.3.8 Issue of work stages and project phasing 2-13
2.3.9 Issue of work sequence 2-13
2.3.10 Issue of site possession 2-13
2.3.11 Issue of river/stream diversion 2-14
2.3.12 Issue of river/stream crossing 2-14
2.3.13 Issue of capacity building and logistic (physical/financial/fund) 2-14
2.3.14 Issue of cost and benefit analyses (double handling and timeline) 2-14
2.3.15 Issue of upholding Code of Practice in Earthwork 2-15
2.3.16 Issue of construction (earthwork) team 2-15
2.3.17 Issue of design change 2-15
2.3.18 Issue of designer/preparer not the supervising consultant 2-16
2.3.19 BMPs stocking 2-16
2.3.20 Environment Officer level of authority 2-16
2.3.21 BMPs not in place 2-17
2.4 CULTURE OF OUR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2-17
2.4.1 Parties Contributing to Erosion and Sediment 2-18
2.4.2 Perception of Project Parties 2-19
2.5 QUANTIFYING AND PREDICTING SOIL LOSS 2-19
2.6 FUNDAMENTALS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) 2-19
2.6.1 Basic Principles & Requirement 2-19
2.6.2 Standards and Specifications for P2M2s 2-20
2.6.3 Categories of BMPs 2-21

CHAPTER 3 IDENTIFYING LAND DISTURBING ACTIVITIES 3-1

3.1.1 DEFINITION 3-1

3.1.2 Types of Land Disturbing Activities 3-1
3.2 SITE LAND CLEARING 3-2
3.2.1 Practice Description 3-2
3.2.2 Examples of Site Land Clearing 3-3
3.2.3 Planning Considerations 3-5
3.2.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-6
3.3 GRUBBING 3-10
3.3.1 Practice Description 3-10
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3.3.2 Examples of Grubbing 3-10

3.3.3 Planning Considerations 3-11
3.3.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-12
3.4 STRIPPING 3-12
3.4.1 Practice Description 3-12
3.4.2 Examples of Stripping 3-12
3.4.3 Planning Considerations 3-14
3.4.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-14
3.5 GRADING 3-16
3.5.1 Practice Description 3-16
3.5.2 Examples of Grading 3-16
3.5.3 Planning Considerations 3-17
3.5.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-17
3.6 RAISING OR SLOPING OF GROUND 3-18
3.6.1 Practice Description 3-18
3.6.2 Examples of Raising or Sloping of Ground 3-18
3.6.3 Planning Considerations 3-20
3.6.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-22
3.7 EXCAVATING 3-23
3.7.1 Practice Description 3-23
3.7.2 Examples of Excavating 3-24
3.7.3 Planning Considerations 3-27
3.7.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-28
3.8 TRENCHING 3-31
3.8.1 Practice Description 3-31
3.8.2 Examples of Trenching 3-32
3.8.3 Planning Considerations 3-35
3.8.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-36
3.9 FILLING & EMBANKMENT 3-38
3.9.1 Practice Description 3-38
3.9.2 Examples of Filling & Embankment 3-38
3.9.3 Planning Considerations 3-39
3.9.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-39
3.10 LOGGING 3-40
3.10.1 Practice Description 3-40
3.10.2 Examples of Logging 3-40
3.10.3 Planning Considerations 3-41
3.10.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-41
3.11 STORING OF MATERIALS 3-43
3.11.1 Practice Description 3-43
3.11.2 Examples of Storing of Materials 3-43
3.11.3 Planning Considerations 3-44
3.11.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-45
3.12 BLASTING 3-46
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3.12.1 Practice Description 3-46

3.12.2 Examples of Blasting 3-46
3.12.3 Planning Considerations 3-47
3.12.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements 3-47

CHAPTER 4 UNDERSTANDING PHASES IN A PROJECT 4-1

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1

4.1.1 Construction Planning 4-1
4.2 CONSEQUENCES FROM POOR PLANNING AND INADEQUATE
PHASING 4-2
4.2.1 Example 1 4-2
4.2.2 Example 2 4-5
4.2.3 Example 3 4-6
4.2.4 Example 4 4-8
4.2.5 Example 5 4-8
4.2.6 Example 6 4-10
4.2.7 Discussion 4-11
4.3 PHASES IN A PROJECT 4-12
4.3.1 Meaning of “Phase” 4-12
4.3.2 Project Cycle 4-12
4.3.3 Distinction between “Development Phases” and “Project Phases” 4-19
4.3.4 Distinction between “Pre-Construction” and “Construction” 4-19
4.3.5 What is Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 4-20
4.4 IDENTIFYING PHASES IN A PROJECT 4-22
4.4.1 Meaning of “Phases” in the Context of this Guidelines 4-22
4.4.2 Factors of Consideration in Phasing 4-22
4.4.3 Examples of Phasing 4-25
4.4.4 Summary 4-34
4.5 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURES (WBS) 4-36
4.5.1 Meaning of WBS 4-36
4.5.2 Application to this Guidelines 4-36
4.6 IDENTIFYING PROJECT COMPONENTS 4-38
4.6.1 Conventional Way of Identifying Project Components 4-38
4.6.2 Application to this Guidelines 4-45
4.6.3 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project 4-46
4.6.4 Example 2 – Proposed Highway Project 4-47
4.6.5 Example 3 – Proposed Housing Development Project 4-51
4.6.6 Example 4 – Proposed Main Drainage Project 4-57
4.6.7 Example 5 – Proposed River Check Dam Project 4-62
4.6.8 Example 6 – Proposed Forest Development Project 4-65
4.6.9 Summary 4-69
4.7 IDENTIFYING PROJECT ACTIVITIES 4-70
4.7.1 Application to this Guidelines 4-70
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4.7.2 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project 4-72

4.7.3 Example 2 – Proposed Highway Project 4-85
4.7.4 Example 3 – Proposed Housing Development Project 4-98
4.7.5 Example 4 – Proposed Main Drainage Project 4-104
4.7.6 Example 5 – Proposed River Check Dam Project 4-108
4.7.7 Example 6 – Proposed Forest Redevelopment Project 4-112
4.7.8 Summary 4-112
4.8 IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS 4-117
4.8.1 Application to this Guidelines 4-117
4.9 IDENTIFYING PROJECT SEQUENCES & SCHEDULING 4-130
4.9.1 Application to this Guidelines 4-130
4.9.2 Examples of Project Phasing, Sequences & Scheduling 4-131
4.9.3 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project 4-131
4.9.4 Other Examples 4-142
4.9.5 Summary 4-146

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES 5-1

5.1 OVERARCHING REQUIREMENTS 5-1

5.1.2 Legal Obligations 5-1
5.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LD-P2M2 5-1
5.2.1 Minimum Standards Requirements of LD-P2M2 5-2
5.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT PARTIES 5-3
5.3.1 Who are Key Players? 5-3
5.3.2 Project Proponent 5-3
5.3.3 Consultants 5-4
5.3.4 Contractors 5-6
5.3.5 Environmental Officers (EO) 5-6
5.4 LD-P2M2 APPLICATION DURING PLANNING STAGE 5-8
5.4.1 How Project Proponents and Consultants Apply LD-P2M2 5-8
5.5 LD-P2M2 APPLICATION DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE 5-10
5.5.1 How Project Proponents Apply LD-P2M2 5-10
5.5.2 How the Environmental Officers Apply LD-P2M2 5-11
5.5.3 How the Contractors Apply LD-P2M2 5-11
5.6 SITE APPLICATION PRACTICES 5-13
5.6.1 Usage of Project Information and P2M2s 5-13
5.6.2 Applying LD-P2M2 Basic Principles 5-22
5.7 PREPARING A LD-P2M2 DOCUMENT 5-30
5.7.1 General Guidelines for preparing a LD-P2M2 Document 5-30
5.7.2 Writing a LD-P2M2 Report 5-40

CHAPTER 6 MONITORING, REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION 6-1

6.1 IMPORTANCE OF IIM 6-1

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6.1.1 Install 6-2

6.1.2 Inspect 6-3
6.1.3 Maintain 6-7
6.2 TYPES OF MONITORING 6-7
6.2.1 General 6-7
6.3 COMPLIANCE MONITORING (CM) 6-8
6.3.1 Definition 6-8
6.4 IMPACT MONITORING (IM) 6-8
6.4.1 Definition 6-8
6.5 PERFORMANCE MONITORING (PM) 6-9
6.5.1 Definition 6-9
6.6 REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION 6-11
6.6.1 General 6-11
6.6.2 Master List of Installation 6-11
6.6.3 Installed P2M2 Verification 6-14
6.6.4 Follow-up Inspection 6-16
6.6.5 Maintenance Programme 6-18
6.6.6 Sampling Database 6-20
6.6.7 Analysis & Interpretation 6-20
6.6.8 Reporting 6-22
6.6.9 Photo Database 6-22
6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING 6-22
6.7.1 Environmental Audit Program 6-22
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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Impacts of Erosion & Sediment 1-7

Table 1.2 Overall Issues 1-18
Table 3.1 Example of Land Clearing 3-3
Table 3.2 Example of Grubbing 3-11
Table 3.3 Example of Stripping 3-13
Table 3.4 Example of Land Grading 3-16
Table 3.5 Example of Ground Raising/Sloping 3-19
Table 3.6 Example of Excavating 3-24
Table 3.7 Example of Borehole Drilling 3-26
Table 3.8 Example of In-stream Works 3-27
Table 3.9 Example of Trenching 3-32
Table 3.10 Example of River Diversion or Crossing Activity 3-33
Table 3.11 Example of Dewatering Activity 3-34
Table 3.12 Examples of Filling/Embankment 3-38
Table 3.13 Examples of Logging 3-40
Table 3.14 Example of Material Storage 3-43
Table 3.15 Example of Blasting 3-46
Table 4.1 Project Activities for Main Drainage Project 4-104
Table 4.2 Project Activities for River Check Dam Project 4-109
Table 4.3 Project Activities for Forest Redevelopment Project 4-112
Table 4.4 List of EMS for STW Project 4-117
Table 4.5 Consideration Factors for Phasing STW Project 4-132
Table 4.6 Identified Land Disturbing Activities 4-133
Table 4.7 Project Sequence for Phase 1 4-138
Table 4.8 Project Sequence for Phase 2 4-139
Table 4.9 Project Sequence for Phase 3 4-140
Table 4.10 Project Sequence for Phase 5 4-141
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List of Figures

PAGE
Figure 1.1 Elements of LD-P2M2 1-2
Figure 1.2 Needs for LD-P2M2 1-3
Figure 1.3 Examples of Amenity Losses 1-8
Figure 1.4 Examples of Public Disruptions 1-12
Figure 1.5 BMP Categories 1-19
Figure 1.6 Typical Project Flow 1-21
Figure 1.7 Progression of LD-P2M2 from Planning to Construction 1-22
Figure 1.8 LD-P2M2 During EIA Process Stage 1-23
Figure 1.9 LD-P2M2 After EIA Approval Stage 1-24
Figure 2.1 Parties Involved in Erosion & Sediment 2-18
Figure 4.1 Large Scale Earthworks with No Proper BMPs Installed 4-3
Figure 4.2 Effects of Erosion and Sedimentation on River Downstream 4-4
Figure 4.3 Damages to Vegetation from Soil Erosion 4-4
Figure 4.4 Vast Land Clearing with Lack of Phasing Planning 4-5
Figure 4.5 Massive Scouring of Ground Surface due to Erosion of 4-6
Unprotected Surfaces
Figure 4.6 Impacts from Poor Planning in Phasing of Site Works 4-7
Figure 4.7 Erosion and Surface Runoff from a Poorly Managed Work Site 4-8
Figure 4.8 No Indication of Works Phasing Implemented 4-9
Figure 4.9 Erosion and Landslides Resulted from Lack of Activities 4-9
Phasing
Figure 4.10 Erosion and Surface Runoff from a Poorly Managed Work Site 4-11
Figure 4.11 Typical Flow of a Project 4-13
Figure 4.12 Typical Pre-Site Activities 4-17
Figure 4.13 Purpose of Defining Activities in Project Management 4-20
Figure 4.14 Possible Phasing 4-26
Figure 4.15 Possible Phasing 4-30
Figure 4.16 Possible Phasing 4-32
Figure 4.17 WBS for Addressing Erosion and Sedimentation 4-37
Figure 4.18 Example of a Civil Engineering Project 4-39
Figure 4.19 Possible Component Breakdown of STW Project (based on 4-42
disciplines)
Figure 4.20 Components of A Highway Project 4-44
Figure 4.21 A Simpler Alternative to Component Breakdown of STW 4-46
Project
Figure 4.22 Layout of a New 10 km Highway Project 4-49
Figure 4.23 A Simpler Alternative to Component Breakdown of A Highway 4-50
Project
Figure 4.24 Layout of A Housing Development Project 4-54
Figure 4.25 Components of A Housing Development Project 4-55
Figure 4.26 Alternative Component Breakdown of A Housing Development 4-56
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Project
Figure 4.27 Components of Main Drainage Project 4-59
Figure 4.28 Conventional Breakdown of A Main Drainage Project 4-60
Figure 4.29 Alternative Component Breakdown of A Main Drainage Project 4-61
Figure 4.30 Components of A River Check Dam Project 4-63
Figure 4.31 Alternative Component Breakdown of A River Check Dam 4-64
Project
Figure 4.32 Components of A Forest Redevelopment Project 4-67
Figure 4.33 Alternative Component Breakdown of A Forest Redevelopment 4-68
Project
Figure 4.34 Identification of Possible Project Activities of STW Project 4-83
Figure 4.35 Identification of Possible Project Activities of STW Project 4-84
Figure 4.36 Possible Project Activities of a Highway Project 4-96
Figure 4.37 Identification of Possible Scope of Work of Highway Project 4-97
Figure 4.38 Possible Project Activities of a Housing Development Project 4-102
Figure 4.39 Possible Scope of Work of a Housing Development 4-103
Figure 4.40 Possible Project Activities of a Main Drainage Project 4-106
Figure 4.41 Possible Scope of Work of a Main Drainage Project 4-107
Figure 4.42 Possible Project Activities of a River Check Dam Project 4-110
Figure 4.43 Possible Scope of Work of a River Check Dam Project 4-111
Figure 4.44 Possible Project Activities of a Forest Redevelopment Project 4-115
Figure 4.45 Possible Scope of Work of a Forest Redevelopment Project 4-116
Figure 4.46 Environmental Method Statements for STW Project 4-121
Figure 4.47 Environmental Method Statements for Highway Project 4-122
Figure 4.48 Environmental Method Statements for Housing Project 4-124
Figure 4.49 Environmental Method Statements for Drainage Project 4-126
Figure 4.50 Environmental Method Statements for River Check Dam Project 4-128
Figure 4.51 Environmental Method Statements for Forest Redevelopment 4-129
Project
Figure 4.52 Recommended Project Sequence for Phases of Work for STW 4-135
Project
Figure 4.53 Proposed Phasing for Sewage Treatment Works Project 4-136
Figure 4.54 Proposed Project Sequence for Phase 1 4-137
Figure 4.55 Proposed Project Sequence for Phase 2 4-137
Figure 4.56 Proposed Phasing for Highway Project 4-143
Figure 4.57 Proposed Phasing for Housing Project 4-144
Figure 4.58 Proposed Phasing for Drainage Project 4-145
Figure 5.1 Information for LD-P2M2 Analysis 5-10
Figure 5.2 LD-P2M2 Implementation Framework 5-13
Figure 5.3 Weather/Rainfall Data and Related P2M2s 5-15
Figure 5.4 Runoff Velocity /Flow rate and Related P2M2s 5-16
Figure 5.5 Earthwork Volumes and Related P2M2s 5-17
Figure 5.6 Soil Characteristics and Related P2M2s 5-18
Figure 5.7 Erosion/Sedimentation Sensitive Receivers and Related P2M2s 5-19
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.8 Waste Management and Related P2M2s 5-20

Figure 5.9 List of P2M2s 5-21
Figure 6.1 Objectives of IIM 6-1
Figure 6.2 Types of Environmental Monitoring 6-8
Figure 6.3 Critical Record Types 6-11
Figure 6.4 Sample Master List of Installation Record 6-13
Figure 6.5 Sample of Installed P2M2 Verification Record 6-15
Figure 6.6 Sample Inspection Record 6-17
Figure 6.7 Sample Maintenance Programme record 6-19
Figure 6.8 Sample Analysis 6-21

List of Appendices

Appendix A Issue relating Erosion and Sedimentation

Appendix B Minimum Standard Requirement of Pollution and Prevention Control
Appendix C Culture of Our Construction Industry
Appendix D Sample Worksheet to quantify Soil Loss and Sediment Yield
Appendix E BMPs
Appendix F Guiding on Managing Erosion and Sediment Control
Appendix G Data for Sample LD-P2M2 Document
Appendix H Inspection Checklists
Appendix I Sample Of Strategic Plan For Erosion And Sediment Reduction And
Remediation Measures At An Active Construction Site

Abbreviations

5-Ws, 1-H What, Why, Where, Who, When and How

ATS Active Treatment System
BATs Best Available Technologies
BFU Main Focus Field (Bidang Fokus Utama)
BMPs Best Management Practices
BSI British Standards Institte
CISEC Certified Inspector in Sediment and Erosion Control
CESSWI Certified in Erosion, Sediment and Stormwater Inspector
CPESC Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control
CM Compliance Monitoring
COA Conditions of Approval
CPM Critical Path Method
DOE Department of Environment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
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EM Environmental Mainstreaming
EO Environmental Officer
EP Environmental Policy
EPMC Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee
EPMD Environmental Performance Monitoring Document
EQA Environmental Quality Act 1974
ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
HVF High Visibility Fencing
IIM Inspect, Install, Maintain
IM Impact Monitoring
JPS Department of Drainage and Irrigation
LD-P2M2 Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures
MSMA Manual Saliran Mesra Alam
MUSLE Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
P2M2s Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures
PBT Local Authority
PE Professional Engineer
PM Performance Monitoring
PMD Performance Monitoring Document
PMR Performance Monitoring Report
PP Project Proponent
RECPs Rolled Erosion Control Products
ROW Right of Way
STW Sewage Treatment Works
TNB Tenaga National Berhad
TRM Turf Reinforcement Mat
USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation
WBS Work Breakdown Structure
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS LD-P2M2 & LD-P2M2 DOCUMENT?

In the context of this Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
Measures (LD-P2M2), “Land Disturbing” (LD) refers to “any project development that is
subject to Section 34A EQA 1974” which can possibly involve activities such as clearing
of trees or vegetation, excavating, raising or sloping of ground, stripping, grading,
grubbing, trenching, excavating, filling, logging, storing of materials and blasting.

In other word, “land disturbing” also means any activity that changes the physical
conditions of land form, vegetation and hydrology, and during the process, creates bare
soil, or otherwise may cause erosion or sediment issues.

“Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures” (P2M2) refer to the “Best Management
Practices (BMPs) that include activities, facilities, measures, planning or procedures used
to minimize accelerated erosion and sedimentation as well as other pollutants resulting
from land disturbing activities and to manage runoff water to protect and maintain the
quality of soil or inland or Malaysian waters and the existing and designated uses of
waters before, during, and after land disturbing activities”.

Taken collectively then, “Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation

Measures”, or simply LD-P2M2 refers to: “the use of construction methods, processes,
materials, and practices that is intended to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the generation of
pollutants at the source (development site) during any land-disturbing activity, through the
protection of natural resources by preservation and conservation, reduction of waste
generation and releases or discharges of pollutants to land, air, and water, and
incorporation of best management practices (BMPs) and techniques to attain compliance
with the conditions stipulated in the EIA approval conditions (Conditions of approval-
COA)”.

The key objectives of LD-P2M2 are as follows:

 To commit Project Proponents to address soil erosion and sedimentation at an earlier

stage of the Project, namely, at the EIA stage, so that adequate planning and resources
are factored into the later stages such as design and construction;

 To commit Project Proponents to review in more detail their construction sequencing

and site operations prior to award of construction contracts, in regard to land
disturbing activities which may result in soil erosion and sedimentation;
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 To assist the site operators involved in the land disturbing activities, especially the
Environment Officer, in supervising the overall implementation of LD-P2M2 that
include the installation, inspection and maintenance (2I’s1M) of pollution prevention
and mitigation measures as well as in preparing the required documentation and
reports (photographs, data collections and corrective actions) on 2I’s1M.

Following on from the above, the major elements of LD-P2M2 are shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Elements of LD-P2M2

The analysis of and findings on LD-P2M2 are ultimately documented in the LD-P2M2
Document which can be described as follows:

 This is a project-specific document to be prepared by the EIA Consultant at the

EIA/EMP stage, to address and detail out all the elements that are required for
applying the concept of LD-P2M2 into the project development.

 The focus of a LD-P2M2 Document will be on the prevention, mitigation and control
of the discharge from the development area containing the major pollutant
(suspended solids) resulting from the project’s land disturbing activities.
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1.2 WHY IS LDP2M2 NEEDED?

In Malaysia, especially due to events related to erosion and sediment arising from
construction projects that have occurred in recent times, various factors are perceived to
be the driving forces for the need to formally formulate and implement the concept of
LD-P2M2 into the EIA projects, at least at this initial stage. Figure 1.2: Needs for LD-
P2M2 below shows diagrammatically the myriad of driving forces as mentioned earlier.

Figure 1.2: Needs for LD-P2M2

1.2.1 Environmental Quality Act (EQA)

Section 34A of the EQA stipulates that an EIA report shall be undertaken in
accordance with the guidelines as prescribed by the Director General, and shall
contain “the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or
control the adverse impact on the environment.” This Section further stipulates
that the person carrying out the prescribed activity “shall provide sufficient proof
that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are being complied with and that
the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact
on the environment are being incorporated into the design, construction and
operation of the prescribed activity.”
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In summary, there are currently existing laws and regulation in the Malaysian
construction practice that prohibit the acts of polluting the environment as a result
from erosion and sediment issues generated from site activities.

1.2.2 “Teras ke-4 RMKe-11”

Under the Government’s “Heading Toward Green Growth in the Main Focus Field
(BFU) in Climate Change/Environment” programme, an allocation has been
approved to strengthen the Execution of EIA Procedures in Malaysia under
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Amendment 2012): Formation of Environmental
Guidelines: Guidelines on Erosion and Sedimentation. The introduction of LD-
P2M2 hence is in line with the above national planning goal.

1.2.3 Self-Regulation

In the strive to solicit active participation of all project parties in their roles in
relation to environmental protection, including erosion and sediment control, DOE
has adopted the “self-regulation” policy, i.e., by ensuring mainstreaming of
environmental agenda as an integral part and parcel of all the procedures
implemented by the DOE, including the EIA procedure. With this, all levels of the
project developer’s organizational structure, the project development decision
making process, and the project development phases (planning, construction, and
operation) are required to be well versed on their project-related environmental
issues, as well as to ensure constant regulatory compliance of the project by,
amongst other things, monitoring the environmental performance and
effectiveness of pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2s) of the
project through the project-appointed “Environmental Performance Monitoring
Committee” (EPMC).

In this regard, the LD-P2M2 Guidelines will need to be well balanced as well as
comprehensive so that all parties using this document have a common
understanding pertaining to land-disturbing pollution prevention and mitigation
measures.

This self-regulation approach is expected to complement the existing “command &

control” practices by the DOE.

1.2.4 New EIA Guidelines

In the latest “Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in Malaysia, 2016”,

specific reference to the prevention of erosion and sediment discharges from a
construction site is included which essentially included the following:
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“The EIA procedure, a preventive strategy of the DOE also needs to embrace the
environmental mainstreaming and self-regulation goal in order to enhance its
effectiveness in mitigating the adverse impacts from development projects on the
environment at every stage of the EIA procedure. Self-regulation culture in EIAs
means that the Project Proponent will be charged with full responsibility and
accountability for taking environmental friendly options and instituting effective
pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) and self-demonstration of
regulatory compliance of the EIA procedure at all stages of project
implementation.”

The Guideline also directly holds the Project Proponent to be legally responsible
“towards ensuring regulatory compliance of his project with the EIA procedure at
all stages of project planning and implementation.” The Project Proponent is also
tasked to allocate sufficient funds for every stage of project planning and
implementation, and amongst others, “for implementation of Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) including temporary pollution prevention and mitigation
measures (P2M2). P2M2 shall be those which can be described as state of the art
technologies, best available technologies (BATs), or industry best practices.”

The other elements under the new EIA Guideline that would drive the increase
effort in controlling erosion and sediment issues are summarized below:

Clause Section 34A (1): “The Minister, after consultation with the Council, may
by order prescribe any activity which may have significant environmental impact
as prescribed activity.”

Clause Section 34A (2): “Any person intending to carry out any prescribed
activity shall appoint a qualified person to conduct an environmental impact
assessment and to submit a report thereof to the Director General in the manner
as the Director General may prescribe.”

Clause Section 34A (2C): “The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines
as the Director General may prescribe and shall contain: (a) an assessment of the
impact such activity will have or is likely to have on the environment; and (b) the
proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the
adverse impact on the environment.”

Clause Section 34A (7): “If the Director General approves the report, the person
carrying out the prescribed activity, in the course of carrying out such activity,
shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are
being complied with and that the proposed measures to be taken to prevent,
reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are being incorporated
into the design, construction and operation of the prescribed activity.”
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Clause Section 34AA: “(1) The Director General may issue a prohibition order
or stop work order to the person carrying out the prescribed activities –

a. without the approval under subsection 34A(3);

b. who violates any conditions attached to the approval of the report; or
c. which in the opinion of the Director General are being carried out in a
manner that is likely to cause environmental damage.

(2) The prohibition order or stop work order may be issued for the purpose of
preventing the prescribed activities from continuing –

a. either absolutely or conditionally;

b. for such period as the Director General may determine; or
c. until requirements to remedy as the Director General may direct have
been complied with.”

Also stated in DOE’s guidelines is the following: “All activities subject to EIA
Order, 2015 which involve land disturbing or site preparation activities are
required to prepare a LD-P2M2 as part of the EMP submission requirement.
Non-compliance with the specifications stipulated in this Guidelines may be a
cause for the rejection of the EMP or will cause a delay in the EMP processing.”

In this regard, the implementation of LD-P2M2 is in tandem to assist the Project

Proponent and Contractor to meet the objectives of the new EIA Guidelines.

1.2.5 Loss of Amenity

The term “amenity” is also defined as “facility”, “convenience”, “comfort”,

“service” or “feature”. In the context of public amenities, they could be either
natural features, such as parks, rivers, lakes, etc., or manmade such as roads,
reservoir, water treatment plants and so on. Although all construction projects are
confined within the prescribed works boundaries or right of way (ROW), the
impacts of erosion and sediment in the more serious cases unfortunately extend
beyond the limits of the project sites, and inevitably impose negative impacts to
the public amenities located outside of these boundaries.

The direct physical and environmental impacts from the effects of erosion and
sedimentation can be summarized as follows:
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Table 1.1: Impacts of Erosion & Sediment

Physical Effects
 Costly damage to aquatic areas and to private and public lands.
 Obstruction of stream channels and navigable rivers.
 Increase in flood crests resulting in flood damages.
 Functionally impair storm water conveyances such as culverts and piping
systems from sediment influx.
 Loss in storage capacity of municipal and industrial water supply
reservoirs.
 Impairment of recreational impoundment.
 Decrease in navigability of channels.
Environmental Impacts
 Eroded soil contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients, and when
carried into water bodies, triggers algal blooms that reduce water clarity,
deplete oxygen, lead to fish kills, and create odors.
 Erosion of stream banks and adjacent areas destroys streamside
vegetation that provides aquatic and wildlife habitats.
 Excessive deposition of sediments in streams smothers the bottom fauna,
seals stream beds, and destroys fish spawning habitat.
 Turbidity from sediment reduces in-stream photosynthesis, which leads to
reduced food supply and habitat.
 Turbidity increases the amount of sunlight absorbed in water, raising
stream temperatures.
 Suspended sediment abrades and coats aquatic organisms.
 Erosion removes the smaller and less dense constituents of topsoil which
hold nutrients that plants require for healthy establishment. The remaining
subsoil is often hard, rocky, infertile, and droughty; thus making
reestablishment of vegetation difficult.
 Eroded soil in aquatic environment reduces both the kinds and the
amounts of organisms present in an aquatic system.

The loss of amenities associated with the above impacts is shown in the following
few examples.
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Example 1(a):
Effects of
sediment in the
river seen in this
water treatment
plant, where the
polluted river
serves as the raw
water source for
the plant. Root
cause of reservoir
pollution tracked
back to the plant
intake point,
where incoming
water quality
exceeded the
acceptable limits.
Example 1(b):
The plant had to
be shut down for
days to facilitate
cleanup of its
storage reservoir.
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Example 2:
Heavily polluted
reservoir of a
hydroelectric
plant, diminishing
the reservoir’s
design storage
capacity.

Example 3:
Loss of use of
rivers as an
amenity due to
high loads of silt
in river waters.

Example 4:
Another heavily
polluted river due
to eroded
sediment.
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Example 5:
Heavy
sedimentation to a
river located
adjacent to a
massive land
clearing site.

Example 6:
Temporary loss of
use of a public
road due to
sediment being
carried onto the
road surface.

Example 7:
Another polluted
river? No, this is a
road under heavily
sediment-laden
runoff after a
rainfall. Evidently,
the road acted as a
drainage path to
transport sediment
to the drainage
system.
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Example 8:
Disruption to road
users due to highly
silted runoff from
an adjacent
hillside.

Example 9:
Gradual
encroachment of
silt materials onto
residential areas.

Example 10:
Concentrated
discharge into
storm water
system will cause
blockage to the
drains and costly
to maintain.
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Example 11:
Indiscriminate
discharge of
construction
wastewater
(concrete
washout) expected
to damage the
adjacent
environment.

Figure 1.3: Examples of Amenity Losses

1.2.6 Public Interest and Awareness

Impacts of erosion and sedimentation which affect populated areas will inevitably
raise the public interest and awareness, particularly if private properties are
damaged or in even more drastic cases, fatalities or injuries resulted from these
impacts. This heightened interest and awareness of the public poses the pressure
for more effort in controlling the current construction practices in dealing with
erosion and sedimentation. Additionally, the continued deterioration of the river
quality in Malaysia due to eroded soils from project sites is receiving a great
amount of attention from the relevant authorities.

The selected examples below highlight the frequent concerns faced by the public
in recent times.

Example 1(a):
A significant
flood event due
to runoff
carrying eroded
soils from
upstream
catchment of
town, affecting
residents in the
affected areas.
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Example 1(b):
Another part of
the same town
above subject to
flood waters,
causing major
disruption to
affected road
users.

Example 2:
Another
township under
flood waters
knowingly due
to serious cases
of erosion at the
upper
catchment of
the area,
resulting in
large scale
property
damages.
Example 3:
Discharge of
sediment-laden
waters from a
construction in
a urban area,
causing major
disruption to
affected road
users.
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Example 4:
Discharge of
sediment-laden
waters to a
major roadway,
causing major
disruption to
road users.

Example 5:
Discharge of
sediment-laden
waters from an
open
construction
site, resulting in
dangerous road
conditions.

Example 6:
Another
example of
dangerous road
conditions due
to sediment-
laden runoff.
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Example 7(a):
Significant
mudflow
causing major
damages to
properties.

Example 7(b):
More photos of
damages to
public
properties.

Example 7(c):
More photos of
damages to
public
properties.

Figure 1.4: Examples of Public Disruptions

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1.2.7 Remedy Costs

Many economic impacts of erosion and sedimentation are hard to quantify. How
can a dollar value be assigned to loss of aquatic habitat or diminished water
clarity? Other impacts may be readily quantified, for example the cost of dredging
and disposing of the accumulated sediment in a silted-up reservoir. Other
economic impacts include the following:

a. Excessive sediment accumulation reduces reservoir storage capacity and

more frequent sediment removal is required.

b. The cost of building new reservoirs to replace lost reservoir capacity is high.
Increasing land values and lack of available sites are making this alternative
much less feasible.

c. Sediment deposited into streams reduces flow capacity, interferes with

navigation, and increases the risks of flooding. Regular maintenance
dredging is required.

d. Erosion severely diminishes the ability of the soil to support plant growth.
To restore this ability is costly.

e. Listing additional wildlife as endangered species increases time and fees for
permitting, design, and construction in the affected watersheds. Some costs
are directly assessed to specific projects while many other costs are
distributed statewide by spending additional monies for habitat restoration.

f. The cost of filtering muddy water in preparation for domestic or industrial

use becomes excessive. There are added expenses of water purification.

A feel of the magnitude of remedy costs of the impacts of erosion and

sedimentation is best illustrated by the following cost summary incurred to clean
up the Sultan Abu Bakar reservoir, one of the hydroelectric station assets
belonging to Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) in the state of Pahang:
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Source: TNB Generation

1.2.8 Project Concerns

One of the key project concerns driving the need for LD-P2M2 is that currently,
projects are typically awarded before the specific issues potentially faced by
construction projects in dealing with erosion and sediment in their sites have been
adequately studied during the planning stage. As a result of this, provision for
adequate budget or requirements for the necessary mitigation measures to be
implemented on site could not be timely included into the tendering process by the
project proponent nor incorporated into the Contractor’s construction budget.
With LD-P2M2, which is required to be resolved as early as during the submission
of EIA report, this should allow sufficient time for the appropriate resources
needed for the pollution prevention and mitigation measures to be included into
the tender documentation.

Also related to project concerns, the issues of erosion and sediment have been
observed and documented over the years by DOE based on inspections of the
various projects in Malaysia. In 2011, when DOE first published the “Manual
Panduan Pemeriksaan BMPs (Best Management Practices) Untuk Kawalan
Hakisan and Sedimen”, the top ten non-compliances of erosion and sediment
control were identified as follows:

a. Too much soil exposed at one time.

b. Missing and/or misunderstanding of erosion and sediment control.
c. Poor temporary stockpiles and BMPs maintenance.
d. Inadequate BMP maintenance.
e. No BMPs to minimize vehicle tracking onto the road.
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f. Dewatering and other pollutant discharges.

g. Poorly managed washouts – concrete, paint, stucco.
h. Inadequate self-inspections.
i. Inadequate updating of EMP/ESCP.
j. Improper solid and hazardous wastes management.

In the recent years, the above list has expanded to include a more comprehensive
account of the overall issues resulting in erosion and sediment non-compliances on
project sites, including the following:

Table 1.2: Overall Issues

Overall Issues of Erosion and Sediment

 Coordination & Communication
 Command & Control
 Issue of work program
 Construction activity
 Construction schedule
 Construction methodology (Method statement)
 Issue of planning
 Issue of work stages
 Issue of project phasing
 Issue of work sequence
 Issue of site possession
 Issue of river/stream diversion
 Issue of river/stream crossing
 Issue of capacity building and logistic
(physical/financial/fund)
 Issue of cost and benefit analyses (double handling and
timeline)
 Issue of upholding Code of Practice in Earthwork
 Issue of construction (earthwork) team having common
practice of Excavation (cut & fill) Team, Stabilization Team
and Permanent Drainage Team while in short of Temporary
Drainage Team.
 Issue of design change
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures
designer/preparer not the supervising consultant at jobsite.
 BMPs stocking
 Environment Officer level of authority
 BMPs NOT IN PLACE!

Further elaboration of the above overall issues is contained in Chapter 2 of this

Guidelines.
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1.2.9 Best Available Technologies (BAT)

Well established BAT for addressing erosion and sediment are currently available
in the market but it is fair to say that the full potential and benefits of them are not
being fully taken advantage of in most of the project sites. Chapter 2 of this
Guidelines will present a comprehensive list of these BAT, which are covered
under one of more of the following categories:

Figure 1.5: BMP Categories

1.2.10 JPS & ESCP

The following discussion gives some insight on how the current practice of
involving JPS’ ESCP into EIA projects may also play a role in driving the
direction for LD-P2M2. First of all, it should be reiterated herein that the LD-
P2M2 Document is required to be submitted as part of the EIA Report for DOE’s
approval, and subsequently to be submitted together with the Environmental
Management Plan, and to be stipulated in the EIA’s Conditions of Approval
(COA).

As indicated at the beginning of this Guidelines, the LD-P2M2 Document is not

meant to replace the existing erosion and sediment control plans (ESCP), such as
those required by the Department of Drainage and Irrigation (JPS), or the
functional aspects of the ESCP.

For EIA projects, even though the Consultants are now not required to attach the
ESCP with the EIA Report submission (as was done previously) but rather to
include the LD-P2M2 Document with the submission, the Department of Drainage
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and Irrigation (JPS) can still require an ESCP to be submitted for an EIA project, if
it so desires, through the common practice when the project application is made by
the Project Proponent to the One Stop Centre (OSC) of the local government. For
non-EIA projects, JPS continues the same practice for the Project Proponent or
Contractor to submit an ESCP for their project, and such ESCP is enforceable by
JPS and/or the Local Authority (PBT).

With the LD-P2M2 document being submitted as part of the EIA Report, DOE
will have a control over the document pertaining to the erosion and sediment
control measures and to hold project parties accountable for inaction on site for
EIA Projects. The LD-P2M2 document is formulated at the EIA stage and
implemented at the construction stage, and one of the main emphases of LD-P2M2
is on the progressive states of the site and interim BMPs are expected to be
highlighted. Where site conditions or construction methods change significantly
on site, the Contractor is required to update the previously approved LD-P2M2
document (prepared at the EIA stage) for resubmission to DOE. The resubmission
of the LD-P2M2 document directly to and for DOE’s approval allows the
Department’s project officers to be informed of the site changes more
expeditiously, and thus enhancing the effectiveness of DOE’s site inspections.

In a way, the implementation of LD-P2M2 may somewhat relieve the load on JPS’
manpower requirements to review iterative resubmission of ESCPs (if the
Contractor upholds his commitment to revise the approved ESCP in view of
changing/evolving site conditions) for the same project. With LD-P2M2, this also
reduces DOE’s dependence to summon JPS’ technical personnel to be witnesses in
proceeding case.

Part of the LD-P2M2 substances are based on the Guidelines of Erosion and
Sediment Control published by JPS, e.g., the fundamental, principle, standard and
specification of erosion and sediment control measures. As such, the gathered
technical information during the EIA study and reported under the LD-P2M2
document will definitely be useful for designing the ESCP. In the event of an
ineffective LD-P2M2 document, the effective ESCP can be used instead, by
requesting the Project Proponent to revise the LD-P2M2 document according to
the effective one. Lastly, with LD-P2M2, this will avoid issues of competency or
certified DOE inspector to inspect project with reference to ESCP, since the DOE
inspectors are not certified to the technicality of the ESCP which is designed by
Professional Engineer (PE).

1.3 WHEN IS LD-P2M2 REQUIRED?

The birth of all projects almost always commences from the same starting point, i.e., the
Project Proponent’s need or desire for a “product”. “Project Proponent” in this context
can be a private entity or government institutions or semi-government bodies. In the case
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of a civil engineering project, this “product” can be in many forms, such as an entirely
new development project (either residential, commercial or industrial), utility facilities
(such as sewage treatment plants, water treatment plants, power stations, major drainage
or sewerage schemes, etc.), agricultural projects (such as oil palm plantation, etc.), new
infrastructural networks (such as highways, bridges, canals, airports, ports, etc.), and so
on. Most, if not all, of these projects (requiring an EIA study to be conducted) will have
to go through a typical flow as shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6: Typical Project Flow

With regard to the preparation of the LD-P2M2 Document, the EIA Guidelines (issued by
DOE in 2016) stipulates that this document shall be submitted as part of the EIA Report,
as covered in the following clauses in the EIA Guidelines:

 Clause 2.3.3 Adherence to DOE Guidelines

 Clause 6.4 Preparation of Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and
Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2)
 Appendix 4 – Guidance Document for the Preparation of the Document on
Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2)1

The process flow of the LD-P2M2 Document and its usage is illustrated below in Figure
1.7, noting the essential key points as follows:

 LD-P2M2 is initiated at the early stage of an EIA project and should be

carried forward through to the end of the site works;

1
To be replaced by this Guidelines
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 Owing to the interlocking relationships between the different stages of the

project’s life, as well as between the different key players, the LD-P2M2
Document should be a common basis that could be used by all parties in
managing erosion and sediment issues.

Figure 1.7: Progression of LD-P2M2 from Planning to Construction

The following Figure 1.8 and Figure 1.9 illustrate “physically” where the LD-P2M2 Document
will be needed. In the first figure, it shows that the initial LD-P2M2 Document shall be
formulated during the EIA report stage, and to be submitted as part of the overall EIA report to
DOE for approval. It is acknowledged that at this point in time, some of the information may not
be available to the PP and EIA Consultant (such as Contractor’s work methodologies, resources
involved in the works, etc.) and some parts of the LD-P2M2 Document may indeed be written
based on “best practices” or the preparer’s experience. In such instances, it is advisable to include
the assumptions used for preparing these parts of the document. On the other hand,
notwithstanding the above, there will be various information that will be made available in the
course of the EIA study that will be useful for preparation of the LD-P2M2 Document, such as,
data on topography, climate, project components, soil information, sensitive receivers, to name a
few. The initial LD-P2M2 Document prepared using these data provides a large degree of
information to the Project Proponent and his engineering consultants in terms of the associated
P2M2s that are anticipated as well as their possible costing.
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Figure 1.8: LD-P2M2 During EIA Process Stage

Following the approval of the EIA report and issuance of the EIA Conditions of Approval
(COA) by DOE, an updated LD-P2M2 Document will be submitted together with the
EMP to DOE for approval. Typically, at this point in time, the PP or EIA Consultant
would have received more detailed information on the project works to enable the LD-
P2M2 Document to be refined or updated with new information. As shown in Figure 1.8,
other windows for revising the currently LD-P2M2 Document still exist even after the
contract has been awarded to the Contractor.

One can start to appreciate the flexibility of this LD-P2M2 process, in that DOE regards
the document (even after it has been approved) to be a “live” one (just like the EMP) and
can be subject to refinement and upgrade when justifiable. As such, the Project Proponent
or the Contractor are given the flexibility to revise the approved LD-P2M2 Document to
suit the evolving site conditions (if previously not accounted for) or change in design or
construction methodologies. The resubmission of the revised LD-P2M2 Document allows
DOE’s project officers to be informed of these site changes more expeditiously, and thus
enhancing the effectiveness of DOE’s site inspections.
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Figure 1.9: LD-P2M2 after EIA Approval Stage

1.4 FRAMEWORK OF THIS GUIDELINES

In view of the above discussion, it is recognized that in order to tackle the problems of
erosion and sediment at project development sites, there is a need to gain further
understanding of various specific related topics, namely, the fundamentals of erosion and
sediment, best management practices (BMPs) and their application, essence of land
disturbing activities, phases of construction, to name a few.

In this regard, the framework for this Guidelines covered the domains of the “5-Ws”
(What, Why, Where, Who and When) and “1-H” (How) of the LD-P2M2 document to
include the following objectives:

 To provide a brief description and requirements of EQA, EIA, Prescribed Activities,

EIA Process;
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 To provide a brief background on past groundwork by DOE and other authorities on

erosion control;
 To provide a brief history on evolution on DOE's efforts on erosion controls;
 To describe LD-P2M2 and the associated Guidelines on LD-P2M2;
 To describe the relevance of LD-P2M2 for EIA projects only;
 To describe all those major Land Disturbing activities throughout a project;
 To highlight the current problems with poor construction practices which result in
serious erosion and sediment discharge issues;
 To highlight the gap analysis of the current practices with other practices elsewhere;
 To highlight potential improvement areas in addressing erosion within context of
Malaysia;
 To provide the benefits & advantages of LD-P2M2;
 To describe a project's process;
 To illustrate how changing site conditions affect erosion;
 To describe how understanding the critical path method (CPM) in addressing
erosion;
 To describe roles of Project Proponent, EIA Consultants, Design Engineers,
Environmental Officers, Environmental Auditors, Main Contractors, Sub
Contractors, Enforcement Authorities in implementing LD-P2M2;
 To describe step by step actions needed when formulating LD-P2M2;
 To provide guidelines on how to identify input data when preparing a LD-P2M2
document;
 To provide guidelines on how to estimate erosion quantities;
 To provide guidelines on how to identify sediment discharge patterns;
 To provide guidelines on how to mitigate and control erosion and sediment
discharges;
 To provide guidelines on how to monitor and audit performance of the prescribed
BMPs and mitigation measures; and
 To provide guidelines on how to implement LD-P2M2 at different stages of a
project.

Subsequently, this Guidelines is organized in a logical sequence to provide the

understanding as mentioned above as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Erosion and BMPs
Chapter 3: Identifying Land Disturbing Activities
Chapter 4: Identifying Phases in A Project
Chapter 5: Project Implementation Techniques
Chapter 6: Monitoring, Reporting & Documentation
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CHAPTER 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF EROSION AND BMPs

2.1 LAWS, REGULATION AND OTHER GUIDELINES ON EROSION AND

SEDIMENT

This section presents a review of the current legal framework within which the
construction industry in Malaysia is working under, with regard to the prevention of
erosion and sedimentation in their projects. In addition, some related existing guidelines
are also discussed to explore the limitations, constraints and opportunities in these
guidelines on the process for prevention of erosion and sedimentation, to be addressed in
the Guidelines.

2.1.1 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact

Assessment) Order 2015 and Section 34A of Environmental Quality Act
(Amendment) 2012

Section 34A of the EQA stipulates that an environmental impact assessment (EIA)
shall be conducted by a qualified person for any prescribed activity and submitted
to the Director General for his approval. The EIA report shall be undertaken in
accordance with the guidelines as prescribed by the Director General, and shall
contain “the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or
control the adverse impact on the environment.” This Section further stipulates
that the person carrying out the prescribed activity “shall provide sufficient proof
that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are being complied with and that
the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse
impact on the environment are being incorporated into the design, construction
and operation of the prescribed activity.”

Based on the review of the existing legal framework currently being implemented
in Malaysia in relation to the pollution of the environment due to erosion and
sediment discharges, it is evident that sufficient mechanisms are in place by the
Director General to prevent and monitor the event of environmental pollution of
this nature from any construction sites or premises. This is more pronounced for
those prescribed activities whereby an EIA report shall be required to be approved
prior to commencement of the site works and to adequately address the means to
prevent, reduce or control the possibility of environmental pollution due to erosion
and sediment discharges to the inland or Malaysian waters.

2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in Malaysia, 2016

Pursuant to Part IV, Section 34A of the above Act, pertinent excerpts from the
“Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in Malaysia, 2016” which are
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relevant to the prevention of erosion and sediment discharges from a construction

site are reproduced below:

“The EIA procedure, a preventive strategy of the DOE also needs to embrace
the environmental mainstreaming and self-regulation goal in order to enhance
its effectiveness in mitigating the adverse impacts from development projects on
the environment at every stage of the EIA procedure. Self-regulation culture in
EIAs means that the Project Proponent will be charged with full responsibility
and accountability for taking environmental friendly options and instituting
effective pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) and self-
demonstration of regulatory compliance of the EIA procedure at all stages of
project implementation.”

“Legal responsibility rests on the shoulders of the Project Proponent hence he

shall be totally committed towards ensuring regulatory compliance of his
project with the EIA procedure at all stages of project planning and
implementation. The Project Proponent is the key driver for ensuring the
success self-regulation approach in environmental management through the
mainstreaming of environmental agenda throughout his project implementation
phases. The project proponent shall ensure top-down organizational
commitment to environmental regulatory compliance to all personnel, at all
levels of the organization, including the registered EIA consultant, the EO, the
contractors, and other parties involved in the project implementation.”

“Allocating sufficient funds for all steps in the EIA process and every stage of
project planning and implementation with itemized budget required for water
quality monitoring, air quality and noise monitoring, for comprehensive site
survey and investigation of the specific existing site conditions, for
implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including
temporary pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2). P2M2 shall
be those which can be described as state of the art technologies, best available
technologies (BATs), or industry best practices.”

“The investor whose project has been planned on sound environmental

principles right from the start might be safeguarded against environmental
costs once the project has been implemented. EIA being a preventative-
planning tool helps to avoid costly remedial actions by taking proactive
measures also helps to protect the investment.”

The above is in line with the intent of the Act in an attempt to address erosion and
sediment issues in the construction industry. In essence, the key objectives of
LD-P2M2 are not distinctly different from DOE‟s previous erosion control and
sediment documents or requirements. The topic on soil erosion and siltation
prevention and control is not a new subject in DOE, with various guidelines
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issued on the very subject. In fact, DOE has kept up with the evolution of this
subject, which culminated in the issue of various document and articles, as
discussed in the following sections.

2.1.3 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in
Malaysia, DOE, 1996

This document was prepared after an overall review of the first document on
erosion and siltation was issued by DOE in 1978, namely the “Guidelines for
Prevention and Control of Erosion and Siltation (also referred to as ANNEX I), as
well as the review of its latter version, the “Guidelines for Prevention and Control
of Erosion and Siltation (also referred to as ANNEX III) issued by DOE in 1992.
The main purpose of the 1996 Guidelines is to “provide a checklist of existing
information pertaining to soil erosion and sedimentation so that developmental
activities can be planned and executed in a judicious manner with minimum
degradation”1.

It is also acknowledged in this document that the Guidelines “are not a substitute
for professional experience, training and local knowledge”.

Coverage of Document: The salient topics covered by this 1996 Guidelines

include: Erosion and Sedimentation Processes; Procedural Stages for Erosion and
Sediment Control; Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation; Erosion and Sediment Prevention and Control Measures; and
Some Indicative Costings for Erosion and Sediment Control.

Strength of Document: The 1996 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil
Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia serves as a useful document to provide some
background information on the process of erosion and sedimentation typically
encountered in projects undertaken in Malaysia. It also goes as far to generically
cover the possible erosion risks for the “List of Prescribed and New Activities”
under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 1987. Additionally, it also outlines the procedures in preparing
an Erosion and Control Plan (ESCP) and provides a variety of pictorial examples
of drainage control measures, erosion control measures and sediment control
measures. Last but not least, the 1996 Guidelines also presented some factors to
be considered during the costing of erosion control measures.

Gap Analysis: Although the 1996 Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil
Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia represent a good overall technical document to
address erosion and sedimentation matters, it could be perceived to be more suited
for persons who already possess professional experience, training and local
knowledge in the fields of design and construction. The Guidelines acknowledges
1
Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia, DOE, 1996
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the importance maintaining the robustness of an erosion and sediment control

programme, but does not provide further illustrations or examples on how this
programme evolves with the construction sequence and activity scheduling. One
of the common pitfalls of past ESCPs is the assumption that once an ESCP is
approved by JPS prior to works commencement, then the process completes. On
the contrary, the ESCP should be treated like an EMP whereby the latter is a “live”
or dynamic document (as opposed to a static one) and subject to revision whenever
there are significant changes to the project. In this regard, this is one of the
improvement areas that would be considered during the formulation of the
Guidelines on LD-P2M2.

2.1.4 Certified Erosion, Sediment and Storm Water Inspector Manual, US Version,
EnviroCert International, Inc., November 2011

This document was prepared by EnviroCert International, Inc. to facilitate the

CESSWI programme and certification which meets the USEPA‟s requirements for
registration of “Qualified Personnel” in the United States.

Coverage of Document: The salient topics covered in this Manual include: US

Rules and Regulations; Safety; Communication; Documentation; Inspector
Duties; Plan Management; and Best Management Practices.

Strength of Document: As the title of this document suggests, the Manual is more
tailored for personnel who are involved in the inspection or provision of erosion,
sediment and stormwater mitigation measures on a project site. It provides
detailed procedures for an inspector to be prepared before, during and after site
inspection on matters related to erosion. The CESSWI Manual also included a
variety of proven BMPs covering site planning and management, erosion controls,
sediment controls, runoff controls, good housekeeping/materials management, and
post-construction management.

Gap Analysis: Although the 2011 CESSWI Inspector Manual represents a useful
handbook for persons involved in the inspection of a site pertaining to erosion and
sediment pollution, the document does not cover the earlier stages of the project,
i.e. the consideration of erosion during the planning and design stages of the
project. Additionally, limited discussion is found in the Manual to address the
progressive state of a project site and how to address these changing site
conditions in erosion and sediment controls. Another important point to note is
that this Manual has been written within the context of the US regulation on
environmental protection.
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2.1.5 Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

This document was prepared as a cooperative effort between the North Carolina
Sedimentation Control Commission, North Carolina Department of Environment
and Natural Resources and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, to
cover effectively all land-disturbing activities (except agriculture and mining) in
North Carolina.

Coverage of Document: The salient topics covered by this Manual include:

Processes and Principles of Erosion and Sedimentation; Vegetative
Considerations; Preparing the Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan;
Overview of Erosion and Sedimentation Control Practices; and Practice
Standards and Specifications.

Strength of Document: This Manual serves as a useful document to provide

guidelines in the design of BMPs used in the United States (USA). Although there
is some mention on the importance of construction scheduling in Chapter 4 of the
Manual, it would appear that the manual was more tailored for civil engineers who
are assumed to have some engineering background. For practices in the USA,
much information has been included on the typical standards and specifications for
the BMPs that may be deployed. Again, a variety of examples of possible erosion
and sediment control measures is contained within the manual.

Gap Analysis: It is noted that this Manual has been written within the context of
the US regulation on environmental protection. Although certain aspects of the
standards and specifications may be reviewed for its appropriateness to be used in
Malaysia, much of the practices have been written for USA application. In
addition, the North Carolina appears to be tailored for the use of persons with
engineering background. One of the important factors that need to be considered
during the formulation of the Guidelines on LD-P2M2 will be that it should be a
user-friendly document and easily understood also by persons without engineering
background.

2.1.6 Chapter 12 Erosion and Sediment Control, Manual Saliran Mesra Alam
(MSMA), JPS, 2012

This chapter was prepared by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (JPS) to
provide relevant guidelines and procedures for reduction and control of erosion
and sedimentation during project development in order to minimize land, water
quality and environmental degradation.

Coverage of Document: The salient topics covered by this chapter include:

Erosion and Sedimentation Processes; Erosion and Sediment Control Principles;
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Design Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control BMPs; and Preparation of
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP).

Strength of Document: This document is a useful reference to provide guidelines

in the handling of erosion and sedimentation issues in the context of Malaysian
practices. This chapter not only introduces the characteristics of rainfall and soil
properties that are suited for use in Malaysia, it also discusses examples of erosion
and sediment control BMPs that are typically applied in the local context. Lastly,
an overview of the steps to be considered during the preparation of an ESCP for
several stages of the project is also included, namely the planning, design and
construction phases.

Gap Analysis: Under the subsection 12.5.4.1 Site Inspection & Monitoring in this
Chapter 12, it is mentioned that the monitoring programme should consist of
regular inspection to determine, amongst others, “changes in drainage patterns,
whereby all runoff whether disturbed or natural flows should be ensured to be well
managed, including those runoff arising from changes in drainage patterns due to
earthwork or to other unanticipated manner”. Additionally, it is also noted that
during the course of construction, “unexpected schedule changes, phasing changes,
staging area modification, off-site drainage impacts, and repeated failures of
design controls” must be made known and “the ESCP revised accordingly”.
Despite the above being mentioned, there is however limited elaboration on how
the above issues should be mitigated during the planning and design phases, i.e.,
prior to commencement of construction works. Additionally, this document does
not include appropriate BMPs that are endorsed by any parties. During the
formulation of the Guidelines on LD-P2M2, this gap will need to be addressed by
inclusion of topics that deal with CPM as well as understanding construction
sequences and drawings.

2.1.7 Summary

It is seen from the above that although much has been written on the subject of
erosion and sediment in the construction practice, there is still a gap on how issues
such as “unexpected schedule changes, phasing changes, staging area
modification, off-site drainage impacts, and repeated failures of design controls”
should be mitigated during the planning and design phases, i.e., prior to
commencement of construction works. There is also limited discussion to address
the progressive state of a project site and how to address these changing site
conditions in erosion and sediment controls. Although some of the literature
acknowledges the importance of maintaining the robustness of an erosion and
sediment control programme, they however do not provide further illustrations or
examples on how this programme evolves with the construction sequence and
activity scheduling. In this regard, the LD-P2M2 seeks to take into account the
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above gaps in order to minimize the impacts of erosion and sediment in our
construction sites.

2.2 UNDERSTANDING EROSION

There are currently numerous literatures that discuss in detail the phenomena of erosion
and sedimentation, and it is not the intention of this Guidelines to reproduce such
discussion herein. Nevertheless, for the purposes of completeness, the description for
some of the commonly used terms throughout this Guidelines on LD-P2M2 is included
below. In the context of this Guidelines, erosion caused by snow and wind is not
considered since it is not relevant in Malaysia.

2.2.1 Erosion

In simple terms, erosion can be described as follows:

1. Raindrop erosion leads to sheet erosion.

2. Sheet erosion leads to rill erosion.
3. Rill erosion leads to gully erosion.
4. Gully erosion leads to channel erosion.

Raindrop Erosion
Raindrops detach soil particles and splash them
into the air. These detached particles are then
vulnerable to stormwater runoff.

Sheet Erosion

Sheet erosion is the uniform removal of soil in

thin layers by the forces of raindrops and
overland flow. It can cover large areas of sloping
land and can be recognized by either soil
deposition at the bottom of a slope, or by the
presence of light - colored subsoil appearing on
the surface. If left unattended, sheet erosion will Sheet erosion
gradually remove the nutrients and organic
matter which are important to agriculture and
eventually lead to unproductive soil.
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Rill Erosion
As the flow changes from a shallow sheet to a
concentrated flow, the velocity and turbulence of
the flow increases. The energy of the
concentrated flow is able to detach and transport
soil particles. This action begins to cut into the
soil mantle and form tiny channels. Rills are
small, but well-defined channels that are only a
few inches deep. Rill erosion

Gully Erosion
Rills gradually come together to form gullies.
Whereas rill erosion can be eliminated or
repaired fairly easily, gully erosion requires
major work to regrade and stabilize

Gully erosion

Channel Erosion

As runoff in rills and gullies moves downstream,

it enters channels that are also susceptible to
erosion through bank cutting and degradation.
Channels continually adjust and change,
degrading and widening, in response to
increased runoff from urbanization.
Channel erosion

2.2.2 Sedimentation

Wind and water pick up soil particles to deposit them elsewhere. This is the
process of sedimentation. In a river, sediment moves slowly downstream
especially during high flows following rainfall. This can cause property damage,
increase maintenance costs, impair habitat and water quality.

In lakes and reservoirs it can accelerate eutrophication and loss of storage. No

erosion control plan can be 100 percent effective; therefore, erosion and sediment
control measures must also put in place designed to capture eroded sediments
before their conveyance off site.
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Heavy sedimentation in upstream

waters can wipe out aquatic habitat
like in this stream from Lojing Hills

Poor control of logging operations

and illegal logging has led to serious
river damage as shown in Sg Rajang
here

2.3 ISSUES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENT

To understand the concept underlying the application of LD-P2M2, foremost, it will be

useful to review the list of overall issues of erosion and sediment which was previously
touched on in Chapter 1.

Overall Issues of Erosion and Sediment

 Coordination & Communication
 Command & Control
 Issue of work program
 Construction activity
 Construction schedule
 Construction methodology (Method statement)
 Issue of planning
 Issue of work stages
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 Issue of project phasing

 Issue of work sequence
 Issue of site possession
 Issue of river/stream diversion
 Issue of river/stream crossing
 Issue of capacity building and logistic
(physical/financial/fund)
 Issue of cost and benefit analyses (double handling and
timeline)
 Issue of upholding Code of Practice in Earthwork
 Issue of construction (earthwork) team having common
practice of Excavation (cut & fill) Team, Stabilization
Team and Permanent Drainage Team while in short of
Temporary Drainage Team.
 Issue of design change
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures
designer/preparer not the supervising consultant at
jobsite.
 BMPs stocking
 Environment Officer level of authority
 BMPs NOT IN PLACE

2.3.1 Coordination & Communication

This is probably one of the more significant contributions to erosion and sediment
issues on site. More often than not, the expectation and requirement on dealing
with land disturbance activities for an EIA project are not adequately or clearly
expressed between Project Proponent and Contractor, and even within the
Contractor‟s internal project team. In this regard, the LD-P2M2 Document, to be
prepared in the early stage of the project, namely during the EIA stage, will serve
as a reference document for all project parties involved to understand and identify
site constraints, areas of concern, problem areas, designated and potential
discharge points of runoffs, and to develop early planning on how, what, why,
where and when to effectively implement the pollution prevention and mitigation
measures at the development site. The LD-P2M2 Document also seeks to
standardize the information to be highlighted, by including the minimum standard
requirements of pollution prevention and mitigation measures (as discussed in
Chapter 5) that will be adopted, applied, and implemented in the process of
carrying out land disturbing activities at the development site for all EIA projects.
Particularly with regard to this issue of coordination & communication, the
relevant minimum standard requirements are generally covered under the
following areas:
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 Scheduled Site Meeting

 Site Inspections
 Maintenance

2.3.2 Command & Control

Traditionally, the project parties are generally reactive towards the issues of
erosion on their project sites. At site, deficiency or non-compliances may be
spotted and called out by the site management but the question is: how many times
are these instructions actually attended to or followed through? Although there
may be the element of “command” from the site management but it would appear
a lack of “control” to see through the “command”. Many times, actions are only
taken to address these issues only after a citation is issued by the authorities from
site inspection or a public complaint has been received. In this regard, the LD-
P2M2 is in line with DOE‟s proposed self-regulation policy requiring all parties
(project proponent, consultants, contractors and environmental officers) to increase
their vigilance and efforts to address erosion and sediment issues much earlier
before the site activities commence, and to prevent these issues from occurring
during the project. The minimum standards requirements of P2M2 in this regard
are covered by the following clause:

 Establishment of Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC)

and Performance Monitoring Documentation

2.3.3 Issue of work program

Conventionally, the Contractor‟s work program is more concern with “getting the
work done” and even when the program does include reference to tasks dealing
with erosion and sediment, the extent of such activities is either with limited
details or too general to allow a more precise estimate of the site events to pre-
empt erosion and sediment from occurring. In this regard, the LD-P2M2
Document seeks to breakdown the project into a dedicated work breakdown
structure (WBS) which focuses more on land disturbance activities that are likely
to generate erosion and sediment. This allows a supplementary work program to
be prepared to predict with a higher level of confidence the types and details of
application of P2M2s into the project. The minimum standards requirements of
P2M2 in this regard is covered by the following clause:

 Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing

2.3.4 Construction activity

Similar to the above, the Contractor conventionally is more interested to get to the
end point, and this resulted in simultaneous work activities taking place on the site
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and in many cases, with little or poor planning towards addressing erosion and
sediment issues. In this regard, the concept of LD-P2M2 puts the onus on all the
project parties to conduct their construction activities in a more systematic manner,
particularly on land disturbing activities, so as to have a better control over the
potential effects of these activities. Again, this issue is covered by the minimum
standards requirements of P2M2 relating to Schedule of Phasing, Staging and
Sequencing.

2.3.5 Construction schedule

Conventionally, the lack of project construction scheduling to cater for all major
land-disturbing activities which include work zones, phasing of construction
within the work zones, staging and sequencing within the phases of construction
that coincides with the installation of P2M2s represents a major reason for the
issues of erosion and sediment in our construction practice. In this regard, the
concept of LD-P2M2 which emphasizes one the minimum standards requirements
of P2M2 relating to Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing attempts to
overcome this issue.

2.3.6 Construction methodology (Method statement)

Method Statements are commonly used in construction projects, and most times,
they are a “must”. However, the current practice in Malaysia focuses primarily on
“technical” method statements that are more concerned with the methodologies to
complete the tasks to arrive to the final products, and limited efforts have been
expanded into producing “environmental method statements”. In this regard, the
LD-P2M2 Document seeks to include environmental method statements which
target those tasks that are needed throughout the land disturbing activities through
the implementation of the “minimum standard requirements” of pollution
prevention and mitigation measures. The minimum standards requirements of
P2M2 in this regard is covered by the following clause:

 Project Activity and Implementation

2.3.7 Issue of planning

This issue is somewhat along the same line of the above issues for work
programme, scheduling and activities, but also extends to the lack of planning in
terms of management of the site from the perspective of its surrounding
environment. In LD-P2M2, one of the basic principles emphasizes integration of
project design with site constraints, which requires careful planning of site
management and implementation of pollution prevention and mitigation measures.
During implementation, the LD-P2M2 Document shall be used as a reference
document especially for the Environment Officer (EO) to understand and identify
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site constraints, areas of concern, problem areas, designated and potential

discharge points of runoffs, and to develop early planning on how, what, where,
why, and when to effectively implement the pollution prevention and mitigation
measures at the development site. The successful application of the minimum
standards requirements of P2M2 relating to Construction Markers,
Stream/Drainageway/Waterway/Watercourse Buffers, Perimeter Control, Runoff
Management, Temporary or Permanent Watercourse Diversion and/or Crossings,
Temporary Stabilization, and Stockpile Soil Management to a large degree
depends very much on the adequacy of planning efforts prior to their usage.

2.3.8 Issue of work stages and project phasing

Again, another long time “mistake” committed by major projects which involve
extensive land disturbing activities is in the lack of project staging and phasing,
which ultimately resulted in large tract of land cleared of its natural vegetation and
suffering the consequences of erosion and sediment issues. this regard, the LD-
P2M2 Document seeks to focus on ways to parcel the project implementation into
phases to ensure the amount and duration of soil exposed (from the land disturbing
activities) to erosion is reduced as much as practicable at any one time by
implementing and maintaining the suitable BMPs in coordination with the
sequence of construction activities, as required as one of the minimum standards
requirements of P2M2 relating to Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing.

2.3.9 Issue of work sequence

The lack or “wrong” work sequence executed on site will inevitably lead to
erosion and sediment control issues, which sometimes render the problem too
difficult or very costly to be remedied. In this regard, the LD-P2M2 Document
seeks to identify the respective work sequence in tandem with project phasing so
that the relevant project parties are clear on how the project activities should
proceed in the right order, and the necessary P2M2s to be implemented at any
particular point in time during the site works. The concept of LD-P2M2 which
emphasizes the minimum standards requirements of P2M2 relating to Schedule of
Phasing, Staging and Sequencing attempts to overcome this issue.

2.3.10 Issue of site possession

Confusion caused by issue of site possession such as overlapping possession dates

or ambiguity in the right-of-way can be mitigated or minimised, again, through the
application of the minimum standards requirements of LD-P2M2 relating to
Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing.
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2.3.11 Issue of river/stream diversion

The worst thing which can happen during a river/stream diversion works is the
lack of planning and foresight given to potential erosion and sediment issues. Once
the existing river/stream has been rerouted to the diversion channel, nothing
effective much can be done to the now “live” river/stream which will continuously
carry eroded materials to the downstream side. In this regard, the LD-P2M2
Document seeks to include the appropriate environmental method statements
through the implementation of “minimum standard requirements” covered under
the following clause:

 Temporary or permanent watercourse diversion

2.3.12 Issue of river/stream crossing

Similarly, lack of planning and mitigation measures on erosion and sediment

issued before and during the construction of river/stream crossing may ultimately
result in a continuous erosion of the river sides, creating impacts to the
downstream side of the river/stream. In this regard, the appropriate “minimum
standard requirements” in LD-P2M2 seeks to provide the following:

 Temporary or permanent watercourse crossing

2.3.13 Issue of capacity building and logistic (physical/financial/fund)

The lack of resources being a reason for why BMPs are not provided or installed
should not be an issue in the future, by instituting that the LD-P2M2 Document is
a legal pledge to be made by the Project Proponent to take efforts, measures,
actions or due diligence in accomplishing the overarching goal of protecting the
environment and in mitigating the environmental impact in the process of
implementation of the proposed development. As a result, the PP shall be
responsible for the implementation of the LD-P2M2 which shall incorporate the
P2M2s identified to be installed at the land disturbing development areas into the
design, construction and operation stage of the development project as stipulated
in Section 34A (7) of the EQA.

2.3.14 Issue of cost and benefit analyses (double handling and timeline)

The “minimum standard requirements” on Schedule of Phasing, Staging and

Sequencing should pre-empt this issue, along with the requirement that the LD-
P2M2 shall incorporate the P2M2s identified to be installed at the land disturbing
development areas into the design, construction and operation stage of the
development project as stipulated in Section 34A (7) of the EQA.
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2.3.15 Issue of upholding Code of Practice in Earthwork

Although the BSI British Standards BS 6031 2009: Code of practice for
earthworks is almost always included in the contract Specifications for most civil
engineering project that would involve extensive or significant land disturbing
activities, the physical practices encountered on project sites at times do not
comply with the guidelines, recommendations and even requirements as stipulated
under the code. In this regard, Chapter 4 of this Guidelines will recapture the
relevant excerpts from BSI British Standards BS 6031 2009: Code of practice for
earthworks on erosion and sediment controls for reference.

2.3.16 Issue of construction (earthwork) team having common practice of

Excavation (cut & fill) Team, Stabilization Team and Permanent Drainage
Team while in short of Temporary Drainage Team

The key problem with the above issue is that whilst the work teams are basically
complete to deal with the permanent works construction, no one is basically tasked
to address erosion and sediment issue which will inevitably occur during their
works. Even the Stabilization Team is likely to be focussing on the „permanent‟
stabilization as required in the contract drawings and specification. In this regard,
the LD-P2M2 which emphasizes on Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing,
and environmental method statements shall clearly show the need for
implementation of temporary BMPs.

2.3.17 Issue of design change

Changes in project design and construction methods during the execution of the
construction works are not uncommon and typically accepted, due to sometimes
unforeseen circumstances on the site or late add-ons by the Project Proponent.
That is why it is important to have a LD-P2M2 Document that is in-place at the
start of the contract works to document the planning and proposed implementation
of the P2M2 based on the original intent of the Project Proponent‟s design. As
shown later in this chapter, the LD-P2M2 Document will be subject to being
updated as necessary, particularly to address design changes and evolving site
conditions. In any case, the Standards and Specifications for P2M2s will remain to
be consistent through the change process, whereby it is stated under the minimum
standards requirement that all P2M2s shall be designed, constructed, installed, and
maintained in accordance with good engineering practices and applicable design
specifications, and that their application onsite shall be in accordance with the
various standards and specifications of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage
(DID), amongst others.
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2.3.18 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures designer/preparer not the
supervising consultant at jobsite

In today‟s construction practice, there is currently no requirement or stipulation for

the Contractor or the Project Proponent to reengage the designer or preparer of the
erosion and sediment control plans or reports in a supervisory role during the
execution of the project on site. This lack of continuity in the knowledge transfer
between the planning stage and construction stage of the project may sometimes
be one of the causes of site issues, possibly due to loss of information or
misinterpretation of the original designer‟s intention. In this regard, it is required
that the LD-P2M2 Document shall be “prepared and signed by a DOE registered
consultant who holds a certification as a professional in erosion and sediment
control issued by the Department of Environment” and that the Environment
Officers have to be certified by DOE and officially appointed or engaged by the
PP to be responsible for environmental performance of the project.

2.3.19 BMPs stocking

It is a common phenomenon whereby during a site inspection (be it by the EO or

authorities), it is found that BMPs are lacking or wrongly installed on site. At this
point, when the contractor is urged to immediately rectify the non-compliance, it is
not uncommon for him to reply as such: “We don’t have the materials” or “It will
take us two or more weeks to get the materials to site”. What should be realised is
that during the time while waiting for the “materials to come to site”, erosion is
continuing and unquantifiable amount of sediment is being discharged to the
sensitive receivers. In this regard, to overcome this time gap, it will be required
that the Contractor to keep in his site inventory of between 10 to 20% of those
BMP materials which are not off-the-shelf items. An example of such provision
can be the establishment of a temporary nursery on site to have readily, at least, a
small supply of cover crops to be used in emergency periods.

2.3.20 Environment Officer level of authority

In this regard, all activities subject to EIA Order, 2015 which involve land
disturbing or site preparation activities are required to prepare a LD-P2M2 as part
of the EMP submission requirement, and the LD-P2M2 Document is to be used as
a reference document especially for the Environment Officer (EO) to understand
and identify site constraints, areas of concern, problem areas, designated and
potential discharge points of runoffs, and to develop early planning on how, what,
where, why, and when to effectively implement the pollution prevention and
mitigation measures at the development site. To this end, the EO refers to the
person who has been certified by the DOE and officially appointed or engaged by
the PP to be responsible for environmental performance of the project.
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2.3.21 BMPs not in place

The cumulative effect of all or some of the issues discussed above taking place
during the pre-construction and/or construction stage of a project will ultimately
result in BMPs not installed or implemented on site. In addition to the minimum
standards requirements of LD-P2M2 already discussed above, the following
standards requirements are also needed to be stipulated in the LD-P2M2
Document:

 Construction Markers
 Stabilized Construction Entrance
 Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers
 Perimeter Control
 Sediment Basin/Trap
 Runoff Management
 Temporary or permanent roadways
 Temporary Stabilization
 Stockpile Soil
 Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area)
 Dewatering practices
 Active Treatment System (ATS)
 Discharge
 Corrective Actions

Graphical illustrations of the above issues relating to erosion and sediment are included in
Appendix A, whilst more details on the minimum standards requirements are presented in
Appendix B of this Guidelines.

2.4 CULTURE OF OUR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

2.4.1 Parties Contributing to Erosion and Sediment

The major parties who may either directly or indirectly contribute to or are
involved in the issues of erosion and sedimentation in an EIA project are shown
below.
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Figure 2.1: Parties Involved in Erosion & Sediment

The Project Proponent (PP) is directly involved in these issues even though he is
not actually „executing‟ the works at the site, because by nature of his status, he is
the ultimate owner of the project. The PP is responsible for the preparation and
submission of the EIA report, and in this report, he has declared his commitment
to protect the environment and to keep any potential environmental pollution
resulting from the project implementation to the acceptable levels or as stipulated
in the conditions of approval of the approved EIA report. During project
execution, it is not uncommon for the PP to also appoint an Environmental Officer
(EO) to represent the PP in the monitoring and auditing the performance of
environmental compliance of the project. In turn, the EO needs to suitably
experienced and knowledgeable in all matters of environmental management,
including those related to erosion and sediment control, to properly monitor,
review, audit and correct the performance and effectiveness of the P2M2s
implemented on site.

In most cases, the PP will engage external and qualified Consultants to undertake
the EIA study, and to perform the other engineering tasks such as design and
construction supervision. Traditionally, the issues on erosion and sediment have
not been given much attention by these consultants, and one of the reasons being
limited construction information is available prior to the tender process. Another
likely reason may have been the misconception that dealing with erosion and
sediment issues on site should primarily be the responsibility of the Contractor
who is executing the works on site. Such perception will need to be changed soon,
because with implementation of LD-P2M2 along with self-regulation, all parties
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will be accountable for erosion and sediment issues, right from the EIA stage and
though the design and tendering process of the project.

Many times, the Contractor who is ultimately executing the project on site gets all
the blame if some untoward events occur relating to his site activities. To
overcome such adversarial relationship between the Contractor and Project
Proponents (and his Consultants), the LD-P2M2 can be used as a referencing
platform for all parties to at least have an overall understanding on the
requirements and expectation for addressing erosion and sediment issues. The key
to this common understanding of LD-P2M2 is the “minimum standard
requirements” on P2M2s that are expected to be implemented into the project.

Regulatory agencies such as DOE make frequent site inspections to EIA projects
during the implementation phase, either under a periodic inspection schedule or
adhoc site visits. The involvement of such agencies would primarily be to assess
the compliance (or non-compliance) to the COA of the approved EIA reports, as
well as to gain some general assessment of the site‟s overall environmental
performance via visual observations. Where non-compliances are encountered,
such agencies may consider to take further actions by virtue of the powers and
duties delegated to the agencies under the appropriate legislation.

2.4.2 Perception of Project Parties

In Appendix C, a summary of the perception from various project parties

pertaining to erosion and sediment control has been tabulated to reflect the current
culture of the construction industry.

2.5 QUANTIFYING AND PREDICTING SOIL LOSS

It is not the intention of this Guidelines to recapture the theories behind the techniques in
quantifying and predicting soil loss from erosion process, and the resulting sediment
yield. However, a sample calculation worksheet for the above has been included in
Appendix D for reference to this aspect.

2.6 FUNDAMENTALS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS)

2.6.1 Basic Principles & Requirement

The focus of the LD-P2M2 is on the prevention, mitigation and control of the
discharge from the development area containing the major pollutant (suspended
solids) resulting from land disturbing activities. Controlling the sediment-laden
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runoffs means to control the discharge of other pollutants that may contain in the
sediment strains such as nutrients, bacteria, oxygen demanding materials, heavy
metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and synthetic organics. Everyone involved with
land disturbing activity shall make the most of the following basic principles in
every stage of development when implementing the pollution prevention and
mitigation measures:

 Integrate project design with site constraints.

 Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
 Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
 Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
 Install perimeter controls.
 Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
 Protect steep slopes.
 Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
 Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
 Provide access and general construction controls.
 Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.
 Employ experienced and competent personnel and consistently conduct
relevant training.

2.6.2 Standards and Specifications for P2M2s

All P2M2s shall be designed, constructed, installed, and maintained in accordance

with good engineering practices and applicable design specifications. Application
of all P2M2s onsite shall be in accordance with standards and specifications
indicated, specified, stated, depicted and set forth in:

a. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID 2010. Guideline for Erosion

and Sediment Control in Malaysia
b. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID. 2000. Urban Storm Water
Management Manual for Malaysia

c. Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual issued by North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources2

d. Best Management Practices for Construction and Maintenance Activities

issued by North Carolina Department of Transportation3

2
Note: This manual can be accessed at https://enviro.doe.gov.my/
3
Note: This manual can be accessed at https://enviro.doe.gov.my/
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2.6.3 Categories of BMPs

This section lists the suitable BMPs that are applicable for use in Malaysia,
consisting of five categories in different applications namely, Site Planning and
Management; Erosion Control; Runoff Control, Sediment Control; and General
Construction Control. A comprehensive collection of the examples for each of the
above categories is contained in Appendix E, as well as a presentation of a recent
initiative by the DOE to observe and study the effectiveness of certain BMPs in
the market.

2.6.3.1 Site Planning and Management

 Biomass
 Preserve Existing Trees & Vegetation
 Resource On-Site Rocks
 Stockpile Topsoil
 Salvage Trees (Translocation)
 Establish Nursery

2.6.3.2 Erosion Control

 Land Grading – Terracing

 Soil Roughening
 Mulching & Hydromulching
 Hydroseeding
 Turfing
 Temporary Cover Geotextile Mat
 Temporary Plastic Sheet Cover
 Seeding
 Re-Vegetation
 Hydromulch-Hydroseed
 Rolled Erosion Control Product

2.6.3.3 Runoff Control

 Diversion
 Check Dam
 Dissipator
 Pipe Slope Drain
 Temporary Cut-off Drain
 Soil Retention
 Flume / Chute
 Rolling Dip
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 Inlet Protection
 Outlet Protection
 Level Spreader
 Riprap

2.6.3.4 Sediment Control

 Wash Trough and Stabilized Entrance/Exit

 Construction Road Stabilization
 Brush Barrier
 Silt Fence
 Sediment Basin / Trap
 Fiber Rolls / Wattles
 ATS – Polymer
 Application of FLOC LOG
 Turbidity Curtain

2.6.3.5 General Construction Control

 Street Cleaning
 Water Browser
 Secondary Containment System
 Sanitation
 Concrete Washout
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CHAPTER 3

IDENTIFYING LAND DISTURBING ACTIVITIES

3.1 DEFINITION

3.1.1 Types of Land Disturbing Activities

The definition of “Land Disturbing” has been given in Chapter 3 to mean “any
project development that is subject to Section 34A EQA 1974” which can possibly
involve activities such as clearing of trees or vegetation, grubbing, stripping, grading,
raising or sloping of ground, excavating, trenching, filling, logging, storing of
materials and blasting. In other word, “land disturbing” also means any activity that
changes the physical conditions of land form, vegetation and hydrology, and during
the process, creates bare soil, or otherwise may cause erosion or sediment issues”. It
can be taken that land disturbing activities will involve any clearing, excavation,
grading or manipulation of the natural terrain which exposes soils to erosion hazards
or alters the natural condition of the site.

It should be cautioned that the term “land disturbing” should not be used loosely to
equate it to the words “earthwork” or “earthworks” as utilized in the practice of civil
engineering. In the civil engineering practice, the words “earthwork” or “earthworks”
have their own dedicated definition; in accordance with the BSI British Standards BS
6031:2009 Code of practice for earthworks, the meanings of these two terms are given
as below:

“earthwork” - work of excavating, or the raising or sloping of ground

“earthworks” - 1) structures formed by the excavating, raising or sloping of

ground, e.g. embankments, cuttings or remediated natural
slopes

2) civil engineering process that includes extraction, loading,

transport, transformation/improvement, placement and
compaction of natural materials (soils, rocks), and/or
secondary or recycled materials, in order to obtain stable and
durable cuttings, embankments or engineered fills
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It is clear from the above definitions then that “land disturbing” in the context of this
Guidance Document therefore has a wider coverage than the typical “earthwork” or
“earthworks” typically used in civil engineering. Nonetheless, the British Standards
BS 6031:2009 does contain a variety of recommendations targeted to the planning,
design and construction of earthworks which are also pertinent to the subject of LD-
P2M2. A brief discussion of these relevant excerpts from the British Standards BS
6031:2009 is included in Appendix A.

The overall objective of this Guidance Document is to ensure that good quality LD-
P2M2 Documents are prepared by competent professionals and that the LD-P2M2s are
effectively implemented to mitigate and minimize environmental and pollution
impacts of the land disturbing activities. The LD-P2M2 shall incorporate the P2M2s
identified to be installed at the land disturbing development areas into the design,
construction and operation stage of the development project as stipulated in Section
34A (7) of the EQA. The P2M2s shall be effective in preventing, reducing and
controlling pollution as well as preventing non-compliant pollution discharges from
reaching any water bodies.

3.2 SITE LAND CLEARING

3.2.1 Practice Description

In a nutshell, site clearing consists of the activities to prepare the work area by
removing all trees, brush, buildings, and other objectionable material and obstructions
that may interfere with the construction works. In this regard, site clearing is also
considered to be a “pre-construction” activity.

Clearing shall consist of the cutting, taking down, removing, and disposal of
everything above ground level including demolition and disposal of structures.
Consequently, the clearing materials may include but not limited to organic wastes
such as trees, stumps, logs, bushes, undergrowth, long grasses, crops, and vegetation,
as well as inert wastes such as soil, demolished concrete structures, terraces, ditches,
etc.
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3.2.2 Examples of Site Land Clearing

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving site land
clearing. Unless otherwise specified, the depicted photos below are selected and
collated from DOE‟s database.

Table 3.1: Example of Land Clearing

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3.2.3 Planning Considerations

Prior to any land disturbing activity relating to site clearance, an initial assessment of
the site should be conducted to identify sensitive environmental areas or uses that
require protection, which may include:

 Forested or vegetated areas including sensitive flora and fauna;

 Aquatic habitats such as plants and animals if areas to be cleared contain rivers or
streams;
 Human sensitive receptors, for example if works areas are near to residential
homes, schools, hospitals, religious institutions; and
 Other sensitive receivers such as streams, rivers, lakes, public amenities (parks,
recreational grounds, treatment works).

In addition, the following information should preferably be available for analysis

at the EIA stage, and becomes necessary before construction commences:

 Map of soil types together with their characteristics such as erosion potential, soil
test erodibility, soil hydrologic group, percentage of dispersible material (fine
clay) to determine the type and effectiveness of erosion and sediment mitigation
measures to be implemented;

 Climate, weather patterns, rainfall data and stream flows, particular for the
purposes of avoiding land disturbing activities during the wet and rainy periods;

 Topography and natural geographic features (including whether site is in a

floodplain, site runoff velocity and flow rate, both pre and during development),
and changes to the topography of the site during each stage of the project, to
ensure the LD-P2M2 plans have captured these changes and the need to upgrade
or amend the P2M2s implementation;

 Construction programme showing sequences and timing of the key land disturbing
activities;

 Map of existing vegetation identifying areas to be retained to allow suitable

perimeter controls and buffer zones to be provided;
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 Anticipated excavation depth for the proposed land disturbing activity, to not only
make use of the data on soil characteristics on determining types and effectiveness
P2M2 but to also prepare for dewatering and treatment requirements;

 Details of areas of cleared land at each stage of the development, and period of
time that each section will be exposed;

 Description of adjacent areas, such as streams, lakes, residential areas, and roads
that might be affected by the land disturbance;

 Changes to drainage and identification of sources of clean and contaminated

stormwater;

 Calculation of stormwater flows within micro-catchments within the site, for each
stage of the project;

 Location of stockpiles, haul roads and cuts, particularly for those work sites
located near sensitive areas such as rivers, public roads, other sensitive areas, etc;
and

 Nature and location of works that will occur in near proximity, say 20m of a
natural waterway or other sensitive environmental area.

3.2.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

In view of the above illustrations and planning consideration discussed, the pertinent
basic principles as mentioned in Chapter 3 that need to be taken into account when
implementing the pollution prevention and mitigation measures for this land disturbing
activity include the following :

a) Integrate project design with site constraints.

b) Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
c) Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
d) Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
e) Install perimeter controls.
f) Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
g) Protect steep slopes.
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h) Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.

i) Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
j) Provide access and general construction controls.
k) Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.

In addition, the minimum standards requirements that may be relevant to this land
disturbing activity include the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, whereby as a minimum, the

project schedule shall be prepared prior to commencement of site works to
include the following key activities:

 Identification of project components and associated project activities;

 Division of overall project into manageable phases and work zones;
 Survey of work zones and areas for P2M2s implementation;
 Identification of site and work zone boundaries, including interfaces with
surrounding projects or facilities and clearance extent;
 Identification of BMPs and implementation schedule;
 Undertaking of clearing works, and identification of relevant BMPs that
are needed to be upgraded or replaced due to changing site conditions;
 Formulation of a project sequencing programme or a critical path method
(CPM) to fit in the elements of pollution prevention and mitigation
measures for each phase, stage and sequence of project development.

b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of any site clearing activities to be

attended by PP, project EO, project contractors and/or sub-contractors to
discuss in detail all of the relevant scopes of work that have relevance to
pollution prevention and mitigating measures.

c. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the: site
clearance works from any drainage way/waterway/watercourse within project
site; areas not to be worked or disturbed, and buffer area or/and existing
vegetation meant for temporary or permanent preservation and for protection.
The construction markers can comprise fences, signs, tapes, flags or other
similar marking device.

d. Stabilized Construction Entrance by providing all entrance/exit roads to the

site to be stabilized and paved for a suitable distance from where these access
roads join the existing paved roads or public road.
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e. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers to be provided by

maintaining a 20 meter buffer between the site clearance activities and any
watercourses; or by providing a vegetated buffer that is less than 20 meters
between site clearance activities and any watercourse in combination with
additional erosion and sediment controls; or install suitable erosion and
sediment controls in combination with all possible perimeter controls.

f. Perimeter Control shall be first constructed and made operational before the
site clearing activities are executed, and may include filter or perimeter
berms, silt fences, sediment traps, sediment basins, construction entrance,
temporary diversion dikes or earth bunds and diversion drains that control
discharges from the site.

g. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational before

site clearing activities are executed, including the provision of vertical silt
marker for the purpose of measuring the depth of accumulated sediment to
facilitate maintenance program.

h. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the site clearing activities are
executed. The runoff control measures shall include but is not limited to
temporary earth drain, diversion channel and conveyance system that control
flows and discharges from and within the site and to be combined with
installation of interval check dams along the channel to reduce the runoff
velocity.

i. Temporary or permanent watercourse diversion provided for existing

watercourses that might be physically affected by the site clearing works shall
be protected either by using rock lined channel bed with protected side slope
using Turf Reinforcement Mat (TRM) or plastic sheeting, or by installing
plastic sheeting canvas along the channel with extend across the side slope in
combination with constructed check dams or sump slot checks.

j. For temporary or permanent watercourse crossing such as culvert or bridge,

the surface of the filling material (if earth is used) on the inlet and outlet end
of the culvert or abutment of the both sides of the bridge shall be covered
with appropriate materials such as rocks, Rolled Erosion Control Products
(RECPs) and plastic sheeting or turf. In addition, the approach distance of 10
metres or any suitable distance from both sides of the watercourse crossing
shall be installed with sediment fence or equivalent along the sides, together
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with gravels or stone pad and water bar to prevent sediment traction onto the
crossing that may potentially enter the stream.

k. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff

conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains,
berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion for
conveying runoff to stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s prior to
discharge.

l. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days
to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for
longer than fourteen (14) days. Temporary stabilization is typically achieved
by subjecting the exposed soils or disturbed areas with a temporary vegetative
and/or non-vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss,
and may include temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches, and other
techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further construction activities
take place to re-disturb this area.

m. Stockpile Soil Management by restricting stockpiles area to be located away

at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse. Additionally, the
stockpiled soil shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as berms, dikes, fiber rolls,
silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags.

n. Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by restricting any disposal area to

be located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
All disposal areas shall be protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on) using a temporary perimeter sediment barrier such as
berms, dikes, fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbags and gravel bags. All
anticipated runoff flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a
sediment trap/basin prior to discharge.

o. Dewatering practices for accumulated runoff water from excavations,

trenches, foundations, vaults, or other similar points of accumulation shall
include treating effectively the dewatered runoff water using sediment basins
/ traps, dewatering tank treatment system, active treatment system, bag or
sand filters prior to discharge.
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p. Active Treatment System (ATS) shall be implemented whenever

recommended by the consultant or instructed by the Director General of
DOE, by treating the runoffs using a mechanical system with the application
of coagulants and flocculants to promote the settling of suspended solids out
of the aqueous phase. ATS system is most appropriate if the project site has
been found to have violated the total suspended solids discharge standard
stipulated in the EIA approval conditions (COAs) or analysis of soil
investigation in the project site shows that the dispersible fine-grained clays
contain more than 10% of dispersible material.

q. Discharge of all runoff water from any land-disturbing activities such as land
site clearing shall be made through a sediment control P2M2 such as
sediment basin or trap or any other erosion and sediment controls which is
regarded as the designated final discharge(s).

3.3 GRUBBING

3.3.1 Practice Description

Land site clearing and grubbing sometimes may be undertaken in one operation.
Whilst site clearing essentially removes most of the aboveground natural or manmade
obstacles to prepare the work areas, grubbing on the other hand, provides for
additional preparation of the work area by removing the remaining stumps, roots, and
other obstructions which exist on or in the ground in all areas designated for grubbing.

3.3.2 Examples of Grubbing

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving grubbing.
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Table 3.2: Example of Grubbing

3.3.3 Planning Considerations

Complete grubbing may not be required under embankments where the fill height
above natural ground, as measured to subgrade or embankment slope elevation,
exceeds a certain depth as specified in the contract specifications or drawings.
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However, where for those areas where a structure must be built, subdrainage trenches
are to be excavated, unsuitable material is to be removed, or where hillsides or existing
embankments are to be terraced, then complete grubbing is most certainly required.
Additionally, grubbing is important to the structural quality of the roadway and every
effort should be made to obtain a thorough job. Grubbing should be completed at least
in advance of grading operations.

3.3.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The applicable minimum standards requirements for grubbing shall be similar to those
prescribed for land site clearing mentioned above.

3.4 STRIPPING

3.4.1 Practice Description

Stripping is normally applied to the topsoil, particularly prior to the commencement of

other earthworks. In terms of sequence of construction, topsoil stripping typically
comes after “land site clearing” (to remove the „large natural or manmade obstruction),
but before “grading” or “grubbing”. In particular topsoil is to be stripped from any
areas to be covered by paving, structures, fill, within the limits of clearing for
underground services. Grass shall normally be stripped together with topsoil. Unless
otherwise directed, soils shall not be stripped from around existing trees closer than a
distance equal to twice the radius of the trees crown measured from the trunk.
Additionally, stripping topsoil shall consist of removal of the topsoil to a depth of
150mm below ground level, or to the bottom of the grassroots zone., whichever is
deeper.

3.4.2 Examples of Stripping

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving stripping of
topsoil.
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Table 3.3: Example of Stripping

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3.4.3 Planning Considerations

As the main purpose of topsoil stripping is primarily to save the topsoil for future
reuse, stripping should be limited only those areas that will be affected by the
proposed construction or development. As mentioned above, the depth of normal
stripping of the topsoil should be to a depth of 150mm below ground level, or to the
bottom of the grassroots zone whichever is typically between 125 – 150mm, but
deeper depths may be satisfactory if the soil is suitable and undercutting is allowable
in locations such as buildings, water-impoundment structures, roadways, etc.
Appropriate sediment-control measures such as sediment barriers, sediment basins,
inlet protection, etc., should be in place before the topsoil is stripped. Stripping should
not be done on areas intended to support conventional, on-site effluent, disposal lines
(field lines).

3.4.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The minimum standards requirements shall incorporate the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, particularly the identification

of site and work zone boundaries, stripping extent, BMPs and implementation
schedule, and a project sequencing programme to fit in the elements of
pollution prevention and mitigation measures for each phase, stage and
sequence of project development.
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b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of any topsoil stripping activities to be

attended by PP, project EO, project contractors and/or sub-contractors to
discuss in detail all of the relevant scopes of work that have relevance to
pollution prevention and mitigating measures.

a. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the

topsoil stripping works from any drainage way/waterway/watercourse within
project site, and buffer area or/and existing vegetation meant for temporary or
permanent preservation and for protection.

b. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers and Perimeter Controls

to be provided by maintaining appropriate buffers or suitable erosion and
sediment controls between the topsoil stripping activities and any
watercourses.

c. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational before

topsoil stripping activities are executed, including the provision of vertical silt
marker for the purpose of measuring the depth of accumulated sediment to
facilitate maintenance program.

d. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the topsoil stripping activities are
executed.

e. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days
to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for
longer than fourteen (14) days.

f. Stockpile Soil Management and Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by

restricting stockpiles area to be located away at a minimum distance of 20
metres from any watercourse and protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on). by restricting any disposal area to be located away at a
minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.

g. Discharge of all runoff water shall be made through a sediment control P2M2
such as sediment basin or trap or any other erosion and sediment controls
which is regarded as the designated final discharge(s).
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3.5 GRADING

3.5.1 Practice Description

“Grading” typically occurs after land site clearing, grubbing and topsoil stripping, and
it involves the reshaping of the ground surface to provide suitable topography for
buildings, facilities, and other land uses; to control surface runoff; and to minimize soil
erosion and sedimentation, both during and after construction. The practice of grading
can be applied to existing topography which is required to be modified to prepare for
another land use. It can also be used to adapt proposed development to the existing
landscape to reduce the erosion potential of the site and the cost of installing erosion-
and sediment control measures. In some instances, other practices such as diversions
can be used to reduce the length of continuous slopes and reduce erosion potential.

3.5.2 Examples of Grading

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving land grading.

Table 3.4: Example of Land Grading

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3.5.3 Planning Considerations

A detailed plan should be developed for all land grading activities, to show the areas to
be disturbed, the areas of cut, areas of fill, and the finished elevation for all graded
areas. The grading plan should also indicate the means for protection of existing
vegetation where possible, especially around natural drainageways. Grading activities
should be scheduled to minimize the area disturbed at any one time during the
construction process. The plan should include provisions for stabilizing disturbed areas
immediately after final grading is completed. Provisions should also be made to
protect existing underground utilities.

3.5.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

Due to the similarity of the nature of this land disturbing activity to the precedent
activities including stripping and site clearing, albeit for different reasons, the
minimum standards requirements will also be quite similar, including the following:
Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing; Scheduled Site Meeting;
Construction Markers; Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers;
Perimeter Controls; Sediment Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Temporary
Stabilization; Stockpile Soil Management; Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area);
and Discharge.
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3.6 RAISING OR SLOPING OF GROUND

3.6.1 Practice Description

In simple terms, raising or sloping of ground consists of the activities to prepare work
areas which are connected or adjacent to one another but with differing platform
elevations. There are many reasons for creating platforms at different levels of which
one could be for architectural reason, but it is more likely they are more of functional
or engineering reasons. Regardless the reasons, to raise or slope the ground constitutes
a land disturbing activity, because the final platforms will need to be “carved out”
from the existing ground topography.

This land disturbing activity is likely to involve some of physical actions previously
covered for “land site clearing”, such as cutting, taking down, removing, and disposal
of everything above ground level including demolition and disposal of structures,
except that the raising or sloping of the ground will further involve more „cutting” of
the ground to form the raised platform or slopes. In this regard, raising or sloping of
the ground is also considered to be a “pre-construction” activity.

This land disturbing` activity is expected to generate a larger volume of inert materials
such as excavated soil, on top of some clearing materials.

3.6.2 Examples of Raising or Sloping of Ground

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving raising or
sloping of ground. Unless otherwise specified, the depicted photos below are selected
and collated from DOE‟s database.
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Table 3.5: Example of Ground Raising/Sloping

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3.6.3 Planning Considerations

As indicated earlier, some form of land site clearing activities would have been
provided to the work site prior to the further raising or sloping of the ground, to form
the desired platform levels as per the construction drawings. Assuming planning
considerations have previously been given to the site clearing works, the consideration
that would be applicable to this subsequent land disturbing activity may include
further assessment of this particular works area to identify the specific sensitive
environmental areas or uses that require protection, which may include:

 Forested or vegetated areas immediately adjacent to the slope areas;

 Aquatic habitats such as plants and animals adjacent to earthwork or at the toe
of the lower slopes;
 Human sensitive receptors, particularly at the lower work areas or toe of the
sloped area;
 other sensitive receivers such as streams, rivers, lakes, public amenities
(parks, recreational grounds, treatment works);
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 location to stockpile soil materials to be located away from sensitive receivers

and adequately covered or protected from erosion or runoff; and
 types of sediment and runoff controls depending on soil type.

The following information would assist in the above planning considerations:

 Soil types together with their characteristics such as erosion potential, soil test
erodibility, soil hydrologic group, percentage of dispersible material (fine
clay) at the particular earthwork areas to form the raised platforms or slopes,
so as to determine the type and effectiveness of erosion and sediment
mitigation measures to be implemented;

 Since the velocity and flow rates of any potential surface runoffs from the
disturbed areas for this land disturbing activity could likely be high, because
of sloping grounds (compare to flatter ground for site clearing works only), it
will be important to avoid this land disturbing activity during the wet and
rainy periods;

 Construction programme showing sequences and timing of the key land

disturbing activities;

 Map of existing sensitive receivers to be retained or protected to allow

suitable perimeter controls and buffer zones to be provided;

 Requirements for dewatering and treatment capacity based on extent of works

area to be disturbed, as well as details and period of time disturbed areas will
be exposed;

 Changes to drainage and identification of sources of clean and contaminated

stormwater, as well as description of adjacent areas, such as streams, lakes,
residential areas, and roads that might be affected by the stormwater;

 Location of stockpiles, haul roads and cuts, particularly for those work sites
located near sensitive areas such as rivers, public roads, other sensitive areas,
etc; and

 Nature and location of works that will occur in near proximity, say 20m of a
natural waterway or other sensitive environmental area.
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3.6.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The incorporation of the pertinent basic principles for this land disturbing activity will
inevitably include the following minimum standards requirements:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, particularly the identification

of site and work zone boundaries, ground raising/sloping extent, BMPs and
implementation schedule, and a project sequencing programme to fit in the
elements of pollution prevention and mitigation measures for each phase,
stage and sequence of project development.

b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of any land disturbing activities to be

attended by PP, project EO, project contractors and/or sub-contractors to
discuss in detail all of the relevant scopes of work that have relevance to
pollution prevention and mitigating measures.

c. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the:

ground raising/sloping works from any drainage way/waterway/watercourse
within project site; areas not to be worked or disturbed, and buffer area or/and
existing vegetation meant for temporary or permanent preservation and for
protection.

d. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers and Perimeter Controls

to be provided by maintaining appropriate buffers or suitable erosion and
sediment controls between the ground raising/sloping activities and any
watercourses.

e. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational before

ground raising/sloping activities are executed, including the provision of
vertical silt marker for the purpose of measuring the depth of accumulated
sediment to facilitate maintenance program.

f. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the ground raising/sloping activities
are executed.

g. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days
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to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for
longer than fourteen (14) days.

h. Stockpile Soil Management and Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by

restricting stockpiles area to be located away at a minimum distance of 20
metres from any watercourse and protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on) by restricting any disposal area to be located away at a
minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.

i. Dewatering practices for accumulated runoff water from excavations shall

include treating effectively the dewatered runoff water using sediment basins
/ traps, dewatering tank treatment system, active treatment system, bag or
sand filters prior to discharge.

j. Active Treatment System (ATS) shall be implemented if the works has

violated the total suspended solids discharge standard stipulated in the EIA
approval conditions (COAs) or analysis of soil investigation in the project site
shows that the dispersible fine-grained clays contain more than 10% of
dispersible material.

k. Discharge of all runoff water shall be made through a sediment control P2M2
such as sediment basin or trap or any other erosion and sediment controls
which is regarded as the designated final discharge(s).

3.7 EXCAVATING

3.7.1 Practice Description

“Excavation” means the mechanical removal of earth material, whether the purpose is
to form a deep cavity for underground construction or a trench for utilities
laying. This land disturbing activity involves the process of moving earth, rock or
other materials with tools, machineries, equipment or explosives, and can include
earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and basement works.
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3.7.2 Examples of Excavating

The following figures illustrate typical land disturbing activity involving site land
clearing. Unless otherwise specified, the depicted photos below are selected and
collated from DOE‟s database.

Table 3.6: Example of Excavating

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Another form of specialized excavation works which also involves the removal of earth
from underground for the purposes of constructing foundation works is “borehole
drilling”. In this special type of excavation works, the dedicated equipment used for the
earthmoving is a rotary drilling machine, where a drill bit is attached to a length of
connected drill pipe. The drill bit will be made of tough metals such as tungsten, and as
the drill is rotated the bit grind up the rock. The drill fluids (sometimes bentonite is used
and also referred to as drilling mud) are circulated through the drill string into the
borehole and back to the surface and carries (flush) the broken pieces (cuttings)
upwards and out of the hole. This fluid also serves as a formation stabilizer preventing
possible cave-in of unstable sands or crumbly rock before the well casing or well screen
is installed. Furthermore, this fluid acts as drill bit lubricant. In general, bored piles offer
the most economical foundation as they can be constructed in a wide choice of
diameters, typically ranging from 300mm to 1800mm, and to depths of up to 70m.
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Assuming a bored pile diameter of 1500mm with a depth of 50m, an estimated 90 cubic
meter of excavated soil will be displaced from the bored location. This translates to
about 20 nos. of lorries to be used for transporting out these materials. The following
figures illustrate the typical land disturbing activity involving borehole drilling. Unless
otherwise specified, the depicted photos below are selected and collated from DOE‟s
database.

Table 3.7: Example of Borehole Drilling

Another land disturbing activity which is related to excavating is “in-stream” works,

whereby the land disturbing activity is undertaken within or very close to the river main
channel or flow. This type of excavating works ought to be given particular attention in
view of its works location and the immediate impacts of eroded materials and sediment
being carried away or deposited into the water body. The following figures illustrate the
typical land disturbing activity involving in-stream works and unless otherwise
specified, the depicted photos below are selected and collated from DOE‟s database.
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Table 3.8: Example of In-stream Works

3.7.3 Planning Considerations

When planning for any excavation works from the perspective of erosion and sediment
control, it is important to remember that such land disturbing activity will always
likely to result in one or more of the following observations:

 The process of excavating will dislodge the once stable ground soil and render the
soil materials to be in a “loosed” form which can be easily eroded or carried away
by surface runoff;
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 The excavation works will create cavities or large holes in the ground whereby
after rainy events, accumulated water will need to be dewatered or pumped offsite
to allow works to continue. Often this water is contaminated with suspended
sediment so it is essential that its disposal should not contribute to water pollution;

 During the boring activity, soil stabilisation agent such as bentonite as well as a
large amount of water is likely to be used, which will generate wastewaters during
the excavation process. These solid waste and wastewaters will need special
attention for their collection, temporary storage and treatment before disposal or
discharge off site.

In view of the above, appropriate BMPs are needed to address the above inevitable
erosion and sediment issues.

3.7.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The pertinent basic principles to be taken into account when executing this land
disturbing activity include the following :

a) Integrate project design with site constraints.

b) Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
c) Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
d) Install perimeter controls.
e) Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
f) Protect steep slopes.
g) Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
h) Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
i) Provide access and general construction controls.
j) Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.

In addition, the minimum standards requirements that may be relevant to this land
disturbing activity include the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, whereby as a minimum, the

project schedule shall be prepared prior to commencement of site works to
include the following key activities: survey of work zones and areas for
P2M2s implementation; identification of site and work zone boundaries,
including interfaces with surrounding projects or facilities and clearance
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extent; identification and implementation of BMPs and implementation

schedule; and undertaking of excavating works, and identification of relevant
BMPs that are needed to be upgraded or replaced due to changing site
conditions;

b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of major excavation works to be

attended by all parties to discuss in detail all of the relevant scopes of work
that have relevance to pollution prevention and mitigating measures.

c. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the:

excavation works from any drainage way/waterway/watercourse within
project site; areas not to be worked or disturbed, and buffer area or/and
existing vegetation meant for temporary or permanent preservation and for
protection.
d. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers to be provided by
maintaining a 20 meter buffer between the excavating activities and any
watercourses; or by providing a vegetated buffer that is less than 20 meters
between excavating activities and any watercourse in combination with
additional erosion and sediment controls; or install suitable erosion and
sediment controls in combination with all possible perimeter controls.

e. Perimeter Control shall be first constructed and made operational before the
excavating activities are executed to control discharges from the site.

f. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational before

excavating activities are executed.

g. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the excavating activities are
executed. The runoff control measures shall include but is not limited to
temporary earth drain, diversion channel and conveyance system that control
flows and discharges from and within the site and to be combined with
installation of interval check dams along the channel to reduce the runoff
velocity.

h. Temporary or permanent watercourse diversion provided for existing

watercourses that might be physically affected by the excavating activities
and shall be protected either by using rock lined channel bed with protected
side slope using Turf Reinforcement Mat (TRM) or plastic sheeting, or by
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installing plastic sheeting canvas along the channel with extend across the
side slope in combination with constructed check dams or sump slot checks.

i. For temporary or permanent watercourse crossing such as culvert or bridge,

the surface of the filling material (if earth is used) on the inlet and outlet end
of the culvert or abutment of the both sides of the bridge shall be covered
with appropriate materials such as rocks, Rolled Erosion Control Products
(RECPs) and plastic sheeting or turf. In addition, the approach distance of 10
metres or any suitable distance from both sides of the watercourse crossing
shall be installed with sediment fence or equivalent along the sides, together
with gravels or stone pad and water bar to prevent sediment traction onto the
crossing that may potentially enter the stream.

j. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff

conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains,
berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion for
conveying runoff to stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s prior to
discharge.

k. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days
to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for
longer than fourteen (14) days. Temporary stabilization is typically achieved
by subjecting the exposed soils or disturbed areas with a temporary vegetative
and/or non-vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss,
and may include temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches, and other
techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further construction activities
take place to re-disturb this area.

l. Stockpile Soil Management by restricting stockpiles area to be located away

at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse. Additionally, the
stockpiled soil shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as berms, dikes, fiber rolls,
silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags.

m. Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by restricting any disposal area to

be located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
All disposal areas shall be protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on) using a temporary perimeter sediment barrier such as
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berms, dikes, fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbags and gravel bags. All
anticipated runoff flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a
sediment trap/basin prior to discharge.

n. Dewatering practices for accumulated runoff water from excavations,

trenches, foundations, vaults, or other similar points of accumulation shall
include treating effectively the dewatered runoff water using sediment basins
/ traps, dewatering tank treatment system, active treatment system, bag or
sand filters prior to discharge.

o. Active Treatment System (ATS) shall be implemented whenever

recommended by the consultant or instructed by the Director General of
DOE, by treating the runoffs using a mechanical system with the application
of coagulants and flocculants to promote the settling of suspended solids out
of the aqueous phase. ATS system is most appropriate if the project site has
been found to have violated the total suspended solids discharge standard
stipulated in the EIA approval conditions (COAs) or analysis of soil
investigation in the project site shows that the dispersible fine-grained clays
contain more than 10% of dispersible material.
p. Discharge of all runoff water from any excavating activities shall be made
through a sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin or trap or any other
erosion and sediment controls which is regarded as the designated final
discharge(s).

3.8 TRENCHING

3.8.1 Practice Description

This is another form of land disturbing activity, and strictly speaking can be generally
grouped under the category of “excavating”, exhibiting similar works nature and
impacts to erosion and sediment. One of the key differences of trenching and the other
excavating works is that for the former, it may involve a more “linear-type”
construction, meaning the trench may extend for significant distance, while the other
excavating works have a more “stationary” footprint.
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3.8.2 Examples of Trenching

Examples of trenching works are shown below.

Table 3.9: Example of Trenching

During the course of trenching activities (as well as other excavation works), there
may occasions where river channel crossings or diversions may be involved. Even
though these watercourse works are not directly related to the trenching works, the
methodology of the construction may arguably be similar from the perspective that the
works are undertaken within a channel, i.e. constrained by two banks. Examples of
stream or river diversion and/or crossing activities are shown below.
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Table 3.10: Example of River Diversion or Crossing Activity

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Another activity which is related to trenching and also the excavating land disturbing
activities is the dewatering process. Due to the cavities or holes in the ground and the
need to maintain a dry workable working area, dewatering is almost always required
especially when working during the rainy season or within areas with high water
tables. Wastewaters generated from this activity are usually highly contaminated with
sediment and high turbidity which need to be properly treated prior to discharge off
site to the nearest sensitive receivers such as rivers or streams. Photos illustrating the
dewatering process are given below.

Table 3.11: Example of Dewatering Activity

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3.8.3 Planning Considerations

Under the above categories of land disturbing activities, other than the erosion and
sediment issues, control of the associated wastewaters is also a concern. The
consideration for handling the solid part of the issue has been discussed previously in
the precedent section. Often the wastewater is contaminated with suspended sediment
so it is essential that its disposal should not contribute to water pollution. To remove
water from the work area, the pump intake should be kept as close to the surface of
pool as possible. Floating intakes should be used when the depth of water is sufficient.
Care must be taken to avoid pumping from the bottom of ponds, and constant
supervision is required during pumping operations to ensure this does not happen.
Treatment is required before discharging sediment-laden runoff to a natural waterway
or stormwater system.
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3.8.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The minimum standards requirements that are applicable for the above various
activities include the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, to lay out the project

schedule for the key activities including survey of work zones and areas for
P2M2s implementation, identification of site and work zone boundaries,
including interfaces with surrounding projects or facilities and clearance
extent; implementation of BMPs and schedule; and undertaking of trenching,
diversion or crossings works;

b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of each major activity;

c. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the

works areas and sensitive receivers;

d. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers and perimeter control

from works areas;

e. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational before

excavating activities are executed.

f. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the excavating activities are
executed. The runoff control measures shall control flows and discharges
from and within the site and to be combined with installation of interval
check dams along the channel to reduce the runoff velocity.

g. Temporary or permanent watercourse diversion shall be protected either by

using rock lined channel bed with protected side slope using Turf
Reinforcement Mat (TRM) or plastic sheeting, or by installing plastic
sheeting canvas along the channel with extend across the side slope in
combination with constructed check dams or sump slot checks.

h. For temporary or permanent watercourse crossing such as culvert or bridge,

the surface of the filling material (if earth is used) on the inlet and outlet end
of the culvert or abutment of the both sides of the bridge shall be covered
with appropriate materials such as rocks, Rolled Erosion Control Products
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(RECPs) and plastic sheeting or turf. In addition, the approach distance of 10

metres or any suitable distance from both sides of the watercourse crossing
shall be installed with sediment fence or equivalent along the sides, together
with gravels or stone pad and water bar to prevent sediment traction onto the
crossing that may potentially enter the stream.

i. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff

conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains,
berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion for
conveying runoff to stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s prior to
discharge.

j. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days
to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for
longer than fourteen (14) days. Temporary stabilization is typically achieved
by subjecting the exposed soils or disturbed areas with a temporary vegetative
and/or non-vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss,
and may include temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches, and other
techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further construction activities
take place to re-disturb this area.

k. Stockpile Soil Management by restricting stockpiles area to be located away

at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse. Additionally, the
stockpiled soil shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as berms, dikes, fiber rolls,
silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags.

l. Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by restricting any disposal area to

be located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
All disposal areas shall be protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on) using a temporary perimeter sediment barrier such as
berms, dikes, fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbags and gravel bags. All
anticipated runoff flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a
sediment trap/basin prior to discharge.

m. Dewatering practices for accumulated runoff water from excavations,

trenches, foundations, vaults, or other similar points of accumulation shall
include treating effectively the dewatered runoff water using sediment basins
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/ traps, dewatering tank treatment system, active treatment system, bag or

sand filters prior to discharge.

n. Active Treatment System (ATS) shall be implemented when the dispersible

fine-grained clays contain more than 10% of dispersible material.

o. Discharge of all runoff water from any excavating activities shall be made
through a sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin or trap or any other
erosion and sediment controls which is regarded as the designated final
discharge(s).

3.9 FILLING & EMBANKMENT

3.9.1 Practice Description

An embankment refers to “a volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted

for the purpose of raising the grade of a roadway (or railway) above the level of the
existing surrounding ground surface. A fill refers to a volume of earthen material that
is placed and compacted for the purpose of filling in a hole or depression.
Embankments or fills are constructed of materials that usually consist of soil, but may
also include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material”.

3.9.2 Examples of Filling & Embankment

Example illustrations of filling & embankment are provided below.

Table 3.12: Examples of Filling/Embankment

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3.9.3 Planning Considerations

Although filling or embankment can be regarded as the opposite of excavating or

trenching, both categories of land activities will involve earth moving, whether or flat
grounds or slopes, via the use of heavy equipment and machineries. The activities will
involve the handling of loose earth materials, which if not given enough attention, will
contribute to erosion and sediment issues on site. Consequently, the considerations
given to excavation and trenching works will also apply to this land activity of filling /
embankment.

3.9.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

Similarly, the minimum requirements prescribed for the previous excavating are also
applicable for the current land activity of filling or embankment, including the
following: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing; Scheduled Site Meeting;
Construction Markers; Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers;
Perimeter Controls; Sediment Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Temporary
Stabilization; Stockpile Soil Management; Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area);
and Discharge.
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3.10 LOGGING

3.10.1 Practice Description

Logging or “deforestation” involves the cutting down of mature trees in a forest and in
Malaysia, it is done for a variety of reasons, including: dam construction; housing
development; Oil palm plantations; roads and timber plantations.

3.10.2 Examples of Logging

Selected representative photos of logging in Malaysia are shown below.

Table 3.13: Examples of Logging

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3.10.3 Planning Considerations

In a way, logging as a land disturbing activity is quite similar to land site clearing
discussed in the early section of this chapter. The key difference between the two is
that for land site clearing, the key purpose of the activity is to prepare an existing land
for constructing a project, whilst for logging, the main interest is to remove the trees
for their economic values.

3.10.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

Although logging is not strictly a construction project, the impacts on erosion and
sediment cannot be underestimated, given that the coverage of logging activities can
sometimes be up to several hundred hectares at a single time. Noting from the above
illustrations, the pertinent basic principles as mentioned in Chapter 3 which are
mostly focused on civil construction projects, are also applicable for the logging
activity and need to be taken into account when implementing the pollution prevention
and mitigation measures:

a) Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.

b) Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
c) Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
d) Install perimeter controls.
e) Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
f) Protect steep slopes.
g) Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
h) Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
i) Provide access and general construction controls.
j) Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.

The minimum standards requirements that may be relevant to this land disturbing
activity include the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, prior to commencement of

site works to identify project components and associated activities, to divide
project into manageable phases and work zones, to survey work zones and
P2M2s implementation areas, to identify site and work zone boundaries, to
identify BMPs and implementation schedule, and to formulate a project
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sequencing programme to fit in the elements of pollution prevention and

mitigation measures for the development.

b. Construction Markers to physically mark the limit of logging clearance

works from any drainage way/waterway/watercourse within project site.

c. Stabilized Construction Entrance by providing all entrance/exit roads to the

logging site to be stabilized and paved for a suitable distance from where
these access roads join the existing paved roads or public road.

d. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers to be provided by

maintaining a 20 meter buffer between the logging clearance activities and
any watercourses.

e. Perimeter Control shall be first constructed and made operational before the
logging clearing activities are executed.

f. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational where

appropriate before logging clearing activities are executed.

g. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before clearing activities are executed.

h. For temporary or permanent watercourse crossing such as culvert or bridge,

the surface of the filling material (if earth is used) on the inlet and outlet end
of the culvert or abutment of the both sides of the bridge shall be covered
with appropriate materials such as rocks, Rolled Erosion Control Products
(RECPs) and plastic sheeting or turf. In addition, the approach distance of 10
metres or any suitable distance from both sides of the watercourse crossing
shall be installed with sediment fence or equivalent along the sides, together
with gravels or stone pad and water bar to prevent sediment traction onto the
crossing that may potentially enter the stream.

i. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff

conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains,
berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion for
conveying runoff to stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s prior to
discharge.
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j. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed areas by subjecting the

exposed soils or disturbed areas with a temporary vegetative and/or non-
vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss, and may
include temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches, and other techniques to
reduce or eliminate erosion until further construction activities take place to
re-disturb this area.

k. Discharge of all runoff water from any land-disturbing activities such as land
site clearing shall be made through a sediment control P2M2 such as
sediment basin or trap or any other erosion and sediment controls which is
regarded as the designated final discharge(s).

3.11 STORING OF MATERIALS

3.11.1 Practice Description

Throughout the duration of the project site activities, there will be numerous occasions
whereby construction materials will be stockpiled or stacked on site, including the
likes of biomass (trees and vegetation), excavated earth materials, rocks, topsoil,
construction materials such as sand, gravels, stones.

3.11.2 Examples of Storing of Materials

The following figures illustrate some examples of material storage.

Table 3.14: Example of Material Storage

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3.11.3 Planning Considerations

The stockpile location should be out of drainageways and traffic routes. Stockpiles
should not be placed on steep slopes where undue erosion will take place. Measures
should be taken to prevent erosion of the stockpiles, including mulching the stockpile
when it is left inactive for 14 days or longer; planting temporary vegetation when the
stockpile is to be inactive over 30 days; covering the stockpile with plastic whenever
the piles are small or any soil loss would damage existing buildings or facilities;
planting permanent vegetation when the stockpile use will be inactive over 12 months,
and in cases where the stockpile is small and will be removed in fewer than 14 days, it
may be more practical to use a sediment barrier than an erosion-control practice.

Additionally, locate stockpiles away from drainage lines to where they are protected
from wind. Wherever possible, minimise the number and size of stockpiles and keep
topsoil separate from underburden when stockpiling soil. Construct the stockpile with
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no slope greater than 2:1 (horizontal to vertical), and a less steep slope may be
required where the erosion risk is high. Lastly, hand water or install temporary
sprinklers to suppress dust from unstabilized stockpiles and batters, and finish and
contour any stockpiles located on a floodplain so as to minimise loss of material in a
flood or rainfall event.

3.11.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

Minimum standards requirements relevant to storing of materials include the

following:

a. Stockpile Soil Management by restricting stockpiles area to be located away

at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse. Additionally, the
stockpiled soil shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as berms, dikes, fiber rolls,
silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags.

b. Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by restricting any disposal area to

be located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
All disposal areas shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter sediment barrier such as berms, dikes,
fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbags and gravel bags. All anticipated runoff
flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a sediment trap/basin
prior to discharge.

c. Construction Markers to physically mark buffer zones around the stockpile

areas to avoid works being undertaken within these zones.

d. Sediment Basin/Trap shall be first constructed and made operational to

receive and treat runoff from the stockpiles.

e. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff conveyance

system around or leading to the stockpile areas.

f. Discharge of all runoff water from the stockpile areas shall be made through a
sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin or trap or any other erosion
and sediment controls which is regarded as the designated final discharge(s).
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3.12 BLASTING

3.12.1 Practice Description

Controlled blasting or “rock excavation” consists of the use of explosives to

break rock for excavation. After excavating the rock cuts, the slopes shall be scaled
and dressed to a safe, stable condition by removing all loose spalls and rocks not
firmly keyed to the rock slope using mechanical scaling such as dozers, front end
loader, etc. Loose spalls and rocks lying outside the slope stakes which constitute a
hazard to the roadway shall be removed

3.12.2 Examples of Blasting

Some examples of blasting activity are shown below.

Table 3.15: Example of Blasting

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3.12.3 Planning Considerations

Besides dust and noise being the obvious environmental impacts from a blasting
activity, the loosening of soft soil materials, stockpile of blast materials and surface
runoff from the excavated faces are also key issues from the perspective of erosion and
sediment. For safety reasons, a large no work zone will be required to sterilize the
immediate surroundings of a blast zone. Designated areas for stockpiling the
excavated materials are also required.

3.12.4 Applicable Minimum Standards Requirements

The minimum standards requirements that are applicable for the above blasting
activity include the following:

a. Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing, to lay out the project schedule
for the key activities including survey of work zones and areas for P2M2s
implementation, identification of site and work zone boundaries, including
interfaces with surrounding projects or facilities and clearance extent;
implementation of BMPs and schedule; and undertaking blasting works;

b. Scheduled Site Meeting prior to start of each major activity;

c. Construction Markers to physically mark on site to show the limit of the

works areas and sensitive receivers;

d. Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers and perimeter control

from works areas;

e. Runoff Management such as key runoff control measures shall be first

constructed and made operational before the rock excavating activities are
executed.

f. Temporary or permanent roadways shall be provided with runoff conveyance

system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains, berm drains,
toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion for conveying
runoff to stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s prior to discharge.
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g. Temporary Stabilization shall be applied to exposed earth areas within

fourteen (14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the
site. Otherwise, temporary soil stabilization shall be applied within seven (7)
days to exposed areas that may not be at final grade but will remain
unattended for longer than fourteen (14) days. Temporary stabilization is
typically achieved by subjecting the exposed soils or disturbed areas with a
temporary vegetative and/or non-vegetative protective cover to prevent
erosion and sediment loss, and may include temporary seeding, geotextiles,
mulches, and other techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further
construction activities take place to re-disturb this area.

h. Stockpile Soil & Rock Management by restricting stockpiles area to be

located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
Additionally, the stockpiled soil/rock shall be protected from contact with
runoff water (including run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as
berms, dikes, fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags.

i. Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area) by restricting any disposal area to

be located away at a minimum distance of 20 metres from any watercourse.
All disposal areas shall be protected from contact with runoff water (including
run-on) using a temporary perimeter sediment barrier such as berms, dikes,
fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbags and gravel bags. All anticipated runoff
flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a sediment trap/basin
prior to discharge.

j. Discharge of all runoff water from any excavating activities shall be made
through a sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin or trap or any other
erosion and sediment controls which is regarded as the designated final
discharge(s).
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CHAPTER 4

UNDERSTANDING PHASES IN A PROJECT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.1.1 Construction Planning

It is a widely accepted norm that “construction planning is a fundamental and

challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects”.
It also follows that such planning “involves the choice of technology, the
definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations
for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the
different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the
budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical
task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or
otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of
construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions
about the relationships between project participants and even which
organizations to include in a project.”

The above notion is also true when planning a strategy to address and control
potential erosion and sediment that may result from project site activities. In
developing such a strategy, the “ingredients” as mentioned above for
construction project management also hold true, as elaborated below.

In Chapter 4, we looked at the various land disturbing activities that are typically
encountered during the construction of a civil or building project. It was also
noted that these activities are likely to occur at the early stage of the project
during the preliminary and advanced works, but could also occur during the
main construction works. In this regard and with reference to addressing
potential erosion and sediment issues, it is critical to understand phases in a
project so as to identify where and when land disturbing activities may take
place at the work site, with the ultimate objective to determine the suitable
choice(s) of BMPs (i.e, technologies to control erosion and sediment issues) to
be implemented to reduce the risk of erosion and sedimentation. With this
understanding, the LD-P2M2 practitioners will be able to surgically pinpoint the
types of BMP that should be implemented at the appropriate locations as well as
at the suitable time.

In concurrent to the identifying the project phases, one should be also able to
decipher the key components of the project, so as to establish the associated
project activities or work tasks, especially those related to land disturbing
activities. Also, important in the above process includes the understanding of
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the possible construction sequences and subsequently, with all the information
collated, appropriate environmental method statements can be prepared. For the
Project Proponent, such a strategy provides his planners with key information to
undertake an estimation of the required resources and durations for the
respective individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the
different work tasks. For the Contractor, this strategy would contain to some
extent certain technical aspects which could be integrated into his construction
planning, so as to enable the Contractor to plan his overall works programme to
cater for the control of erosion and sediment, as well as to make the appropriate
organizational decisions about the relationships between project parties within
his own teams in the project.

4.2 CONSEQUENCES FROM POOR PLANNING AND INADEQUATE

PHASING

4.2.1 Example 1

Before proceeding to discuss the topics of phases, project components, etc. as

mentioned above in detail, some selected examples are presented below to
illustrate the impacts when site activities were undertaken without apparent
adequate planning or well-thought out phasing (in reference to controlling
erosion and sedimentation) taken into account in the site activities. From these
examples, it was evident that uncontrolled erosion and sediment issues had
occurred at these locations, and it is also not difficult to visualize the possible
impacts of these issues for the receptors located downstream of the sites.

In Example 1 (Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.3), the subject site represents an

agricultural project surrounded by forested area. Based on the aerial photo
(Figure 4.1), it is observed that large scale clearing has taken place at this
particular site, but without apparent evidence of adequate or proper BMPs
installed. It is also important to note that the site is not flat but with an
undulating topography. It is predicted that during any heavy rain event at this
site, surface runoff would occur naturally, seeking to find the lowest points on
this platform. Although this photo was taken at a relatively high altitude, rills
and gullies could still be seen to have formed on the slope sides of the platform
(see center of photo).

In the subsequent Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3, the direct impacts from this
particular land clearing activities without apparent phasing implementation are
evident. From Figure 4.2, it is observed that surface runoff had transported the
eroded materials from the exposed ground surfaces of the site and discharged the
loose sediment into the adjacent watercourse. Note the significant water
pollution (highly turbid water quality) that has occurred in the river. Notably
such impact could have been avoided had there been a proper planning and
management of site through implementation of phasing and work sequencing
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throughout the land clearing activities, which is the main objective of this
Chapter.

The impact to the flora ecology in the vicinity of the same site is shown in
Figure 4.3. Here, it is observed that a large amount of earth materials has either
been pushed over onto the slopes intentionally or has dislodged naturally and
slipped on the slope side by the force of gravity. This was likely due to the
unprotected bare ground surface as well as due to basically no buffer zone
provided between the cleared land and the hill side. The slipped material is
expected to cause damages to the vegetation located in its path.

Figure 4.1: Large Scale Earthworks with No Proper BMPs Installed

In summary, the consequences from insufficient construction planning and/or

inadequate implementation of phasing into this site are evident from the
photographic evidence, with the following issues as previously highlighted in
Chapter 1.2 being identified:

 Issue of work programme;

 Construction activity;
 Construction schedule;
 Construction methodology;
 Issue of planning;
 Issue of work stages;
 Issue of project phasing;
 Issue of work sequence;
 Issue of upholding the Code of Practice in Earthwork;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.
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The above is also in line with several of the commonly found non-compliances
of erosion and sediment control as identified in DOE‟s “Manual Panduan
Pemeriksaan BMPs (Best Management Practices) Untuk Kawalan Hakisan
and Sedimen”, namely the following:

 Too much soil exposed at one time.

 Missing and/or misunderstanding of erosion and sediment control.
 Inadequate BMP maintenance.
 No BMPs to minimize vehicle tracking onto the road.

Figure 4.2: Effects of Erosion and Sedimentation on River Downstream

Figure 4.3: Damages to Vegetation from Soil Erosion

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4.2.2 Example 2

Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5 give another good example of a site (nature of project
unknown) with which limited phasing has been implemented during the clearing
works. In this example, as in Example 1, a large tract of land evidently has been
cleared at an area which is surrounded by existing forested area.

Based on the aerial photographs, it is shown that a large extent of ground surface
has been exposed of its cover crops (presumably from land clearing activities),
with lack of the suitable BMPs installed. Based on a visual examination of the
site conditions, it is believed that this exposed condition has been left unattended
for a relatively long period of time, or at least long enough to result in major
scouring of the ground surface as the evidence show. In Figure 4.5, rills and
deep gullies are shown to have occurred at the majority of the site area covered
by this photo. If we consider the adjacent sensitive receivers surrounding this
site area, namely the forested area, the impact of surface runoff carrying loose
soil materials and sediment during event of heavy rain can be considered to be
relatively significant, as no perimeter controls or buffer zones are apprarent at
the site. Other sensitive receivers (not seen in this photo) such as streams or
rivers which may likely be found at the lower elevation will also be adversely
impacted from these potentially polluted runoff discharges.

Figure 4.4: Vast Land Clearing with Lack of Phasing Planning

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Figure 4.5: Massive Scouring of Ground Surface due to Erosion of Unprotected Surfaces

As in Example 1, the issues with this second example appear to include the
following, which resulted in the consequences as shown in Figure 4.4 and
Figure 4.5:
 Issue of work programme;
 Construction activity;
 Construction schedule;
 Construction methodology;
 Issue of planning;
 Issue of work stages;
 Issue of project phasing;
 Issue of work sequence;
 Issue of upholding the Code of Practice in Earthwork;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.

4.2.3 Example 3

The following Figure 4.6 provides a further example to indicate the potential
adverse impacts brought about by, amongst other factors, inadequate planning on
site activities phasing. In this example, the impacts of erosion such as rills and
gullies are observed to have formed on this exposed slope, mostly likely due to
erosion caused by rain and surface runoff. Note also the haphazard method of
site work at this site whereby clusters of vegetation were left untouched but the
ground area around them has been stripped clear of its natural vegetation. It is
predicted that if the exposed surface is left untreated for a further period of time,
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continual erosion and surface runoff would eventually cause these vegetation to
be uprooted, and possibly causing further damages to the downstream side of the
slope.

The potential issues associated with Example 3 appear to be literally similar to

the previous two examples, which include the following:
 Issue of work programme;
 Construction activity;
 Construction schedule;
 Construction methodology;
 Issue of planning;
 Issue of work stages;
 Issue of project phasing;
 Issue of work sequence;
 Issue of upholding the Code of Practice in Earthwork;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.

Figure 4.6: Impacts from Poor Planning in Phasing of Site Works

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4.2.4 Example 4

This example (Figure 4.7) illustrates what happens when an active work area is
not provided with proper identification of land disturbing activities and the
associated phasing, and is subject to the element of the weather. As a
consequence, erosion and surface runoff occurred inevitably during a rain event,
and note the extent of sediment being transported via the surface runoff into the
adjacent drainage, and presumably, eventually to a nearby watercourse.

The issues associated with Example 4 appear to include the following:

 Construction activity;
 Construction methodology;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.

Figure 4.7: Erosion and Surface Runoff from a Poorly Managed Work Site

4.2.5 Example 5

Example 5 attempts to illustrate an example which involves a linear-type land

clearance work. A linear-type project basically involves a construction works
limit which extends linearly (as opposed to a site which is confined to a
“stationary” works area), such as construction of roads, drainage or transmission
lines. For this example, the project involves the construction of a new electricity
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transmission line on a mountain ridge. In Figure 4.8, as a result of inadequate

project phasing, the land disturbing activity, namely, site clearance, has created a
large extent of exposed and unprotected ground surfaces at the high ground.
Leaving exposed ground surface in such condition is conducive for the process
of erosion to occur during rain events. Compounded by the lack of the minimum
erosion and sediment controls such as perimeter controls, buffer zones, silt
fences, drainage, silt traps or basins, etc., it is not surprising for the erosion
impacts to deteriorate and possibly causing the landslide as shown in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.8: No Indication of Works Phasing Implemented

Figure 4.9: Erosion and Landslides Resulted from Lack of Activities Phasing
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The environmentally damaging consequences resulting from the type of

construction work as illustrated by Example 5, to a large extent, may be
attributed to the following issues:
 Construction activity;
 Construction schedule;
 Issue of planning;
 Issue of work stages;
 Issue of project phasing;
 Issue of work sequence;
 Issue of upholding the Code of Practice in Earthwork;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.

4.2.6 Example 6

From the perspective of erosion and sedimentation, identifying phases in a

project becomes more critical, particularly for works undertaken immediately
adjacent to a watercourse such as rivers and streams. In Figure 4.10 below, a
large area of an existing vegetated land next to a main river was cleared to form
an access road, but evidently, there was a lack of planning and phasing in the
work activities to address erosion and sedimentation issues. In the event of rain
at this location, erosion will inevitably occur and sediment subsequently washed
into the adjacent river via surface runoff.

The potential issues associated with this last example include the following:
 Issue of work programme;
 Construction activity;
 Construction schedule;
 Construction methodology;
 Issue of planning;
 Issue of work stages;
 Issue of project phasing;
 Issue of work sequence;
 Issue of upholding the Code of Practice in Earthwork;
 Issue of erosion and sediment control measures not supervised properly; and
 Issue of BMPs not in place.
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Figure 4.10: Erosion and Surface Runoff from a Poorly Managed Work Site

4.2.7 Discussion

All of the above examples and photos illustrate only a sample of work sites
found to be facing erosion and sediment issues due to their site activities, but in
reality, these occurrences are believed to be relatively typical throughout the
civil projects in Malaysia. Based on the possible issues or causes that have
resulted in the observed situations as seen in the above photographic evidence, it
is strongly believed that had proper planning and phasing of the site activities
been implemented prior to the land disturbing activities, most of the adverse
erosion and sediment impacts could have been avoided. For instance, in nearly
all of the work sites shown above, phasing of the activities would need to be
integrated into the planning of the works in order to control the erosion and
surface runoff issues. One of the factors that need to be considered during the
phasing of the site works would be the „division‟ of the works area footprint into
smaller and manageable work parcels. Once a smaller footprint is defined, then
the application of minimum requirements for the Land Disturbance Pollution
Prevention and Mitigation Measures would follow for this parcel in relation to
the work scheduling and sequencing to control erosion and sediment discharge.
The remaining of this Chapter will be dedicated to discussing the process of
identifying phases and other associated aspects in this regard.
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4.3 PHASES IN A PROJECT

4.3.1 Meaning of “Phase”

The term “phase” is generally defined as “a particular stage in a process or in

the gradual development of something”, and also as “any distinct or
characteristic period or stage in a sequence of events or chain of development.”1
The word “phase” is sometimes used interchangeably with “stage”, which is
defined in the dictionary as “a distinct step or period of development, growth,
or progress.” For the purpose of this Guidelines, no differentiation will be made
between these two words, and they will be deemed to have the same meaning in
the context of LD-P2M2 application.

4.3.2 Project Cycle

Before discussing further on the application of “phasing” in the context of

controlling erosion and sediment in a project, let‟s have a quick review on the
cycle of a typical civil engineering project in Malaysia, up to the end of the
construction activities. This is to give the reader a better understanding of the
potential timing within a project‟s life whereby the theory of LD-P2M2 can be
applied before the actual physical works commence at site, so as to enable the
maximum benefits to be attained in arresting potential issues of erosion and
sediment before they occur. For the purposes of this discussion, let‟s assume an
example for a typical and relatively straightforward project which requires an
EIA to be conducted, for which its project flow can generally be illustrated in
Figure 4.11. It should however, be noted that this flow shown is only a generic
illustration, as different projects may have specific characteristics or
requirements that deviate from the process flow as shown below. A brief
explanation on each of the steps in the flow in Figure 4.11 is provided below.

The cycle of any project always commences from the same starting point, i.e.,
the Project Proponent‟s need or desire for a “product”. “Project Proponent” in
this context can be a private entity or government institutions or semi-
government bodies. In the case of a civil engineering project, this “product” can
be in many forms, such as an entirely new development project (either
residential, commercial or industrial), utility facilities (such as sewage treatment
plants, water treatment plants, power stations, major drainage or sewerage
schemes, etc.), agricultural projects (such as oil palm plantation, etc.), new
infrastructural networks (such as highways, bridges, canals, airports, ports, etc.),
and so on. The reasons for the above needs can vary between a wide spectrum
of needs, ranging from a purely economic reason (in the case of privately
initiated projects) to that of national interests (such as infrastructural and utilities
projects). Regardless of the status of the project initiator, i.e., Project Proponent

1
Collins English Dictionary
 4-13
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

and the reasons for the need of the project, most, if not all, of these projects will
have to go through this simplified flow as shown in Figure 4.11.

Once the Project Proponent (PP) decides to pursue further or proceed with his
desire to materialise his ideas or needs, the next step would typically be the
appointment of a consultant to investigate the feasibility of the project. This
would likely involve the evaluation of the project feasibility from the
perspectives of technical, economical, social, environmental and safety, and
normally requires the consultant to review and assess the various options or
alternatives to implement the PP‟s ideas by comparing each of these options or
alternatives against a set of agreed parameters for comparison. Depending on
the complexity of the proposed project, the duration of a feasibility study can
range anywhere from as little as six (6) months (or less) for a relatively straight
forward project, to even to eighteen (18) months (or more) for mega or major
projects. Ultimately, the objective of this step in the project‟s flow will be to
ascertain the feasibility of the proposed project based on the given assessment
criteria (i.e., technical, economical, social, environmental, safety, etc.). If it were
found that the project is not feasible due to whatsoever reasons, the PP may wish
to reconsider and adjust the original scope of the project, or to totally abandon
the whole idea of pursuing further with his idea (if the feasibility study
discovered insurmountable issues that cannot be resolved). If the PP chooses the
former, then a separate feasibility may be undertaken to confirm the feasibility
of the revised plan. Conversely, if the feasibility study recommends that it is
viable for the project to proceed, then the project will move into the next step,
that is, typically the Preliminary Design stage.

Figure 4.11: Typical Flow of a Project

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Once the feasibility of the PP‟s idea is ascertained, the PP may normally engage
an engineering consultant (which could be the same consultant who have
previously undertaken the Feasibility Study) to provide the preliminary designs
of the proposed project. Typically, the basic engineering information on the
project is obtained and compiled to enable the formulation of a preliminary
visualisation of what the project might look like upon construction. To this end,
the preliminary designs may entail the compilation of initial soil and site
investigation data, project boundary and Right of Way (ROW), pre- and post-
development formation levels, footprint of the final works (buildings, roads,
drainage, etc), layouts of associated utility services (such as sewerage, drainage,
water supply, electricity, gas, telecommunication, etc), and usually the build-up
drawings of the final works. The main objective of this step in the project can be
perceived to enable the PP to achieve the following goals:

 Further confirmation of the Feasibility Study findings by developing the

constructability of the project;
 Early identification and resolving of any physical constraints in the field in
terms of land use, project interfaces, constructability of the project, and
operation & maintenance of the completed project, which may lead to
refinement of the final designs;
 Early identification of potential site impacts on geotechnical, hydrology,
environmental, traffic, utility, etc., so as to formulate practical solutions and
mitigation measures to be integrated into the detailed designs and
construction of the project;
 Initial estimates for the completion of the project, i.e., from the fulfilment of
all the legal requirements through to the handover of the constructed final
works by the contractor to the PP;
 Initial budget estimates for the implementation of the project; and
 Identification of further information that needs to be obtained or investigated
in detail in order to complete the detailed designs of the project.

Again, depending on the complexity of the project, the duration for completing
the preliminary designs can range anywhere between another nine (9) to
eighteen (18) months. It should be noted that that these durations are provided
herein solely for the reader‟s information only, so as to get some sense on the
effort needed for such an activity. The duration cited in this section are
estimates only based experience from other projects and should not be used for
any other purposes outside of this Guidelines. Ultimately, the objective of step 3
in the project will be to produce a set of initial designs for the PP, with enough
information so as to fulfil the above goals, but yet to be finalised with adequate
detailed information for tender documentation and construction purposes.

With the preliminary designs completed to the satisfaction of the PP, step 4 will
likely involve the commencement of the EIA study, to evaluate the
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environmental impacts of the project to its surroundings during the construction

and operation stages, as well as to propose mitigation measures to control these
impacts to the acceptable levels. Sometimes, the PP may also initiate step 5,
which is the preparation of the detailed designs and tender documents as shown
in Figure 4.11, in parallel with the EIA study; most often than not, this is likely
for the purpose of expediting the overall process whereby it is hoped that
construction works may start at the earliest date. Although such merit may
appear to be beneficial for project implementation, the downside of initiating
these two activities concurrently is that at times, findings from the EIA study
may need to be integrated into the detailed designs or tender documentation.
With both activities running at the same time, there is a possibility that pertinent
information from the EIA study might not be incorporated into the designs in a
timely manner, and thus resulting in possible abortive work, or more seriously,
exclusion from the tender documentation. Notwithstanding the above however,
the PP (and his designers) should diligently include the pertinent findings form
the EIA study into the detailed designs at the appropriate stage in the project and
preferably prior to the award of the contract.

The duration for the EIA study can range between six (6) months to twelve (12)
months. Ultimately, the objective of step 4 is to produce an approved EIA
report, with or without associated conditions of approval by the DOE.

Assuming the PP chooses to conduct the detailed designs and tender

documentation upon completion of the EIA or at least, towards the end of the
EIA study, this step then becomes step 5 in the project. Under this step, the PP‟s
engineering team will undertake to complete the final designs of the project
based on a comprehensive suite of data and information, with most of these data
and information transferred from the previous steps of the cycle whilst the
remaining compiled during this step. Here, the team will assemble all the
available design data into design reports, engineering drawings and
specifications, to a level that is understandable by an experience builder or
contractor to execute the works on site. It should be noted that except for very
special cases, most of the time these drawings will show only the details of the
final works that are required to be delivered to the PP; in other word, the
designers will almost never specify the methodology of how these final works
are to be constructed by the contractor. It is not the intention of this Guidelines
to discuss further on the contractual legalities underlying this topic, but the
important point for the reader to bear in mind is that, it is really the responsibility
of the contractor to come up with his methodologies on how to deliver the final
product as specified in the drawings and specifications, based on the
requirements of the project (including civil, geotechnical, structural,
infrastructural, environmental, electrical and mechanical, etc.) that are included
in the tender documents. Having said the above, it is imperative then that these
requirements should be clearly spelled out and allowed for in the tender
documentation so that the contractor can properly price his works. The duration
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for the preparation of the detailed designs and tender documentation may take
another nine (9) months to eighteen (18) months, depending on the complexity
of the project.

Upon completion of the detailed designs and the associated tender documents,
the Project Proponent may need to assure himself that all the necessary legal
procedures have been undertaken and accomplished, so as to make sure that the
project can be implemented smoothly once the successful contractor has been
selected. Some of these procedures may be those required on the federal or state
level. Once all the necessary procedures are completed, the PP can then proceed
with the tender exercise, i.e., to invite qualified tenderers to submit their
proposals (technical and financial) to execute the project. Upon receipt of the
tenders, the PP and his team will then assess and evaluate the submission based
on a set of agreed assessment criteria, with the ultimate aim to select one
contractor who is deemed to be technically and financially sound to carry out the
construction works. The outcome of this step is then to select the successful
tenderer and subsequently, to award the contract for the project to this
contractor.

Once the contract has been awarded, the Contractor then commences his site
activities and implements the works activities in accordance to the requirements
of the Contract Document, which collectively includes the Drawings,
Specifications and all other documents that are deemed to be part of the Contract
Document, for example, the approved EIA report and EMP, amongst others. In
other word, the contractor is obliged to operate and manage the construction site
to comply with not only the Contract Document which he entered into an
agreement with the PP, but also with the recommendations as prescribed in the
EIA report which was previously approved at the earlier stage of the project‟s
cycle. It is important for the reader to remember this point because as we will
see later, this obligation plays a key role for the applying LD-P2M2 into the
construction stage. At the completion of all the works covered in the contract
document, the Contractor eventually hands over the completed project to the
Project Proponent for the operation and maintenance stage.

As discussed above, there are various major steps that are needed to be
accomplished before a project can commence its physical works at site,
including the feasibility studies and investigation, designs, Environmental
Impact Assessment, and tendering & assessment, or graphically shown in Figure
4.12:
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Feasibility Study

Preliminary Design

Detailed Site
Investigation

Environmental
Impact Assessment

Detailed Design

Tendering

Contract Award

Figure 4.12: Typical Pre-Site Activities

Within the simple 9-step process shown in Figure 4.11, a commonly

misconstrued perception on handling erosion and sedimentation issues at a project
site is that this would be taken care of at Step 8, namely, after the project‟s
commencement at site, whereby the Contractor is solely tasked to control such
issues during his works. When such “mistake” is made and set in motion, it is not
surprising then to receive feedbacks from relevant project stakeholders in the
following form (as discussed in Chapter 1 earlier) on the reasons why erosion
and sedimentation occur at their jobsites:

 Erosion and sediment control implementation considered to be an additional

cost to the project which has not been accounted for or anticipated earlier,
due to lack of budget during the planning and design phase;
 Absence of development phasing in which only a portion of the construction
site is cleared and graded at any one time;
 Site clearing and earthmoving normally carried out in large area at one time,
instead of in staggered and phased development, as it will yield higher return
on the reason of economic of scale;
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Rates allowed for temporary BMPs normally on the low side and often
considered as items with negative profit, and thus, given low priority in
construction planning;
 Contractor’s erosion and sediment control programme may address only the
initial and final phase of construction but not the interim construction phases
with adequate temporary BMPs.

To overcome the above scenarios (which are not uncommon in most projects
unfortunately), the timing to kick off the process for handling erosion and
sedimentation issues becomes critical. This is where the application of LD-P2M2
theory can assist. For the entire concept of LD-P2M2 to be effective, it is
imperative for the preparer of the LD-P2M2 Document to understand that the
process for handling erosion and sedimentation issues on a project site actually
begins even much earlier before the physical activities start.

For instance, the LD-P2M2 Document is required to be prepared and submitted as

part of the EIA report2; this then becomes the first opportunity for the Project
Proponent and his EIA Consultants to assess the where and when potential erosion
and sedimentation may occur for the particular project, and consequently, to
review the extent and appropriate BMPs that should be implemented during the
land disturbance activities of the project. Subsequent to the approval of the EIA
report and correspondingly the LD-P2M2 Document, the pollution prevention and
mitigation measures recommendation contained therein can be carried forward to
the stages of detailed design and tender document preparation for inclusion.

With the above attention and consideration given to handling erosion and
sedimentation issues by the Project Proponent and his Consultants, requirements
for the minimum actions to be implemented on site to control erosion and
sedimentation by the Contractor will become transparent, and even contractually
and legally binding, since the approved EIA report and all its content therein
normally form part of the Contract Document.

For relatively large projects, it is not uncommon for the Project Proponent to
manage his project by dividing the development into several phases. It is noted
that such type of development phases is different from and not similar to the
concept of project phases that this Guidelines is advocating. Further clarification
on these two concepts is provided in the subsequent Section 5.3.3. After the
contract has been awarded, it is normal for the Contractor to break down the
project (or the Works to be performed to deliver the project) into distinct
categories, such as pre-construction, construction, commissioning, handover.
Work breakdown structures will then be prepared under each of these categories,
so as to enable the Contractor to effectively manage his resources (materials,
equipment, labour) within the prescribed programme and budget of his contract.

2
Per DOE’s latest “EIA Guidelines in Malaysia, 2016”
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

For the LD-P2M2 to become effective, it is imperative that the preparer or user of
the LD-P2M2 Document has some basic knowledge in identifying the key
elements in reference to the above-mentioned work breakdown structures,
particularly in the context of controlling erosion and sedimentation that may arise
from the site activities. Description on these terminologies is given below.

4.3.3 Distinction between “Development Phases” and “Project Phases”

At times, it is beneficial for a project to be subdivided into several development

phases, especially for mega infrastructural or residential development. One of
the main advantages of such type of development phasing is that it allows the
Project Proponent to dedicate his resources to completing one “phase” of his
development, which upon completion, can render this completed phase to be
operated for generating income or services. To this end, such a “phasing” on its
own can be regarded as a whole project by itself, which at the end of the
construction period, all the integral components of this “phase” are essentially
functional and the whole “phase” enters into the next stage of the project, which
is operation and maintenance. At this point in time, implementation of the
construction works can commence for the subsequent phase of the overall
development and the same scenario will repeat itself if the development involves
more than two phases.

Conversely, the “project phasing” being referred to in this Guidelines is

distinctly different from the “development phase” as mentioned above. In this
Guidelines, we are talking about breaking down a “whole” project into smaller
divisions of work, regardless of whether this “whole” project is part of a
“development phase” described above, or is indeed the entire project by itself.
In other words, the concept of phasing from the perspective of controlling
erosion and sediment in this sense is more like a “phase within a phase”, if
indeed the project constitutes two or more development phases. The “phasing”
for the purposes of controlling erosion and sediment is more of an internal
subdivision of the project into smaller packages so as to manage the work
sequences within these packages to minimise the erosion and sediment events.
As such, from here onwards, “project phasing” in the remaining chapters of this
document is taken to mean the subdivision of a project internally, to facilitate the
implementation of erosion and sediment controls or BMPs in a sequential or
systematic manner.

4.3.4 Distinction between “Pre-Construction” and “Construction”

In Section 5.3.2.14, it was mentioned that the Contractor may break down the
project (or the Works to be performed to deliver the project) into distinct
categories, such as pre-construction, construction, and so on. Perhaps some
clarification should be made here to distinguish these two terminologies, in the
context of this Guidelines.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

From the perspective of controlling erosion and sediment, the terminology

“Construction” can be standardised in this Guidelines to mean “all those
activities involved in the creation or building of the permanent works of the
project”. “Permanent works” in turn herein refer to the final products or final
deliverables that are the intended outcome from the contract that the PP signed
with the Contractor, such as a new airport, a new residential development, a new
highway, a new sewage treatment plant, etc. In this regard, “Pre-Construction”
activities can be normalised in this Guidelines to mean all those preliminary or
early site activities to prepare the platforms for the above construction works.
Whilst the “Construction” involves the creation of the permanent works of the
project, which may include activities directly related to the formulation of the
final works such as excavation for foundation, forming of foundation including
formworks steelworks and concreting, structural formation, roof works,
electrical & mechanical works, architectural works, “Pre-Construction”
conversely would involve activities such as forest clearing or site clearance,
temporary construction access roads and drainage, earthwork to raise or lower
platforms, site grading, slope formation, setting up storage yards, disposal sites,
workshops, staff offices & quarters, to name a few. From the above examples, it
could be perceived that the pre-construction activities would involve a larger
extent of land disturbing activities, which is true for a majority of civil
engineering projects, and to a lesser extent land disturbing activities are also
found during the construction activities.

4.3.5 What is Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

In simple terms, work breakdown structure (WBS) can be defined as a

"hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by
the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required
deliverables”.3 Graphically, the purpose of defining project activities can then
be shown as follows:

Figure 4.13: Purpose of Defining Activities in Project Management 4

3
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK 5)
4
Source: http://www.free-management-ebooks.com
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It is further described that Defining Activities “uses decomposition to take the

work packages identified in the WBS, which are nouns, and to identify the
activities (which are verbs) required in order to complete them. The work
packages are product or deliverable based to deliver the scope of the project. In
order to produce the activity list it is necessary to examine each work package
and break it down into individual work schedule activities.” The activity list is a
“list of all the activities that must be performed within the project and each one
should be linked back to just one work package (although each work package
may have several activities within it).” In project management, the “work
package” included as part of the WBS is intended to be achieved when the work
can be accurately estimated (both cost and duration) and can be managed by one
individual. The literature goes on to suggest that “although the work package
can be managed by one person, the actual work within the work package may be
completed by several people. Each activity must be complete and accurate,
because it will be used to develop the project schedule. An activity is typically
described using a noun and verbs such as 'Specify Task Requirements'”.

To illustrate the above, an example is given whereby one individual could

manage a particular work package called 'Select and Appoint Contractor'.
However, this work package could be decomposed into the following activities
each of which could be undertaken by a different person:

1. Specify Task Requirements

2. Identify Potential Contractors
3. Send Invitation to Tender
4. Review Tenders
5. Interview Contractors
6. Choose Contractor
7. Check References
8. Agree Contract Terms
9. Appoint Contractor

As seen above, when the work packages are decomposed into activities in this
way the result is to create an activity list, which can then be used to develop the
project schedule. As mentioned earlier, the work packages are product or
deliverable based to deliver the scope of the project, whereas activities' focus on
the work that needs to be carried out in order to execute such work packages.
An activity has an expected duration and consumes resources in terms of
manpower and/or budget. If duration cannot be meaningfully assigned to it then
it should be considered a milestone. The technique of decomposition, as applied
to defining activities, involves subdividing the project work packages into
smaller, more manageable components called activities. Activities represent the
effort needed to complete a work package.
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With the clarification of the several key terminologies above, let‟s continue with
the following sections on how one should identify project phases, project
components, project activities, and work sequences from the angle of minimising
erosion and sediment in a project.

4.4 IDENTIFYING PHASES IN A PROJECT

4.4.1 Meaning of “Phases” in the Context of this Guidelines

The meanings of “phase” are given above in Section 5.3, as well as for the
project phases from the perspective of controlling erosion and sedimentation
issues at site. For the purposes of this Guidelines, we shall further extend the
meaning of “phasing” to involve the planning and development of a schedule of
construction activities, and to match these activities with recommendation of the
appropriate P2M2’s or BMPs at that particular stage of the project. The main
purpose of introducing phasing in such a manner is to ensure that the amount
and duration of soil exposed (from the land disturbing activities) to erosion is
reduced as much as practicable at any one time by implementing and
maintaining the suitable BMPs in coordination with the sequence of construction
activities.

Consequently, when the word phasing is discussed in this Guidelines, it is not

just to look at only a particular or distinct stage in a sequence of events
or chain of development, but to also discuss the consideration of suitable
pollution prevention and mitigation measures to be recommended for controlling
erosion and sedimentation during this phase of work. To undertake the above,
one would also need to have the basic knowledge in identifying the work
breakdown structures and the associated project components, project activities,
work scheduling, environmental method statements, and BMPs. This Chapter
will cover in detail all of the above terminologies in the later sections, except for
the last where it will be covered in Chapter 6.

In view of the context as discussed above, it should be evident that the intent for
the use of the concept of phasing in this Guidelines is focused on those site
works which will involve land disturbing activities. The key to developing an
effective “phasing plan” should be that it is not undertaken prior to the
mobilisation of the Contractor‟s team to the project site, but rather at much
earlier stages of the project (as discussed in Section 5.3 previously). This plan
should also emphasize the concept in which any disturbed areas in one phase
should be stabilized before disturbing the subsequent phases.

There is no hard or fast rule to establish the size and extent of a phase for any
particular project. In the process of identifying possible phases in a project,
several factors will need to be considered.
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4.4.2 Factors of Consideration in Phasing

Size of site: No matter what the project‟s footprint or size is, phasing can in
principle be applied for the purposes of controlling erosion and sedimentation
from the impending land disturbing activities. In other word, phasing is
applicable to a project with a footprint of 10 hectares, as well as to another
project which covers only 1000 m2, just as long both projects involve land
disturbing activities. The key difference in the phasing between these two
projects will depend on the other relevant factors as discussed below. In most
cases, the number of phases will increase to correspond to the complexity of the
project, with size being one of these contributing factors. Nevertheless, the
actual phasing will depend also on the types of land disturbing activities that are
involved, topography of the site, existing conditions of the site, and so on.

Existing land use: The existing condition of the site where works will be
undertaken will also determine how phasing would be planned out. A project
site which is covered by virgin forest inevitably will need to be treated
differently than a site which is already disturbed or is currently relatively
established (for example, with available access roads or drainage, etc). For those
sites which are relatively undisturbed and land disturbance activities will be
involved in the site works, phasing of such sites will need to pay particular
attention to the construction sequence of works and the provision of suitable
BMPs in order to reduce the amount and duration of exposed disturbed surfaces.

Types of land disturbance activities: The extent of phasing for a site will
depend heavily on the type of land disturbance activities that might occur in the
construction sequence. A project site with a footprint of 1 ha requiring a
concrete platform to be constructed on the entire site which is currently occupied
by dense forest, when compared to another project site with the same footprint
but only requiring a three meter wide road to be constructed with some spot
excavation for structure foundations spaced every 20 m, will have a significantly
different extent of phasing. For the former, the site activities are predicted to
incur large scale land clearance and vegetation removal (over the entire 1 ha of
land), cut and fill for land formation, excavation works for access roads,
drainage & platform foundation, materials transport, amongst others. The latter
project, on the other hand, may require some land clearance and vegetation
removal but on a much smaller scale, i.e., along a strip of land, say 10 m wide,
as well as some excavation for the road foundation and structure foundation. It
is obvious from the above description the platform project will incur more land
disturbing activities and hence a larger area of ground surface being exposed to
the elements which could result in erosion, as compared to the second project.
Under such circumstances, phasing of the first project will likely involve more
and smaller parcels of work areas (to control erosion), and the second project,
whilst still requiring some phasing to be provided, can afford to have fewer but
larger extent of parcel of work areas.
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Topography: This factor will influence the phasing of a site from the perspective
of controlling surface runoff. By taking into account of the ground topography
during identification of the site phasing, one can not only “contain” the surface
runoff for that particular parcel of work area, but also introduce some
engineering economics by optimizing the natural flow paths within a site.

Weather: Weather plays a critical role in phasing in conjunction with the work
sequence. When identifying the phasing for a particular site, one needs to know
the type of site activities that are needed as well as the season of the year during
which these activities are taking place. Where possible, land disturbance and
construction activities in and around waterways should be scheduled during the
dry weather, to minimise opened ground surface exposed to the elements of rain.

Type of soil: The ease for the soil materials to be dislodged from the land
disturbing activities as well as the difficulty in treating the captured eroded
materials also play a part in establishing the suitable phasing for particular site.
Ground conditions comprising easily loosened soil materials and difficult to treat
(for instance, fine silt) should be subjected to a more manageable (i.e., smaller)
parcels of phased work areas.

Environmental Sensitive areas: The presence of environmentally and

ecologically sensitive receivers within a project site will also affect the extent of
phasing. This is to avoid haphazard clearing or pollution of or causing adverse
impacts to such sensitive receivers including fauna and flora, high quality rivers,
human settlements, etc.

Practicality of BMP installation: How fast can the BMP(s) be installed on site
depends on the type of BMPs (silt fence or sedimentation pond), whether access
is available, how much resources will be provided to install BMPs, type of
terrain BMPs to be sited on, weather conditions, etc. A site which faces
challenges when answering the above queries should be phased carefully, i.e.,
with smaller work areas and coordinated closely with the construction sequence,
to reduce the amount and duration of soil exposed from land disturbing
activities.

Rate of production: Rate of production refers to the how rapid the site activities
could be carried out. Evidently then this depends on the number of resources
(equipment, machinery, labour) deployed by the Contractor, as well as on the
type of terrain (flat or hilly grounds) and weather. Another factor to be
considered concurrently is the rate the BMPs can be installed; if it is anticipated
that the rate of site activities were able to proceed at a much greater rate than the
BMPs could be installed, there is then a need to assess the phasing such that to
avoid a scenario whereby large areas of exposed ground are left unattended to.
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Based on the above discussion, it should be clear why it was stated earlier there
is no fast and hard rule to establish the size and extent of a phase for a particular
project, because every project is distinctly different. There is no right or wrong
answer to whether a phasing has been done correctly or not, but for each planned
phasing, adequate justification should be provided behind the basis for the
planning. It should always be remembered that the ultimate objective of
introducing phasing to a project site is to ensure the amount and duration of soil
exposed (from the land disturbing activities) to erosion is reduced as much as
practicable at any one time by implementing and maintaining the suitable BMPs
in coordination with the sequence of construction activities.

4.4.3 Examples of Phasing

Without going into the specific details as recommended in Section 5.4.2 above,
let‟s take a look at some examples of possible phasing that could be considered
using the site scenarios presented earlier in this Chapter.

To recap, Figure 4.1 is reproduced below. Key issues relating to erosion and
sedimentation that can be captured from this photo include the following:

 A large area of land subject to site clearance at one go;

 The ground surface at the bottom portion of the photo appears to be at a
lowest elevation;
 Another low point of the site may be at the area located at the right top corner
of the photo;
 No buffer zone appeared to have been provided;
 Access road not topped with materials to present erosion;
 Sediment ponds or other forms of BMPs are not evident.

Previous Figure 4.1: Large Scale Earthworks with No Proper BMPs Installed
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Based on only the above observations (and not having enough data to take into
account the other factors as discussed in Section 5.4.2), one could even plan a
preliminary phasing programme which might have lessened the impacts of
erosion from this site. Figure 4.14 below presents a simple graphical illustration
one of the possible ways to phase the activities on this site. It should be stressed
again that there is no right or wrong way to plan a phasing, as long as adequate
justification is provided for the basis of the planning. Ultimately, the final
objective is to ensure the amount and duration of soil exposed is reduced as
much as practicable. In this regard, the notes associated with the proposed
phasing in Figure 4.14 are as follows:

 Assuming this photo has covered all of the site to be worked on, the
approximate area shown to be currently exposed is about 1.5 ha.
 Assuming the lowest elevation is at the bottom of the photo, and the top of
the ridge is at around middle of the photo, “Phase 1” should start from the
lowest portion of the site, as indicated. Concurrently, clearing can also start
at the presumed low point at the top right corner of the photo.

Figure 4.14: Possible Phasing

 The width of the lower Phase 1 region is approximately half the distance
between the low point and the ridge top, to allow adequate BMPs to be
installed at the lower half of the sloping surface or toe of the slope before
exposing the slope side at the higher elevation. The length of this phase
extends from the left most of the site towards the right until the edge of the
flat surface. If adequate resources are available, two “Phase 1” areas have
been proposed to allow simultaneous works to proceed on this site.

 Phase 2 is then planned to take place adjacent to Phase 1, and by definition, to

commence only after completion of the Phase 1 works. For this site, the
rationale for Phase 2 is that this area is also generally at the lower ground
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level, and hence, imperative for the BMPs to be installed before works
proceed to the higher ground. The benefit of such planning is that when land
disturbing activities begin at the higher ground, the exposed surfaces at the
lower ground would have been provided with temporary stabilization as well
as the appropriate BMPs installed such as perimeter controls, buffer zones,
sediment basins, etc. Thereafter when the works at the higher ground
commences, sediment discharges and/or runoff from this latter phase would
be “captured” by the existing BMPs at the lower ground, hence minimising
the deposition of these runoff materials to the downstream sensitive receptors
such as rivers and watercourses. At the completion of Phase 2, the following
phases would follow suit.

 Had this been a proper phasing exercise, the next steps would be
identifying the project components within this parcel of work area, and
establishing the construction sequence with the intention of identifying
BMP recommendation to be provided herein. For example, looking at the
site conditions, some of the possible BMPs that may be relevant within this
area include the following:

 Provision of physical markers such as fences, signs, tapes, flags or other

similar marking device on site to show the limit of land disturbing
activities from any drainage way, waterway or watercourse within project
site, and areas not to be worked or disturbed;

 Establishment of buffer area or/and existing vegetation meant for

temporary or permanent preservation and for protection;

 Provision at all entrance/exit roads to the site with proper stabilization

such that these roads are paved for a suitable distance from where these
access roads join the existing paved roads or public road, including
stabilized construction entrance P2M2 and/or tires washing facility to be
constructed;

 Provision of a 20 meter natural buffer between on-site land disturbance

and any watercourse (intermittent or permanent) unless otherwise
specified by the relevant authority, or provision of a vegetated buffer that
is less than 20 metres between on-site land disturbance and any
watercourse (intermittent or permanent) in combination with additional
erosion and sediment controls. If not feasible to provide a natural or
vegetated buffer of any size between on-site land disturbance and any
watercourse (intermittent or permanent), install suitable erosion and
sediment controls in combination with all possible perimeter controls;

 Before land-disturbing activities are executed, perimeter control shall be

first constructed and made operational, including but not limited to filter
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or perimeter berms, silt fences, sediment traps, sediment basins,

construction entrance, temporary diversion dikes or earth bunds and
diversion drains that control discharges from the site. Site clearing and
grading should be kept to a minimum until the perimeter controls are in
place;

 Before land-disturbing activities are executed, principal sediment

basin/trap shall be first constructed and made operational. Any
constructed sediment basin/trap shall install vertical silt marker for the
purpose of measuring the depth of accumulated sediment to facilitate
maintenance program;

 Before land-disturbing activities are executed, key runoff control

measures shall be first constructed and made operational. The runoff
control measures shall include but is not limited to temporary earth drain,
diversion channel and conveyance system that control flows and
discharges from and within the site and to be combined with installation
of interval check dams along the channel to reduce the runoff velocity;

 Slope drains, flexible pipe slope drains or downpipe, rock lined drainage
chutes or flume, cascade drain shall be applied to convey upslope runoff
down slope without affecting the slope surface;

 In-slope or out-slope diversion runoff control P2M2s shall be applied in

combination with water bars to divert runoff towards stabilized area or
sediment treatment P2M2 prior to discharge.

 Any incomplete permanent drainage lines constructed along sloping area

shall not be left unattended without first applying rocks dissipater at the
end points or at the toe end of the incomplete adjoining conveyance
structure. The anticipated runoff discharge from this point should be
diverted using temporary earth drain combined with check dam towards
stabilized area or into sediment treatment P2M2s. It is highly
recommended that pipe slope drains are used to convey runoff directly
into sediment containment system.

 Provision of runoff conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary

earth drain, catch drains, berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-
slope or out-slope diversion to convey runoff to stabilized area or into
sediment treatment P2M2s prior to discharge.

 Provision of temporary soil stabilization to exposed areas within fourteen

(14) days after final formation level is reached on any portion of the site.
Temporary stabilization means a condition where exposed soils or
disturbed areas are provided a temporary vegetative and/or non-
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vegetative protective cover to prevent erosion and sediment loss.

Temporary stabilization may include temporary seeding, geotextiles,
mulches, and other techniques to reduce or eliminate erosion until further
construction activities take place to re-disturb this area. Temporary soil
stabilization shall be applied within seven (7) days to exposed areas that
may not be at final grade but will remain unattended for longer than
fourteen (14) days;

 Provision of suitable stockpiles and disposal areas which shall be away

(at a minimum distance of 20 meters) from any watercourse. The
stockpiled soil shall be protected from contact with runoff water
(including run-on) using a temporary perimeter control such as berms,
dikes, fiber rolls, silt fences, sandbag and gravel bags. All anticipated
runoff flowing from any disposal area shall be drained into a sediment
trap/basin prior to discharge;

 Accumulated runoff water from excavations, trenches, foundations,

vaults, or other similar points of accumulation shall be treated effectively
using appropriate controls such as but are not limited to sediment basins /
traps, dewatering tank treatment system, active treatment system, bag or
sand filters prior to discharge. Whenever recommended by the
consultant, Active Treatment System (ATS) shall be implemented.

 All discharge runoff water from any land-disturbing activities shall be

made through a sediment control P2M2 such as sediment basin or trap or
any other erosion and sediment controls which is regarded as the
designated final discharge(s). All disturbed areas shall drain to sediment
control measures at all times during land-disturbing activities and during
site development until stabilized, after which, the sediment controls shall
be removed. Any trapped sediment and the disturbed soil areas resulting
from the removal of temporary measures shall be permanently stabilized
to prevent further erosion and sedimentation. The discharge point of the
treated runoff shall be released by using a dissipater or other means of
outlet protection.

 Each phase of construction should have a specific construction sequence

which identifies the order in which the site is developed, brought to finished
grade and stabilized. Disturbed areas in one phase should be stabilized before
disturbing subsequent phases.

More illustration on possible phasing to the earlier Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.8
is presented next page.
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Figure 4.15: Possible Phasing

As shown in Figure 4.15 (previous Figure 4.4), the key issues relating to
erosion and sedimentation at this site include the following:

 A large area of land subject to site clearance at one go;

 No buffer zone appeared to have been provided;
 Access road not topped with materials to prevent erosion;
 Proper drainage not evident; and
 Sediment ponds or other forms of BMPs are not evident.

Again, Phase 1 is first designated for those area at the lower ground, to ensure
the suitable BMPs are installed foremost for this site prior to other works. In
view of the landscape and topography of this particular site, some of the relevant
BMPs that would be suitable to reduce the potential impacts of erosion, surface
runoff, sedimentation and vegetation damages include the following:

 Physical markers to show the limit of land disturbing activities;

 Buffer areas for vegetation preservation;
 Entrance/exit roads with proper stabilization;
 Natural buffer of 20 meter between on-site land disturbance and any
watercourse, or suitable erosion and sediment controls in combination with
all possible perimeter controls;
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 Perimeter controls including filter or perimeter berms, silt fences, sediment

traps, sediment basins, construction entrance, temporary diversion dikes or
earth bunds and diversion drains;
 Principal sediment basin/trap;
 Runoff control measures including temporary earth drain, diversion channel
and conveyance system;
 Slope drains, flexible pipe slope drains or downpipe, rock lined drainage
chutes or flume, cascade drain;
 In-slope or out-slope diversion runoff control P2M2s;
 Runoff conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch
drains, berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope
diversion:
 Temporary soil stabilization including temporary seeding, geotextiles,
mulches, and other techniques;
 Suitable stockpiles and disposal areas.

Similar to the previous example, two Phase 1 areas have been planned into the
construction sequence of this work site, as both being considered to be the
lowest points on this site. Phase 2 then follows suit after the completion of
Phase 1, and this can be seen in Figure 4.15 to be the area to the left of the
Phase 1 area, which is deemed to be at a higher elevation than Phase 1. Once
Phase 2 is completed, Phase 3 can then proceed followed by Phase 4.

The previous Figure 4.8 indicated a linear-type land clearance work along a
mountain ridge. Some of the key issues relating to erosion and sedimentation at
this site are shown in Figure 4.16:

 Site clearance undertaken at one go;

 No buffer zone appeared to have been provided;
 Access road not topped with materials to prevent erosion;
 Proper drainage not evident; and
 BMPs are not evident.
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Figure 4.16: Possible Phasing

Again, the relevant BMPs that would have been considered for this site location include
the following:
 Physical markers to show the limit of land disturbing activities;
 Buffer areas for vegetation preservation;
 Entrance/exit roads with proper stabilization;
 Perimeter controls including filter or perimeter berms, silt fences, sediment traps,
sediment basins, construction entrance, temporary diversion dikes or earth bunds
and diversion drains;
 Principal sediment basin/trap;
 Runoff control measures including temporary earth drain, diversion channel and
conveyance system;
 Slope drains, flexible pipe slope drains or downpipe, rock lined drainage chutes or
flume, cascade drain;
 Runoff conveyance system such as road ditch, temporary earth drain, catch drains,
berm drains, toe drains, slope drains and in-slope or out-slope diversion:
 Temporary soil stabilization including temporary seeding, geotextiles, mulches,
and other techniques; and
 Suitable stockpiles and disposal areas.

The selected examples above should give the readers a little more idea now of
what implementing phasing into a project entails. Some of the overarching
guidelines which were listed in Section 5.4.2 were taken into consideration in the
phasing planning for the examples, as discussed below.

Existing land use: In the examples shown, it is believed that the pre-
development conditions of the site were largely relatively undisturbed. As such,
it would be fair to assume that pre-construction activities would have constituted
land disturbance activities which would expose the previously vegetated or
forested land (which indeed did happen!). Due to the undisturbed conditions of
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the site, phasing of such sites will need to pay particular attention to the
construction sequence of works and the provision of suitable BMPs in order to
reduce the amount and duration of exposed disturbed surfaces. The anticipated
activities falling under the project phases would include: establishment of
perimeter control and buffer zones, tree felling, vegetation clearing, stockpile or
transport of biomass, site grading, construction of access road and drainage,
and installation of silt fences, silt traps, sedimentation ponds & cover crops. In
formulation the extent of the phase areas, one would need to take into account
that some of the above activities will need be undertaken sequentially or
concurrently, and this factor (together with the other considerations) would have
an effect of the phase sizing.

One of the considerations which plays a role in deciding the extent of a phase is
the requirement that “any ground surfaces or slopes exposed by the land
disturbance activities must be temporarily protected with suitable material to
prevent erosion within 7 days of the exposure”. To comply with this
requirement, it makes sense then for the phasing to be sensibly sized such that no
exposed surfaces are left unattended for more than 7 days or that suitable BMPs
are able to be installed at a “rate” faster to the surface exposure activities.

Types of land disturbance activities: The extent of phasing for a site will
depend heavily on the type of land disturbance activities that might occur in the
construction sequence. In the previous examples, and assuming the pre-
development sites to comprise relatively undisturbed forested or vegetated areas,
land disturbance activities are anticipated: tree felling, crops or vegetation
clearing, stockpile and/or transport of biomass, earthwork to raise platforms,
site grading, and excavation for construction of access road and drainage.

As seen above, the initial site activities in the three examples most likely
involved site clearing – first for the formation of access roads, and then later for
the platform formation; stockpiling of biomass prior to disposal off site; access
road and drainage formation, and site grading. These initial activities basically
dictate the extent of the phasing requirements, underlined by the need to
“maintain the amount and duration of soil exposed (from the land disturbing
activities) to erosion is reduced as much as practicable at any one time by
implementing the suitable BMPs in coordination with the sequence of
construction activities”, as well as the “7 day requirement to temporarily protect
or cover exposed surfaces with suitable materials”. In fact, this criterion can be
viewed hand-in-hand with the previous factor regarding land use.

Topography: This factor is evident in the first two examples, where the initial
phases (i.e., Phase 1) of the works are focused at the low grounds. Primarily, the
rationale for commencing Phase 1 at the low points will allow for the necessary
BMPs such as silt traps or sediment ponds to be constructed first so as to be
available to capture potential surface runoffs flowing from the higher grounds.
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Weather: This factor was not reflected in the previous examples as the project
programmes were not available for assessment. The principle for the phasing in
relation to this factor would have simply been the avoidance of land disturbance
activities during the rainy and wet season.

Type of soil: Again, this information was not available for review, but
essentially, areas with soil type which exhibit high erodibility (e.g., fine silt,
sandy) should be subjected to a more manageable (i.e., smaller) parcels of
phased work areas so as to provide a tighter control on the extent of erosion and
sediment, as compared to a site consisting of soil type of lesser erodibility (e.g.,
rock or clay).

Environmental Sensitive areas: The presence of environmentally and

ecologically sensitive receivers within the project sites is quite clear in the
previous examples, namely relatively densely forested and vegetated areas
bordering the sites, as well as presence of watercourses. Although the presence
of these sensitive areas does not directly affect the sizing of the phasing, but the
need to provide BMPs such as buffer zones and perimeter controls does however
indirectly contribute to the planning of the phasing.

Practicality of BMP installation: This factor, as well as the following one, again
cannot be assessed in the previous examples in view of lack of such information.
Consideration on the extent of BMP required, how quickly the BMP(s) can be
installed, accessibility, available resources, site conditions, and so on must be
taken into account. A site which faces challenges when answering the above
queries should be phased carefully, i.e., with smaller work areas and coordinated
closely with the construction sequence, to reduce the amount and duration of soil
exposed from land disturbing activities.

Rate of production: Depending on the available resources (labour, machineries,

construction materials, etc), the rate of production may vary considerably
between projects. If it is anticipated that the rate of site production activities will
be greater than the BMPs installation, then there is a need to carefully assess the
phasing to avoid a scenario whereby large areas of exposed ground are left
unattended.

4.4.4 Summary

In summary, the key points to take note during the identifying of project phases
are as follows:

 “Project phasing” in the context of this Guidelines is different from the project‟s
overall “development phase”. Here, we are talking about breaking down a
“whole” project into smaller divisions of work from the perspective of
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controlling erosion and sediment, and is more like a “phase within a phase”.
The “phasing” for the purposes of controlling erosion and sediment is more an
internal subdivision of the project into smaller packages so as to manage the
work sequences within these packages to minimise the erosion and sediment
events, by facilitating the implementation of erosion and sediment controls or
BMPs in a sequential or systematic manner.

 The main purpose of introducing phasing is to ensure that the amount and
duration of soil exposed (from the land disturbing activities) to erosion is
reduced as much as practicable at any one time by implementing and
maintaining the suitable BMPs in coordination with the sequence of construction
activities.

 The key to developing an effective “phasing plan” should be that it is not

undertaken prior to the mobilisation of the Contractor‟s team to the project site,
but rather at much earlier stages of the project.

 There is no hard or fast rule to establish the size and extent of a phase for any
particular project. However, the rationale for planning the phasing of a site can
be underlined by the following two criteria:
o To maintain the amount and duration of soil exposed (from the land
disturbing activities) to erosion is reduced as much as practicable at any
one time by implementing the suitable BMPs in coordination with the
sequence of construction activities; and

o To temporarily protect or cover any ground surfaces or slopes exposed

by land disturbance activities with suitable material to prevent erosion
within 7 days of the exposure.

 Other related key considerations for planning the extent of phases include the
following:
o Existing land use
o Types of land disturbance activities
o Topography
o Weather
o Type of soil
o Environmental Sensitive areas
o Practicality of BMP installation
o Rate of production

More examples of project phasing will be illustrated in the latter sections of this Chapter.
In the following sections, we will discuss next on some of the other techniques that are
needed to commensurate the skills for identifying phasing.
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4.5 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)

4.5.1 Meaning of WBS

The meaning of WBS is generally discussed in Section 5.4.3. In summary and

to recap, a WBS is normally used to define individual work packages in order to
deliver the scope of the project, by first identifying the required work package
and the breaking down each package into individual work schedule activities
comprising a “list of all the activities that must be performed within the project
and each one should be linked back to just one work package (although each
work package may have several activities within it).” In project management,
the “work package” included as part of the WBS is intended to be achieved
when the work can be accurately estimated (both cost and duration), and that
each activity must be complete and accurate, because it will be used to develop
the project schedule.

4.5.2 Application to this Guidelines

The above definition for identifying project activities from the view of project
management can also be applied for the purposes of addressing erosion and
sedimentation. Following on from the discussion in Section 5.4 on project
phasing, the concept of work breakdown structures and their associated elements
can be deployed to recognize the respective works particularly those related to
land disturbing activities. For illustration, the WBS for the purposes of this
Guidelines can be illustrated below in Figure 4.17.
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Figure 4.17: WBS for Addressing Erosion and Sedimentation

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In essence, Figure 4.17 can be regarded as a work breakdown structure because

in line with the previous definition, it attempts to define the individual project
components and their associated work packages and project activities. Under
each of the listed project activities, the project team would then list out the scope
of work involved, and subsequently, assigning appropriate environmental
method statements for project implementation. Although this WBS is not strictly
intended to define and resources and duration to achieve the final deliverable
under the scope of the project, it however drives towards attaining the relevant
parts of the final deliverable but with emphasis on controlling erosion and
sediment issues during the project. This WBS can then be complemented or
integrated with the overall WBS of the Contractor in delivering the final scope of
the project.

To this end, the meaning and examples of elements of the WBS in the context of
erosion and sediment control, namely, project component, project activities,
scope of work and environmental method statements are demonstrated further in
the following sections.

4.6 IDENTIFYING PROJECT COMPONENTS

4.6.1 Conventional Way of Identifying Project Components

More often than not, a project entails hundreds, if not thousands, of pieces
information to enable the Contractor to build or assemble the final product of
this project in a systematic manner to reach to the end point. In this regard, a
part of his construction planning involves breaking down his project to various
distinct components to clearly delineate the „deliverables‟ or „responsibilities‟ to
be accomplished in a progressive manner (since no project is completed in a
single day!). Conventionally, the breakdown of these components of a project is
done by grouping all the relevant tasks and deliverable under the respective
engineering disciplines, to give a holistic picture of the overall resource
requirements in terms of specialist needs, labour, material & equipment, time
and financial.

For illustration, let‟s take a look on how a civil engineering project might be
broken down into its project components from the perspective of the Contractor,
because as shown later, there are some distinct differences in terms of
identifying components for the purposes of “constructing the project” and for the
purposes of “controlling erosion and sedimentation”.

Firstly, let‟s assume a fictional project as shown in the simple sketch in Figure
4.18. Essentially, this project will involve constructing a new Sewage Treatment
Works (STW) which is to be located in the vicinity of a forest reserve.
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TO TOWN A

APPROX 2 km

+ 539

+ 540
EXISTING PRISTINE + 518 EXISTING RIVER
FOREST RESERVE (AVG WIDTH 200m;
+ 520 DEPTH 2m
+ 539 + 536
+ 538

+ 525
+ 518
NEW 4m WIDE STEEL
+ 540 + 538 BRIDGE ABLE TO + 538
EXISTING 2-LANE CARRY 200T VEHICLES
ROAD (7M WIDE) IN THE FUTURE + 530 + 540

+ 520 + 517
+ 537
+ 524

+ 536 PROPOSED SEWAGE

+ 517 TREATMENT WORKS;
DEAD WEIGHT 3000T
NEW 4m WIDE ROAD NEW 4m WIDE ROAD SITTING ON SOFT
+ 537 ABLE TO CARRY 200T
ABLE TO CARRY GROUND;
VEHICLES IN THE SUPERSTRUCTURE:
+ 539 200T VEHICLES IN FUTURE (ON SOFT 30m (L) X 30m (W) X
THE FUTURE (ON GROUND) 12m (H);
SOFT GROUND) BELOWGROUND
STRUC: 30m (L) X 30m
(W) X 6m (H);
+ 525
EXISTING PRISTINE + 516
+ 539 FOREST RESERVE

+ 537

+ 537

TO TOWN B

Figure 4.18: Example of a Civil Engineering Project

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Some of the key features of this project site are observed as follows:

 The proposed STW is to be located about 3 km to the east of an existing 2-lane

road, where an existing pristine forest reserve sits directly in-between the road
and the STW;

 A new 4 m wide road needs to be constructed to provide future access from

the existing 2-lane road to the STW site. Presumably the temporary
construction road will also follow the alignment of this permanent road;

 All of the permanent works including roads and STW will be sitting on soft
grounds, meaning some form of foundation is needed to support these
structures;

 The low ground of this site is generally along the alignment of the river, with a
new river crossing structure (bridge) to be constructed to connect the new
road;

 Forest clearing will be required to construct the access road, as well as for the
platform for the STW;

 The proposed STW will involve substructure and superstructure construction.

Typically, the Contractor will begin to break down the project based on disciplines into
the following major sectors: Infrastructure; Geotechnical; Civil; Structure; Electrical;
Mechanical; and Architectural. Under of each of these disciplinary sectors is then listed
all those possible components of works related to the STW project, which may
potentially include the following:

 Infrastructure
o Access to STW

 Geotechnical
o Foundation works for the Roads
o Foundation works for the STW Building

 Civil & Structure

o STW substructure
o STW superstructure
o Substation
o Chemical warehouse
o Staff quarters
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 Electrical & Mechanical

o Electrical works
o Mechanical works
o Instrumentation works

 Architectural
o Finishing works for STW

 Civil
o STW exterior works
o Guard house
o Landscape works
o Fencing

The above breakdown is illustrated in Figure 4.19. Subsequently, each of these project
components can be broken down into smaller packages, where for this example, are
called Project Activities. For instance, for the Component “Access to STW”, it comprises
five major project activities, namely, access road, site formation, foundation, bridge
columns and elevated structure, and so on.

Although the example breakdown shown in Figure 4.19 provides a good starting point
for the Contractor to plan his resource requirements, it however does little to bring out the
elements relating to erosion and sedimentation controls needed for the project. The main
reason is such a WBS is product or deliverable oriented, whereby the focus or purpose of
the breakdown is more geared towards getting to the endpoint, i.e., delivery of the final
products.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

INFRASTRUCTURE GEOTECHNICAL CIVIL/ STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL & ARCHITECTURAL CIVIL

MECHANICAL
ACCESS TO STW STW STW BELOW STW FINISHES STW
FOUNDATION GROUND ELECTRICAL EXTERIOR
STRUCTURE WORKS
ROAD GUARD
FOUNDATION STW MECHANICAL HOUSE
SUPERSTRUCTURE WORKS
LANDSCAPING
TNB SUBSTATION INSTRUMENTATION
FENCING
WORKS
CHEMICAL
WAREHOUSE

Figure 4.19: Possible Component Breakdown of STW Project (based on disciplines)

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Let‟s look at another example on how conventionally the project components might be
identified. This example illustrates a proposed new highway construction through a
remote and rural area in Pahang. It is envisaged that for this 10 km long highway project,
the project team will likely subdivide the project into its respective disciplines as follows:

 Infrastructure Works, which would provide the temporary access into the
highway works areas. Based on the project title, it is also anticipated that the
provision of these access roads would entail some degree of vegetation and
forest clearing, land formation, slope cutting and filling, watercourse diversion
and crossing, to name a few;

 Geotechnical Works, which would entail foundation works for the new highway.
In the absence of more details on the form of foundation to be provided, it is
reasonable to assume that for any kind of foundation that is to be deployed,
some form of excavation will be needed for the works, with associated
temporary stockpile of earthwork materials on site;

 Civil & Structural Works to cater for the likes of the new highway construction,
along with the associated road drainages, pavement, river crossings, and other
road fixture and installations. The civil/structure team will also be responsible
for establishing the site offices and staff quarters for the project;

 Electrical & Mechanical Works will cover all the ancillary E&M installation,
testing and commissioning including street lighting, solar energy and power
supply, and other instrumentation equipment;

 Utility Works, which covers the provision of common trenching for the
installation of various utility services including water supply, sewer lines,
electricity and telecommunication cables; and lastly,

 General Civil Works for the finishing works for the completed highway
including landscaping, and road safety features such as guard rails and fencing.

Figure 4.20 illustrates the possible breakdown of the highway project as described.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

INFRASTRUCTURE GEOTECHNICAL CIVIL/ STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL & UTILITIES CIVIL

MECHANICAL
TEMPORARY ROAD HIGHWAY UTILITY LANDSCAPING
ACCESS FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION STREET LIGHTING TRENCH
GUARD RAIL
ROAD DRAINAGE SOLAR ENERGY WATER SUPPLY
FENCING
SUPPLY
PAVEMENT SEWERAGE
INSTRUMENTATION
RIVER CROSSING ELECTRICITY
WORKS

Figure 4.20: Components of A Highway Project

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Again, the above WBS is geared towards deliverable-oriented, and thus does
little to bring out the elements relating to erosion and sedimentation controls
needed for the project.

4.6.2 Application to this Guidelines

The concept of identifying project components as illustrated in the above

examples is also applicable when developing a strategy for erosion and
sedimentation, in that it is important to recognize how a project can be broken
down to the relevant project components so as to establish the project activities
particularly to those relating to land disturbing activities. By doing so, suitable
environmental method statements can subsequently be developed for the
individual project components in a logical and systematic manner, and more
importantly, in a progressive way such that the amount and duration of soil
exposed (from the land disturbing activities) to erosion is reduced as much as
practicable at any one time by implementing and maintaining the suitable BMPs
in coordination with the sequence of construction activities. Therefore the
guidelines for application of this concept in the context of the Guidelines
underlie the following:

 To breakdown the overall project into a simpler form which comprises the major
and significant final deliverables of the project. Although it is not a
straightforward exercise to discern what components constitute major and
significant, the general guideline would be to preferably break down an overall
project into no more of five or six components, depending on the complexity of
the project.

 It may be argued that a limited number of components may not represent

convincingly the overall project, but it should be kept in mind that the purpose
of the components identification in the context of this Guidelines is to be able to
group those major deliverables whereby land disturbing activities would be
expected. As such, those deliverables that would involve any activity that
changes the physical conditions of land form, vegetation and hydrology, creates
bare soil, or otherwise may cause erosion or sedimentation such as, site clearing,
removal of vegetation, stripping, grading, grubbing, excavating, filling, logging
and storing of materials, etc. would be given more attention when creating these
groups of project components.

 Less attention is needed to be given to those other deliverables whereby land

disturbing activities are not expected, and where possible, preferably to be group
into two (or less) common components for completeness.
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The following sections will illustrate how project components can be identified
to focus on erosion and sediment.

4.6.3 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project

For the purposes of addressing erosion and sediment issues in this Guidelines, a
logical and simpler approach is used to arrange the parceling of the project
components, keeping in constant awareness the ultimate objective of LD-P2M2.
Let‟s first start with the previous STW example, previously provided with a
possible conventional breakdown to include Infrastructure, Geotechnical, Civil,
Structure, Electrical, Mechanical and Architectural, and depicted in Figure
4.19. However, from the perspective of identifying those deliverables and
focusing those with possible land disturbing consequences, an alternative
breakdown of the above example project could take the following form, as
illustrated in Figure 4.21.

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROAD BRIDGE BUILDING SITE

Figure 4.21: A Simpler Alternative to Component Breakdown of STW Project

In this simpler breakdown, the project components are now restricted to three
major physical assets of the project, namely the road, bridge and the STW
building package. In this approach, no distinction is made on the types of
disciplines of work such as civil, structure, geotechnical, and so on, but rather,
the focus is on the major types of physical structures that will be constructed for
the project. Identifying the project components in this way will enable easier
follow-on breakdown of project activities for each component so that all the
related land disturbing activities (discussed in Chapter 3) can be readily
identified and further environmental method statements be formulated to address
potential erosion and sedimentation issues associated with such activities.

Notably, this project is considered a relatively mega project, expected to involve

various specialist disciplines, to require a few years to complete, to cost tens of
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millions to construct, and to involve hundreds of workers to complete the

project. Despite such complexity, from the desire of needing to control erosion
and sediment, and in the context of this Guidelines, we have simply broken the
whole project into only three (3) components, namely: Road, Bridge and STW or
Building Site. Although it may be argued that three components by themselves
are not likely to be able to completely represent the entire project, again, it
should be kept in mind that the purpose of this breakdown is not to facilitate the
construction of the project but rather to single out those major components that
would involve land disturbance activities giving rise to potential erosion and
sediment issues on site.

From the simple layout sketch in Figure 4.18, and if we disregard the numerous
details that might be associated with the delivery of this project, effectively the
whole project can be simply “represented” by the 3 components: the road, bridge
and STW building site. This is in line with the purpose for the project
breakdown so as to focus on those deliverables that will involve land disturbance
activities. For instance, for the above example of project component
restructuring, the following associated land disturbing and other associated
activities are envisaged to complement the construction of these components:

 Roads: Land clearing, removal of existing vegetation, stockpiling of biomass,

earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land formation,
exposing ground surfaces for road formation, stockpiling of earthwork
materials, excavation for road foundation, roadworks, utility trenches,
pavements, laying of road structures;

 Bridge: Forest clearing, stockpile of biomass, river diversion, river bank

protection, excavation for crossings foundation, stockpiling of excavated
materials and construction materials, culvert placement, bridge elevated
structural works;

 STW Building Site: Land clearing, removal of existing vegetation, stockpiling of

biomass, earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land
formation, excavation for structure foundation and basement works, stockpiling
of excavated materials and construction materials, sub-structural and super-
structural works, electrical & mechanical works.

4.6.4 Example 2 – Proposed Highway Project

Breaking down a new highway project using a possible conventional method

was also shown in the previous section above. Alternatively, a simpler approach
to identify project components for the purposes of addressing erosion and
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sedimentation for such a project (as indicated by Figure 4.22) is presented in

Figure 4.23.

In a conventional way, this example project could be broken down to include:

Infrastructure Works (such as temporary access roads, land formation, slope
cutting and filling, watercourse diversion and crossing, etc.); Geotechnical
Works (foundation works for the new highway); Civil & Structural Works
(associated road drainages, pavement, river crossings, and other road fixture and
installations); Electrical & Mechanical Works (all ancillary E&M installation,
testing and commissioning including street lighting, solar energy and power
supply, and other instrumentation); Utility Works (water supply, sewer lines,
electricity and telecommunication cables); and lastly General Civil Works
(finishing works, landscaping, road safety features etc.). Again, the breakdown
in such a manner does not allow for the land disturbance activities to be
systematically identified, since its original intent is predominantly deliverable-
oriented.

Alternatively, for a more beneficial analysis of this project in the context of

addressing erosion and sediment issues, a simpler breakdown strategy can be
adopted, as shown in Figure 4.23 below. In this modified project component
breakdown, again, no distinction is made on the types of disciplines of work
such as civil, structure, geotechnical, and so on, but rather, the focus is on the
major types of physical works that will potentially contribute to erosion and
sedimentation issues.

As shown in Figure 4.23, the key project components now are limited to:
temporary roads; permanent roads; drainage systems, and river crossings. In
the next Section, we will see how restructuring the project in such manner can
easily facilitate the identification of the common project activities associated
with these individual components to allow formulation of further environmental
method statements be formulated to address potential erosion and sedimentation
issues associated with such activities. As such, it is worth noting that a general
rule of thumb to identifying project components for the purposes of addressing
erosion and sedimentation is to first recognise the potential activities that are
associated with these respective components that may comprise land disturbing
activities that need to be adequately controlled and protected against the
elements of erosion and sedimentation from occurring.

For instance, for the above example of project component restructuring, the
following associated land disturbing activities are envisaged to complement the
construction of these components:
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Figure 4.22: Layout of a New 10 km Highway Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TEMPORARY ROADS PERMANENT ROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS RIVER CROSSING

Figure 4.23: A Simpler Alternative to Component Breakdown of A Highway Project

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 Temporary Roads: forest clearing, stockpiling of biomass, earthworks

consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land formation, stockpiling
of earthwork materials, exposing ground surfaces for temporary access
road formation;
 Permanent Roads: forest clearing, stockpile of biomass, earthworks
consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land formation, stockpiling
of earthwork materials, excavation for highway foundations, roadworks,
utility trenches, pavements, laying of road structures;
 Drainage Systems: earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope
and land formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for
drainage;
 River Crossings: forest clearing, stockpile of biomass, river diversion,
river bank protection, excavation for crossings foundation, stockpiling of
excavated materials and construction materials, culvert placement.

With the above identification, one can then have a better understanding of
where and when erosion might occur due to the exposure of ground
surfaces as a result of these land disturbing actions, and thereafter, pollution
prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) can be recommended
accordingly.

4.6.5 Example 3 – Proposed Housing Development Project

In the next example in Figure 4.24, we will take a look at a housing

development proposed to be constructed within a forest reserve. For this
development, it is envisaged that various types residential units will be
provided (apartments, bungalows, duplex), complete with its own utility
facilities such as electrical substation, water supply pipelines, sewage
treatment unit, clubhouse, and refuse collection point. For this
development project, the project team will likely to subdivide the project
into its respective disciplines as follows, as indicated in Figure 4.25:

 Earthworks, which would be needed to provide for a massive land

formation, primarily to form a working platform for the construction of the
project. Due to the location of the project within a forest reserve, the
process of land formation would inevitably entail a high degree of forest
clearing, slope cutting and filling, temporary stockpile of biomass and
earthworks, and possibly watercourse diversion and crossings;

 Geotechnical Works, which would entail foundation works for the buildings
and possibly roads as well due to the forest setting. Extensive excavation
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will be anticipated for these structures, with the associated requirement for
temporary stockpile of earthwork materials on site;

 Civil Works to cater for the various engineering features of the project
including access roads and pavement, drainage works, pump house, open
space, landscape works, and a boundary wall. All of the above would
involve land disturbing activities such as site clearing, excavation, slope
works, and stockpile of construction & earthwork materials as well as
chemicals and scheduled wastes;

 Electrical & Mechanical Works will cover all the ancillary E&M
installation, testing and commissioning including street lighting, power
supply to the project for the apartments as well as the STW and clubhouse,
and other instrumentation equipment;

 Utility Works, which covers the provision of common trenching for the
installation of various utility services including water supply, sewer lines,
gas pipes, electricity and telecommunication cables; and lastly,

 Structure Works for the construction of the building works, electricity

substation, the dedicated sewage treatment works for the development, and
clubhouse.

For the purposes of identifying erosion and sedimentation associated with

this project, and using the general rule of thumb as mentioned earlier for
identifying project components, we need to first recognise the potential
activities that are associated with these respective components that may
comprise land disturbing activities that are needed to be adequately
controlled and protected against the elements of erosion and sedimentation
from occurring. Following this, a simpler format for breaking down this
housing development project can then be formulated as shown in Figure
4.26 below. Accordingly, the key project components for this example are
now confined to: forest clearance; roads; drainage systems; apartment
buildings; and pump house & STW. Such a breakdown then enables the
identification of the associated land disturbing activities that may occur:

 Forest Clearance: land clearing, removal of existing vegetation, stockpiling

of biomass, earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land
formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials;
 Roads: land clearing, , exposing ground surfaces for road formation,
stockpile of biomass, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for
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road foundation, roadworks, utility trenches, pavements, laying of road

structures;
 Drainage Systems: earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope
and land formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for
drainage;
 Apartment buildings: excavation for structure foundation, stockpiling of
excavated materials and construction materials;
 Pump house & STW: excavation for structure foundation, stockpiling of
excavated materials and construction materials, culvert placement.

Again, the breakdown of the project components as described above and

shown in Figure 4.26 attempts to direct the attention to understanding
where and when erosion might occur due to the exposure of ground
surfaces as a result of the land disturbing actions, and thereafter, pollution
prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) can be recommended
accordingly.
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Figure 4.24: Layout of A Housing Development Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

EARTHWORKS GEOTECHNICAL CIVIL ELECTRICAL & UTILITIES STRUCTURE

MECHANICAL
FOREST ROAD ACCESS ROADS ELECTRICITY APT
CLEARING FOUNDATION STREET LIGHTING BUILDINGS
STORM DRAINS WATER SUPPLY
LAND BUILDING ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
PAVEMENT SEWERAGE
FORMATION FOUNDATION WORKS
STW
PUMP HOUSE GAS SUPPLY
MECHANICAL
CLUBHOUSE
OPEN SPACES WORKS TELECOM
LANDSCAPING INSTRUMENTATION
WORKS
BOUNDARY WALL

Figure 4.25: Components of A Housing Development Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARANCE ROADS DRAINAGE BUILDINGS PUMP HOUSE/STW

Figure 4.26: Alternative Component Breakdown of A Housing Development Project

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4.6.6 Example 4 – Proposed Main Drainage Project

For the next example, the objective of the project is to construct a 3 km long
drainage channel to convey stormwater in an urban setting to a final waterbody
downstream, diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 4.27. It is envisaged that for
water-related project, the project team will likely subdivide the project into its
respective disciplines as follows:

 Earthworks, which would include some land clearing activities and followed by
creating a trench for the laying of the large drainage structures. The land
clearing activities is anticipated to involve some degree of tree felling and
removal of existing vegetation. However, the more extensive land disturbance
activity from this discipline of work would be the excavation of a wide trench to
provide for working space as well as a platform for construction of the drainage
structure which will consist of cast in-situ box culverts;

 Geotechnical Works, which would entail foundation works which are required
for slope stabilization to cater for the deep trench, and also for the proposed
drainage pump house and substation;

 Civil Works to cater for the civil construction of access roads and drainage,
connectors of the existing drainage network to the new main drainage channel,
associated manholes and gullies as well as for the finishing works including
landscaping, railing and boundary wall upon completion of the drainage
structures;

 Electrical & Mechanical Works will cover all the ancillary E&M installation,
testing and commissioning for the storm water pump house, street lighting,
power supply, and other related instrumentation equipment;

 Structural Works, which covers construction of a pump house and substation.

An illustration of the project breakdown by discipline is indicated in Figure

4.28, which like in the previous examples, doesn‟t provide much insight into
how erosion and sedimentation would be addressed during the implementation
of this project. Conversely, to tackle erosion and sedimentation, a more
straightforward project structure can be adopted by focusing on the major types
of physical works that are anticipated and which will potentially cover major
land disturbing activities during project implementation.

As shown in Figure 4.29, the key project components now are proposed to be:
trenching; roads; drainage; and pump house. Such restructuring allows the
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formulation of further environmental method statements by first identifying the

associated land disturbing activities which are potentially involved with the
respective components:

 Trenching works: land clearing, excavation works, cut and fill for slope
formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, dewatering of trench;

 Roads: land clearing, earthworks for land formation, stockpiling of earthwork

materials, roadworks including road drainage;

 Drainage: earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land
formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for drainage;

 Pump house: excavation for structure foundation, stockpiling of excavated

materials and construction materials, culvert laying.

With the above identification, one can then have a better understanding of where
and when erosion might occur due to the exposure of ground surfaces as a result
of the land disturbing actions, and thereafter, pollution prevention and mitigation
measures (P2M2) can be recommended accordingly.
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Figure 4.27: Components of Main Drainage Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

EARTHWORKS GEOTECHNICAL CIVIL ELECTRICAL & STRUCTURE

MECHANICAL
LAND CLEARING DIAGHPRM ACCESS ROADS PUMP HOUSE
WALL STREET LIGHTING
TRENCH DRAINAGE SUBSTATION
FORMATION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ELECTRICAL
FOUNDATION WORKS
DRAIN
CONNECTIONS MECHANICAL
WORKS
MANHOLES AND
GULLIES INSTRUMENTATION
WORKS
LANDSCAPING
RAILING
BOUNDARY WALL

Figure 4.28: Conventional Breakdown of A Main Drainage Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TRENCHING ROADS DRAINAGE PUMP HOUSE

Figure 4.29: Alternative Component Breakdown of A Main Drainage Project

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4.6.7 Example 5 – Proposed River Check Dam Project

The next example is a project to construct a river check dam. Due to the
nature of the project, only three main disciplines are envisaged to dominate
the implementation of this project, namely, civil, geotechnical and
structural (Figure 4.30). However, to facilitate the control of erosion and
sedimentation, Figure 4.31 illustrates a more practical breakdown of
project components into river works and dam structures.

Typically for such type of project, the possible primary sequence of works
comprises the following:

 Formation of a new temporary channel to divert existing river flow from

the proposed check dam site location;
 Formation of upstream and downstream cofferdam or barriers to keep
check dam works site in a dry working condition;
 Divert main river flow to temporary channel;
 Excavate within main river (now in a dry condition) to formation level;
 Construct check dam;
 Remove cofferdams / barriers to redivert river flow into original alignment;
and
 Rehabilitate defunct diversion channel

In view of the above illustration of the possible construction sequence, it

should be clear now why the project component breakdown to arrest
erosion and sedimentation before they occur is confined to only two main
items: river works and dam structures. The associated land disturbing
activities that need to be adequately controlled and protected against the
elements of erosion and sedimentation can be identified as follows:

 River works: land clearing, excavation of diversion channel, protecting

channel bed, slopes and bank, stockpiling of earthwork materials, culvert
laying;

 Dam structures: excavation of river bed, excavation for dam foundations,

stockpile of earthwork material, concreting works.

Identifying project components in such manner for this river structure

evidently provides some benefits in understanding the possible location and
timing for the occurrence of erosion during project implementation.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED RIVER CHECK DAM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

CIVIL GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURE

RIVER DIVERSION CHECKDAM CHECK DAM

FOUNDATION
RIVER CROSSINGS COFFERDAMS
COFFERDAM
ROADS FOUNDATION
SLOPE WORKS

LANDSCAPING

Figure 4.30: Components of A River Check Dam Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED RIVER CHECK DAM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

RIVER WORKS DAM STRUCTURES

Figure 4.31: Alternative Component Breakdown of A River Check Dam Project

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4.6.8 Example 6 – Proposed Forest Development Project

The principles of identifying project components can also be extended to

non-engineering project, such as a forest redevelopment project. In this
example, let‟s take a look at a proposed forest redevelopment project to
facilitate a new oil palm plantation. As shown in Figure 4.32, the typical
components for such type of project could be broken down to include
earthworks, civil works and horticultural works, as elaborated below:

 Earthworks, which would provide for the clearing of the existing project
site of the existing forest or other non-related vegetation and for the
forming of a suitable platform for the plantation of the new crop;

 Civil Works, which would cater for the likes of the access road construction,
along with the associated road drainages, pavement, river crossings, utility
services and site boundary wall;

 Horticultural works which would involve the setting up of a nursery for the
new crops and the subsequent transplantation of these new plantation.

To cater for the potential erosion and sedimentation risks from this
development, we can identify project components in the following way,
along with their associated land disturbing activities, as shown in Figure
4.33:

 Forest Clearing: forest clearing, stockpiling of biomass, earthworks

consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land formation, stockpiling
of earthwork materials;

 Roads: exposing ground surfaces for temporary and permanent access

road formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for road
foundations, roadworks, utility trenches, pavements, laying of road
structures, river diversion, river bank protection, excavation for crossings
foundation, culvert placement;

 Drainage Systems: earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope

and land formation, stockpiling of earthwork materials, excavation for
drainage.

Such manner in identifying the project components in Figure 4.33 enables

the project team to apply the general rule of thumb for recognising the
potential activities that are associated with these respective components that
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may comprise land disturbing activities that need to be adequately

controlled and protected against the elements of erosion and sedimentation
from occurring, and subsequently, for the formulation of further
environmental method statements to address these issues on site.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED FOREST REDEVELOPMENT FOR OIL PALM PLANTATION

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

EARTHWORKS CIVIL HORTICULTURE

FOREST CLEARING ACCESS ROADS NURSERY

FORMATION
LAND FORMATION PLANTATION
DRAINAGE TRANSPLANTATION

BOUNDARY WALL

Figure 4.32: Components of A Forest Redevelopment Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED FOREST REDEVELOPMENT FOR OIL PALM PLANTATION

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARING ROADS DRAINAGE

Figure 4.33: Alternative Component Breakdown of A Forest Redevelopment Project

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4.6.9 Summary

The concept of work breakdown structure (WBS) in civil and construction

engineering can also be apply to strategize the control of erosion and sediment
issues at a project site, by defining the individual project components and their
associated work packages, project activities, scope of work and environmental
method statements for project implementation.

The WBS in the context of this Guidelines is not strictly intended to define and
resources and duration to achieve the final deliverables under the scope of the
project, but rather to emphasize or highlight those final products of the project
that would contribute to erosion and sediment issues during project
implementation. This WBS can then be complemented or integrated with the
“overall WBS” of the Contractor for the project.

Conventionally, the breakdown of project components by Contractors is done by

grouping all the relevant tasks and deliverables under respective engineering
disciplines, to give a holistic picture of the overall resource requirements in
terms of specialist needs, labour, material & equipment, time and financial.
Typically, this involves breaking down the project based on the following major
sectors: Infrastructure; Geotechnical; Civil; Structure; Electrical; Mechanical;
and Architectural. Although the above method represents a good starting point
for the Contractor to plan his resource requirements, it however does little to
bring out the elements relating to erosion and sedimentation controls needed for
the project, because such a WBS is product or deliverable oriented, whereby the
focus or purpose of the breakdown is more geared towards getting to the
endpoint, i.e., delivery of the final products.

Identifying project components from the perspective of controlling erosion and

sediment in the context of this Guidelines is more about breaking down the
project so as to establish the project activities particularly to those relating to
land disturbing activities. By doing so, suitable environmental method
statements can subsequently be developed in a manner that the amount and
duration of soil exposed to erosion is reduced as much as practicable by
implementing and maintaining the suitable BMPs in coordination with the
sequence of construction activities.

General guideline for identifying project components is to breakdown the overall

project into a simpler form which comprises the major and significant final
deliverables of the project. Although not a straightforward exercise, it is
recommended to break down an overall project into no more than five or six
components, depending on the complexity of the project. Although this few
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number of components may be argued that they do not represent convincingly

the overall project, it should be kept in mind however that, the purpose of such
component identification is to be able to group those major deliverables whereby
land disturbing activities would be expected.

To this end, those deliverables that would involve any activity that changes the
physical conditions of land form, vegetation and hydrology, creates bare soil, or
otherwise may cause erosion or sedimentation such as, site clearing, removal of
vegetation, stripping, grading, grubbing, excavating, filling, logging and storing
of materials, etc. would be given more attention when creating these groups of
project components.

Less attention is needed to be given to those other deliverables whereby land

disturbing activities are not expected, and where possible, preferably to be
grouped into two (or less) common components for completeness.

4.7 IDENTIFYING PROJECT ACTIVITIES

4.7.1 Application to this Guidelines

In the above sections, we have discussed the need to break down a project into
manageable phases as well as to restructure a project by identifying relevant
project components, for the benefit of controlling erosion and sedimentation that
may arise during the implementation of a project.

In this section, we will look at the subsequent step to be taken once we have
identified those project components of a project that we believe which will
involve land disturbing activities that may contribute to accelerated erosion and
sedimentation issues on site. It should be stressed at this point that the key
objective of these identification (whether of phasing, project components or
project activities) is not to dictate or define the methodology on how the
Contractor should carry out his works, but more so for assisting his project team
to be aware of those activities that would typically alter a stable site condition
into one where the rate of erosion and sedimentation becomes accelerated (as
compared to the natural process), to the extent that such alterations of the natural
conditions are likely to pollute the downstream sensitive receivers such as rivers
or water intakes.

Having said the above, the LD-P2M2 practitioners should always keep in mind
that there is always more than one way in dealing with the identification of the
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project activities (as well as the project components in the previous section), and
that all projects are different from one another. Therefore, a particular approach
for activity identification that is suitable for one project may not be applicable
for another project which is situated at a different location or of a different
nature. The most important point to remember is that in whatever form a project
is restructured, whether it is based on project components and/or project
activities, the key justification that ought to accompany such approach is that
land disturbing activities that need to be adequately controlled and protected
against the elements of erosion and sedimentation from occurring should be
readily be identified.

Subsequent to the breaking down a project into meaningful components, whether

in terms of the respective disciplines required to execute the project or in terms
of project components that allow land disturbance activities to be readily
identified for the purposes of controlling erosion and sedimentation, the next
step would involve the identification of e associated project activities.

The definition of “project activities” from the context of general project

management is given earlier in Section 5.3, but in short, to define project
activities is basically an act “to identify the specific tasks needed to be done in
order to produce the project's deliverables.” Such identification should be done
in sufficient detail to estimate what resources and time will be required to
complete them, by applying a “hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of
work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives
and create the required deliverables”5. The technique of decomposition, as
applied to defining activities, involves subdividing the project work packages
into smaller, more manageable components called activities which represent the
effort needed to complete a work package.

The above definition for identifying project activities from the view of project
management can also be applied for the purposes of addressing erosion and
sedimentation. Following on from the above discussions on work breakdown
structures, identifying phasing and project components, let‟s now look at the
approach to identify project activities and their associated scope of work.

The task of attempting to identify the project activities may be conceived by a

LD-P2M2 practitioner to be a challenging one, especially if the practitioner has
not received any formal educational training in civil engineering or has limited
experience in civil engineering construction projects. However, it is fair to note
that even without the above two “qualifications”, it is imperative that anyone
who is involved in the field of erosion and sedimentation ought to have some
5
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK 5)
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basic understanding of the process within a construction project, to be able to

reasonably predict the potential cause and source of these two phenomena so as
to adequately mitigate against their occurrence.

The simple rule to remember is this: the key purpose of this Guidelines of going
through with these identification exercises is that we are not trying to override
the way on how the Contractor executes his project, but rather to highlight to the
attention of the Project Proponent and his Contractor on the “where” and “when”
and “how” erosion and sedimentation may occur from their particular project
site, so that early attention could be given by these parties on the resources
required and the measures to be implemented prior to the actual physical works.
With that in mind, one should not be intimidated during the formulation of the
WBS in the context of erosion and sedimentation, and should not be overly
worried about not producing a comprehensive enough list of project activities or
scope of work for the identified project components. The most important thing
to note, however, is that the WBS and associated project activities have
adequately covered the major land disturbance activities that would be involved
for those particular project components, and this should be a relatively easier
task to undertake. With these critical elements identified and documented, the
Project Proponent and Contractor would have been then made aware of these
potential issues, if they don‟t already know, and could be prepared to take the
appropriate actions to minimize the occurrence of these issues.

4.7.2 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project

Following from the above discussion, let‟s now take a look at how to expand the
simple work breakdown structures for the few examples previously created in
the preceding section. Firstly, let‟s review the proposed sewage treatment plant
project as shown in Figure 4.18.

In this earlier example, it was identified previously the project components could
be broken down to three parts, in lieu of the typical breakdown based on
disciplines, namely, Road, Bridge and Building Site. Following on from these
components, we can then identify the possible project activities for each
component as follows:

a) Component 1 – Road
Project Activities: Typically the construction of roads will involve site
clearance, grading and laying of road works including its drainage. Preparing
the road right-of-way or construction area will normally involve clearing and
grubbing activities, and particularly so for this project which is within a forest
area. During the clearing phase, trees are felled, while the grubbing activity
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refers to the clearing and removal of stumps and organic debris. After the
clearing works are completed, the following major activity will involve
earthworks which will involve excavation of the existing land to a suitable level
so that road construction may begin. The earthworks can take the form of either
excavation in the form of cuts or the construction of embankments to carry an
elevated highway; typically, both will be necessary and movement of earth from
one part of the site to the next will be inevitable. Such cut and fill would be
done with as little waste created or as little extra material required as disposal or
collection due to the cost involved in material transportation. Also under this
earthwork will be the provision of drainage and compaction of the road materials
to the appropriate level.

Some of the typical earthmoving equipment that will be used for the above
works include the following:

 Bulldozer, which is used primarily for pushing soil. Bulldozers are

generally tracked and require large amounts of traction and are sometimes
equipped with hydraulic attachments at the rear for breaking up soil and rock;

 Drag Line, which allows excavation below its own level and is essentially
equipped with a bucket on the end of a jib for bulk excavation;

 Dump Lorries, which will be used for transferring material from one part
of the site to another;

 Shovels, which are normally wheeled vehicles and are used to fill up the
lorries;

 Hydraulic Excavators, which are typically used due to their small capacity
and flexibility, for excavating below lorry level;

 Grader, which will be used to level out deposited fill, to be ready for
compaction; and

 Rollers, which consist of different types such as vibratory, sheepsfoot and

grid, and they are used for compaction.

In summary, the project activities that are identified for the Project Component
Road include the following: site clearance, site grading, and drainage works.
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b) Component 2 - Bridge
Project Activities: To simplify the analysis for the bridge construction,
particularly with a view to focus only on those activities that may give rise to
erosion and sedimentation, one can basically narrow down the related key
activities to involve site clearance for the construction of the bridge piers,
although the extent of the clearing works would be more limited and confined
to the footprint of the piers (as compared to the extent required for the initial
site clearance for the road works. Upon completion of establishing the work
zones for the piers, the next key activity will involve excavation for the pier
foundation. This could involve borehole drilling for the foundation structure,
which is then followed by the erecting of the pier and elevated structures. In
summary, the project activities that are identified for the Project Component
Bridge include simply the following: site clearance, borehole drilling, and
column and elevated structures.

c) Component 3 - Building Site

Project Activities: Although the STW in itself may be deemed to be a major
structure, the actual activities that contribute to erosion and sedimentation
during the whole process of producing the STW are actually quite limited, if
we compare them to those activities that are not related to erosion and
sedimentation. In essence, the construction of the STW would involve major
activities (but not limited to) such as site clearance for the structure platform,
excavation for the structure foundation and then followed by mainly structural
related works such as formworking, steelworks, and concreting. In summary,
with a focus on issues relating only to erosion and sedimentation, the project
activities that can be identified for the Project Component Building Site include
simply the following: site clearance, excavation, and concreting.

An illustration of the above project activities identification is shown in Figure

4.34 below. As per the above discussion, the respective project activities for
each of the components identified earlier for this example project are shown.
One important observation that should be obvious from this figure is that the
focus of the work breakdown is directed to the major activities that are
anticipated to generate potential erosion and sedimentation issues from the
implementation of this project. For instance, regardless of the project
components under review, the project activities should always include all those
major site activities that are anticipated to be required to construct the
individual components but more importantly, that might generate erosion and
sedimentation if left uncontrolled. In this regard, some of the identified project
activities may appear more than once; in the STW project example, these
activities include generally site clearance, site grading, excavation, borehole
drilling and drainage works.
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Subsequent to the above identification of the project activities, the next task
will be the further expansion of the WBS for the project, by identifying the
corresponding list of activities or the scope of work. Again, the key to this
identification is not to be bogged down by the engineering technicality or
complexity on the actual work itself but rather to look at the process of work in
a simple manner but adequate to describe the activities required. Let‟s take a
look at how each of the project activities identified above is described with its
dedicated scope of work, and again, keeping the attention on activities related
to or contributing to erosion and sediment issues, and not to be distracted by
the technical methodologies in the executing the works.

Component - Road; Activity - Site Clearance: Under the activity “Site

Clearance”, it is anticipated that the typical scope of work to be undertaken
(from a simplified perspective) might include the following:

a) Undertake survey - Undertaking a comprehensive site survey to identify

topography of site and to physically locate the extent of works as interpreted
from the construction drawings;

b) Mark site boundary - Marking the site boundaries so as to delineate the

project‟s right of way (ROW);

c) Identify interfaces - Identifying any potential interfaces between the

proposed works and any existing facilities in the surrounding vicinity of the
project site, such as roads, rivers, vegetation, etc;

d) Identify clearance extent - Identifying the extent of site clearance required

as per the construction drawings and/or per construction methodology, for
example to cater for working space, access, etc.; and

e) Clearing works - Undertaking the clearing works which might include

felling of existing trees and removal of large vegetation. For this project, this
step would be the first of the many subsequent land disturbance activities that
are anticipated for this project. During this scope of work, ground surfaces
which were previously covered with plants and trees will now be cleared of
their surface protection and the ground surfaces are anticipated to be exposed
to the elements. If unprotected, the exposed surfaces are likely to be subject to
erosion from the wind and rain, and sediment being carried off from the site to
the nearby receptors such as existing road or rivers and streams. Additionally,
a large volume of biomass and excavated soils is expected to be generated
under this activity which will likely to be stockpiled temporarily on site before
being disposed off to a dedicated disposal area.
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Component - Road; Activity - Site Grading: Under this activity, which was
preceded by the previous site clearance works, the scope of work that could be
prescribed include the following:

a) Undertake survey – At the completion of the site clearance activities, a

survey of the site should be undertaken so as to identify the limits of the road
corridor as well as its associated working spaces such as temporary stockpile
areas, material storage yard, construction machinery accesses, etc. These
information facilitates the marking of the extent of the road works on site as
stipulated in the construction drawings;

b) Mark surface elevation – For road works, this is a relatively important

task, which involve marking physically on site the final surface levels of the
finished road. Not undertaking this step may involve abortive work at the later
stage, or if not rectified after the road construction, may result in defects in
terms of incorrect surface runoff flows, ponding, etc.;

c) Mark work/buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground

the boundaries or work limits allowed for the roadworks, as well as marking
the buffer limits or zones. The former marking is to ensure that the
subsequent works for the road construction are generally maintained within
the prescribed area, and to avoid encroachment into areas outside of the ROW,
whilst the buffer zone identification on site is to protect the nearby sensitive
receivers, including trees and forested area for this example. Marking of the
buffer zone provides a visible reminder to the workers on site to avoid
venturing into these areas or damaging the environment outside of their work
areas;

d) Grading works – Upon completion of the marking activities, grading of

the site will then be undertaken to form the recently cleared land to the desired
formation to facilitate the road construction. This activity is expected to
generate further exposed ground surfaces (subsequent to the site clearance
activity) due to the scrapping or cutting of the ground in the process of the
grading works. Additionally, further volumes of biomass and excavated soil
will be generated from this activity.

Component - Road; Activity - Drainage: This activity should come sequentially

after the site grading works are completed, and generally be performed
concurrently with the road construction. The likely scope of work for this
project activity may include the following:
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a. Identify flowpath - For road works, it common for the drainage flow to be
compatible with the road elevation but sometimes not practical as the road
elevation might take an “uphill‟ and „downhill” grades. As such, it is important
for the drainage team to clearly mark physically on the site the proposed final
invert levels of the finished drainage works, which are typically laid adjacent to
the road;

b. Mark work/buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground

the boundaries or work limits prescribed for the drainage works, as well as
marking the buffer limits or zones. Again the marking of work limits is to
ensure that the drainage construction is confined to within the prescribed works
area, and to avoid encroachment into areas outside of the ROW. Marking of
the buffer zone facilitates the protection of the nearby sensitive receivers, by
providing a constant and visible reminder to the workers on site to avoid
carrying out their works outside of the stated limits;

c. Mark storage zones – This involves physically marking on the ground the
dedicated areas reserved for stockpiling both excavated materials from the
drainage works, as well as material storage areas for the construction materials
and machineries;

d. Excavate trench - Upon the identification of the above, the next work
activity will involve the excavation of the trench for the drainage placement.
This activity is expected to generate construction waste materials from the
excavation works, and once the trench is formed, possible dewatering works
to maintain the trench in a dry condition to lay the drainage works.

e. Drainage works – This step under the project activity involves several
elements including laying of the drainage parts, water tests, and backfilling of
the trench. More often than not, the drainage works may take place in
concurrent with the road construction activity (Note: a separate road
construction activity has not been included here for simplicity but it is
assumed that the road works are being carried out at the same time with the
drainage works).

Component - Bridge; Activity - Site Clearance: The scopes of work for this
activity are more or less similar to the same activity identified under the Road
Construction in that the scope would also involve undertaking survey,
marking site boundary, identifying interfaces, identifying clearance extent
and clearing works. However, there is a distinct difference between the
clearing works for the Road and for the Bridge construction due to the nature
and location of these components, and hence in the types of the pollution
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prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) and/or BMPs to be deployed

accordingly. Such distinction is generally described below.

a) Undertake survey – The site survey under this scope is to identify the
locations of the permanent structures of the bridge, in relation to the river that
the bridge will cross over. In terms of erosion and sediment, the most critical
of these structures would be the foundations of the bridge, as well as the
surrounding permanent works to protect the river banks and slopes;

b) Mark site boundary - Marking the site boundaries of the physical

structures of the bridge such as its foundation in the form of piers or columns,
or any embankments which is part of the bridge design, with the aim to make
sure that the works team is aware of where the prescribed works area within
which the structural construction is confined to, and to avoid encroachment
into areas outside of the footprint of these structures;

c) Identify interfaces - Identifying any potential interfaces between the

proposed bridge works and any existing facilities in the surrounding vicinity
of the project site, particularly the river over which the bridge will cross;

d) Identify clearance extent - Identifying the extent of site clearance required

as per the construction drawings and/or per construction methodology, for
example to cater for working space, access, etc.; and

e) Clearing works - Undertaking the clearing works to facilitate the

construction of the bridge piers, embankment and other permanent works at or
near the river. This scope may include felling of existing trees and removal of
large vegetation. For this component, this activity would be another land
disturbance activity that may potentially result in erosion and sediment being
discharged to the nearby river. During this scope of work, ground surfaces
will now be cleared of their surface protection (cover crops) and be exposed to
the elements of the weather.

Component - Bridge; Activity – Borehole Drilling: Under this activity and

viewing the process of this foundation work from a simplified perspective
without going into the technical details of the actual drilling works, the scope
of work for this activity includes the following:

a) Mark work zones – Prior to commencement of any land disturbance

activities for the bridge component, it is important to mark the required
working zones and limits for the construction of, predominantly the
foundation works. It should be noted that adequate working space for other
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ancillary activities other than the physical borehole sizes should be allowed,
such as space to accommodate the heavy machineries that will be deployed
during the drilling, space to implement relevant pollution prevention
mitigation measures such as noise or visual barriers; buffer zones, dewatering
activities, silt traps, sediment ponds or settling basins, drainage, to name a
few;

b) Mark storage zones – Appropriate storage yards or dedicated zones should

be clearly marked at the site (at or in the vicinity of the drilling locations) for
the temporary stockpiling of construction materials to be used for the
borehole drilling, as well as for construction waste materials such as
excavated soil and earth that are not immediately transported out of the work
areas;

c) Drilling works - Undertaking the borehole drilling works, and as

mentioned above, which would generate both construction solid waste and
wastewaters;

d) Export excavated soil – Exporting the excavated soil or earth materials out
of drilling site, as well as by-products from the treatment of the construction
wastewaters.

Component - Bridge; Activity – Elevated Structures: The scope of work for

this activity has been formulated to simply include the following works:
formwork; steelwork; concrete pour; and formwork removal. As the scope of
work has suggested, there are limited land disturbance activities that would be
involved during the above works, except for the need to identify proper areas
for stockpiling and storing the construction materials needed for the works
and construction wastes generated from these scopes of work.

Component – Building Site; Activity - Site Clearance: This activity again

would appear to be similar to the same type of activity for the previous two
components (i.e., Road and Bridge). However, there is a slight difference for
the Building Site in terms of the nature and location of this component, and
hence in the types of the pollution prevention and mitigation measures
(P2M2) and/or BMPs to be deployed accordingly. Such distinction is
generally described below.

a) Undertake survey – The site survey under this scope would be to identify
the location of the footprint for the STW building structure. In terms of
erosion and sediment, the site clearing works would involve a larger footprint
as compared to the previous two components, and consequently, the amount
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of biomass and inert construction wastes such as excavated materials is

expected to be of greater volume;

b) Mark site boundary - Marking the site boundaries of the physical

structures of the STW building and associated structures such as its support
facilities, with the aim to clearly demarcate limits of land disturbance and
avoidance of encroachment into areas outside of the footprint of these
structures;

c) Identify interfaces - Identifying any potential interfaces between the

proposed STW structures and the adjacent vicinity of the project site,
particularly the undisturbed forested area;

d) Identify clearance extent - Identifying the extent of site clearance required

as per the construction drawings and/or per construction methodology, for
example to cater for working space, access, etc.; and

e) Clearing works - Undertaking the clearing works to facilitate the

construction of the STW and associated supporting facilities. This scope may
include felling of existing trees and removal of large vegetation, which is a
land disturbance activity.

Component – Building Site; Activity - Excavation: The nature of this activity

is somewhat similar to the “Borehole Drilling” activity except that for the
“Excavation” activity, bentonite will not be used. The scope of work for this
activity includes the following:

a) Mark work zones – Prior to commencement of any land disturbance

activities for the bridge component, it is important to mark the required
working zones and limits for the construction of, predominantly the
foundation works. It should be noted that adequate working space for other
ancillary activities other than the physical borehole sizes should be allowed,
such as space to accommodate the heavy machineries that will be deployed
during the drilling, space to implement relevant pollution prevention
mitigation measures such as noise or visual barriers; buffer zones, dewatering
activities, silt traps, sediment ponds or settling basins, drainage, to name a
few;

b) Mark buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground the
boundaries of the buffer zones to protect the nearby sensitive receivers. The
purpose of this scope is to provide a constant and visible reminder to the
workers on site to avoid carrying out their works outside of the stated limits;
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c) Mark storage zones – Appropriate storage yards or dedicated zones should

be clearly marked at the site (at or in the vicinity of the excavation locations)
for the temporary stockpiling of construction materials to be used for the
excavation process, as well as for construction waste materials such as
excavated soil and earth that are not immediately transported out of the work
areas;

d) Excavate foundation - Undertaking the excavation works, and as

mentioned above, which would generate both construction solid waste and
wastewaters;

e) Export excavated soil – Exporting the excavated soil or earth materials out
of excavation site, as well as by-products from the treatment of the
construction wastewaters.

Component – Building Site; Activity - Concreting: Although this component

probably represents the major portion of the Contract for this project, its scope
of work is given relatively less attention in the context of this Guidelines. The
scope of work for this activity has been formulated to simply include the
following works: formwork; steelwork; concrete pour; and formwork removal.
As the scope of work has suggested, there are limited land disturbance
activities that would be involved during the above works, except for the need to
identify proper areas for stockpiling and storing the construction materials
needed for the works and construction wastes generated from these scopes of
work.

The above discussion on the proposed WBS for the sewage treatment project is
illustrated in the following figures. In summary, it is important to remember
that the proposed WBS is not meant to be an „engineering‟ work breakdown,
but rather for the purposes of this Guidelines, which is to identify the potential
sources of land disturbing activities that are likely to result in erosion and
sedimentation issues during the construction works. As can be seen, some of
the scope of work appears to be iterative for the different activities, but if these
are reviewed from the perspective of the potential erosion and sediment issues
resulting from the nature of their activities, then it would make sense that why
some of the scope of work is so fundamental for land disturbing activities. The
problem with today‟s site activities is that these fundamentals are either by-
passed or “forgotten” for the sake of achieving progress or to save some
money, which ultimately, resulted in the type of environmental catastrophes
that we see today.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROAD BRIDGE BUILDING SITE

Figure 4.21: A Simpler Alternative to Component Breakdown of STW Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROAD BRIDGE BUILDING SITE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE SITE ELEVATED SITE CONCRETING

DRAINAGE CLEARANCE
CLEARANCE CLEARANCE STRUCTURES

BOREHOLE EXCAVATION
SITE DRILLING
GRADING

Figure 4.34: Identification of Possible Project Activities of STW Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROAD BRIDGE
BUILDING SITE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE SITE SITE BOREHOLE ELEVATED SITE

CLEARANCE DRAINAGE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
GRADING CLEARANCE DRILLING STRUCTURES CLEARANCE

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake Undertake Identify Undertake Mark work Formwork Undertake Mark work Formwork
survey survey flowpath survey zones survey zones
Steelwork Steelwork
Mark site Mark surface Mark work/ Mark site Mark storage Mark site Mark buffer
Concrete pour Concrete pour
boundary elevation buffer zones boundary zones boundary zones
Remove Remove
Identify Mark work/ Mark storage Identify Drilling works Identify Mark storage
formwork formwork
interfaces buffer zones zones interfaces interfaces zones
Export
Identify Grading works Excavate Identify excavated soil Identify Excavate
clearance trench clearance clearance foundation
extent extent extent Export
Drainage works
Clearing works Clearing works Clearing works excavated soil

Figure 4.35: Identification of Possible Project Activities of STW Project

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4.7.3 Example 2 – Proposed Highway Project

In this example, let‟s take a look at how possible project activities could be
identified for the project components for a proposed highway project as
illustrated in Figure 4.22, namely, Temporary Roads, Permanent Roads,
Drainage System and River Crossings. Following on from these components,
we can then identify the possible project activities for each component as
shown in Figure 4.36:

a) Component 1 – Temporary Roads

The proposed project is to provide a road connection between two existing
highways through a relatively remote rural area, with the new road passing
closely some existing village settings and crossing several streams and
rivers. For this project component, the potential activities include the
following:

 Site Clearance
 Site Grading
 Temporary Drainage, and
 Road Formation

This project is located within a remote rural setting whereby it is expected

accessibility to construct the proposed road will be limited. As such,
temporary roads to gain access into the site will be critical to the delivery of
the project, and if the construction of these temporary roads is the initial
project component in a green field (i.e., an undisturbed site), the anticipated
activities will involve site clearance, site grading, temporary drainage, and
the road formation works. Preparing the temporary road right-of-way or
construction area will normally involve clearing and grubbing activities, and
particularly so for this project which is within a rural area which expected to
comprise forest and vegetated areas. During the clearing phase, trees would
be felled, and stumps and organic debris are cleared and removed via the
grubbing activity. After the clearing works, earthworks involving cut and
fill of the existing land to a suitable level will take place to allow temporary
road construction to begin, which also consists of construction of temporary
drainage.

b) Component 2 - Permanent Roads

For this project component, the potential activities include the following:

 Site Grading
 Permanent Drainage, and
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 Roadworks

This second component will involve the almost similar activities as the
previous component, except that now, the permanent road will be laid.
Whilst the temporary road provides initial access to the work site, the
permanent road will be the final product to be delivered by the Contractor.
After the site clearance has been completed, the anticipated activities will
involve: site grading of the cleared land to form the ground for the
permanent roadworks; creation of the permanent road drainage which is
typically located within or adjacent to the road; and finally, the construction
of the road. During the grading phase, more biomass or inert wastes will be
generated, leaving the ground exposed. The permanent road and drainage
works also will generate similar waste materials.

c) Component 3 – Drainage Systems

For a major project such as this one, it is not uncommon to provide a
separate permanent drainage systems to not only receive the surface runoff
from the impermeable surface of the new road but also to receive the runoff
contributed from the adjacent catchment. One of the reasons for catering the
catchment runoff is to avoid the new road to be disrupted or flooded. The
project activities associated with this component would involve: excavation;
drainage works; and backfill, whereby the process of the drainage
commences with excavating a trench for the drainage works to be laid, and
upon completion of the drain laying, backfilling will be done provide the
cover for the drains.

d) Component 4 – River Crossings

To simplify the analysis for the river crossings (or bridges) construction,
particularly with a view to focus only on those activities that may give rise
to erosion and sedimentation, we can basically narrow down the related key
activities to involve site clearance for the construction of the bridge piers,
although the extent of the clearing works would be more limited and
confined to the footprint of the piers (as compared to the extent required for
the initial site clearance for the road works. Upon completion of
establishing the work zones for the piers, the next key activity will involve
excavation for the pier foundation. This could involve excavation for the
foundation structures, which is then followed by the erecting of the pier and
elevated structures. In summary, the project activities that are identified for
the Project Component River Crossings includes simply the following: site
clearance, foundation works, and elevated structures.
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Illustration of the above project activities identification is shown in Figure

4.36 below. Subsequent to the above identification of the project activities, the
next task will be the further expansion of the work breakdown structure for the
highway project, by identifying the corresponding scope of work for each of
the project activities. Again, the key to this identification is to look at the
process of work in a simple manner but with enough and sensible details to
describe the activities required, with particular emphasis on erosion and
sediment issues. Now let‟s take a look at how each of the project activities
identified above is described with its dedicated scope of work.

Component – Temporary Roads; Activity - Site Clearance: Under the activity “Site
Clearance”, it is anticipated that the typical scope of work to be undertaken (from a
simplified perspective) might include the following:

a) Undertake survey - Undertaking a comprehensive site survey of the rural

settings to identify, amongst other things, topography of site, constraints for
the temporary roads construction, sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the
works areas, limits of the temporary road construction and to locate the
ROW of the works, as interpreted from the construction drawings;

b) Mark site boundary - Marking the site boundaries so as to delineate the

project‟s right of way (ROW);

c) Identify interfaces - Identifying any potential interfaces between the

proposed works and any existing facilities in the surrounding vicinity of the
project site, such as roads, rivers, vegetation, etc;

d) Identify clearance extent - Identifying the extent of site clearance required

for the temporary road construction, within the limits as specified in the
construction drawings, as well as the clearance required to cater for working
space, access, etc.; and

e) Clearing works - Undertaking the clearing works which might include

felling of existing trees and removal of other natural or manmade obstacles.
This would be the first land disturbance activity envisaged for this project.
During this scope of work, ground surfaces which were previously covered
with plants and trees will now be cleared of their surface protection and the
ground surfaces are anticipated to be exposed to the elements. If
unprotected, the exposed surfaces are likely to be subject to erosion from the
wind and rain, and sediment being carried off from the site to the nearby
receptors such as existing road or rivers and streams.
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Component – Temporary Roads; Activity - Site Grading: Under this activity, which was
preceded by the previous site clearance works, the scope of work that could be
prescribed include the following:

a) Undertake survey – At the completion of the site clearance activities, a

survey of the site should be undertaken so as to identify the limits of the
road corridor as well as its associated working spaces such as temporary
stockpile areas, material storage yard, construction machinery accesses, etc.
These information facilitates the marking of the extent of the road works on
site as stipulated in the construction drawings;

b) Mark surface elevation – For road works, this is a relatively important task,
which involve marking physically on site the final surface levels of the
finished road. Not undertaking this step may involve abortive work at the
later stage, or if not rectified after the road construction, may result in
defects in terms of incorrect surface runoff flows, ponding, etc.;

c) Mark work/buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground

the boundaries or work limits allowed for the roadworks, as well as marking
the buffer limits or zones. The former marking is to ensure that the
subsequent works for the road construction are generally maintained within
the prescribed area, and to avoid encroachment into areas outside of the
ROW, whilst the buffer zone identification on site is to protect the nearby
sensitive receivers, including trees and forested area for this example.
Marking of the buffer zone provides a visible reminder to the workers on
site to avoid venturing into these areas or damaging the environment outside
of their work areas;

d) Grading works – Upon completion of the marking activities, grading of the

site will then be undertaken to form the recently cleared land to the desired
formation to facilitate the road construction. This activity is expected to
generate further exposed ground surfaces (subsequent to the site clearance
activity) due to the scrapping or cutting of the ground in the process of the
grading works. Additionally, further volumes of biomass and excavated soil
will be generated from this activity.

Component - Temporary Roads; Activity – Temporary Drainage: This activity should

come sequentially after the site grading works are completed, and generally is
performed concurrently with the road construction. It is noted that this activity should
not be confused with the “Activity – Permanent Drainage” under the “Component –
Permanent Road”; although both serve to drain off surface runoff, former temporary
drainage (as its name implies) is of a short term nature, and eventually will be removed
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and replaced by the permanent drainage. The likely scope of work for this project
activity may include the following:

a. Identify flowpath – The flowpath for a temporary drainage is usually more

robust than that for a permanent drainage, since until the final formation of
the road is set, this landform may occasionally alter to suit the working
conditions on site. As such, it is important for the drainage team to keep up
with the evolving status of the landform and clearly mark physically on the
site the functional invert levels of the temporary drainage works;

b. Mark work/buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground

the boundaries or work limits for the drainage works and buffer zones to
confine works within prescribed works area and protect nearby sensitive
receivers;

c. Mark storage zones – This involves physically marking the dedicated areas
reserved for stockpiling both excavated materials from the drainage works,
as well as material storage areas for the construction materials and
machineries;

d. Excavate trench – This activity involves the excavation of the trench for
forming the temporary drainage, which will generate construction waste
materials from the excavation works and erosion potential, and hence
requiring dewatering and stockpiling provisions;

e. Temporary Drainage works – This step involves forming the temporary

drainage to cater and convey runoff from the adjacent land-disturbing
activities.

Component - Temporary Roads; Activity – Road Formation: This activity shall come
after the completion of the above drainage works, which were created as a BMP to
cater for runoff and sediment discharge from the temporary road works. The likely
scope of work for this project activity includes the following:

a) Survey works - Undertaking a comprehensive site survey to identify

topography of site and to physically locate the extent of works to coincide
with construction drawings;

b) Marking site boundaries - Marking the boundaries to delineate the extent of

the temporary road formation;
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c) Mark work/buffer zones – Marking the boundaries for the buffer limits or
zones to avoid encroachment into areas outside of the limits, protect the
nearby sensitive receivers, including trees and forested area for this example,
to provide visible reminder to the workers on site to avoid venturing into
these areas or damaging the environment outside of their work areas
including any existing facilities in the surrounding vicinity of the project
site, roads, rivers, vegetation, residences, etc;

d) Mark storage zones – Marking the dedicated areas reserved for stockpiling
both excavated materials from the temporary road works, as well as material
storage areas for the construction materials and machineries; and

e) Road works – Forming the temporary road works.

Component – Permanent Roads; Activity - Site Grading: This activity is essentially

similar to the previous activity for the temporary road, except that the extent of the
permanent roads shall be in accordance with the requirements prescribed by the
contract drawings and specification. It should be kept in mind that the alignment and
location of the Permanent Roads may or may not be similar to that utilised for the
Temporary Roads. The scope of work that could be prescribed include the following:

a) Undertake survey – A survey of the site should be undertaken to identify the

limits of the permanent road corridor as well as its associated working
spaces for the associated road furniture to be constructed such as road
lighting, road barriers, sign posts, etc., and the related temporary stockpile
areas;

b) Mark surface elevation – This involves marking physically on site the final
surface levels of the finished permanent road surface levels. Not
undertaking this step may involve abortive work at the later stage, or if not
rectified after the road construction, may result in defects in terms of
incorrect surface runoff flows, ponding, etc.;

c) Mark work/buffer zones – This covers marking of work limits and buffer
zones to protect surrounding environment;

d) Grading works – Upon completion of the marking activities, grading of the

site will be undertaken to form the working area for the road construction.
Biomass and excavated soil will be generated from this activity.

Component - Permanent Roads; Activity – Permanent Drainage: This activity should

come after the site grading works, and its alignment may or may not be the same as the
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previous temporary drainage alignment. The likely scope of work for this project
activity includes the following:

a. Identify flowpath – The flowpath for the permanent drainage must be in

accordance with the prescribed contract drawings. This will involve
marking on the site the required invert levels of the permanent drainage
works;

b. Mark work/buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground

the boundaries or work limits for the drainage works and buffer zones to
confine works within prescribed works area and protect nearby sensitive
receivers;

c. Mark storage zones – This involves physically marking the dedicated areas
reserved for stockpiling of both excavated materials from the drainage
works, as well as material storage areas for the construction materials and
machineries;

d. Excavate trench – This activity involves the excavation of the trench for
forming the permanent drainage;

e. Permanent Drainage works – This step involves constructing the permanent

drainage as per the contract drawings.

Component - Permanent Roads; Activity – Road Formation: This activity may run
concurrently with the permanent drainage works, but shall be after the completion of
the site grading works. The likely scope of work for this project activity includes the
following:

a) Survey works - Undertaking a comprehensive site survey to physically

locate the extent of the permanent works in strict accordance to the
contract drawings;

b) Marking site boundaries - Marking the boundaries to delineate the

extent of the permanent road formation;

c) Mark work/buffer zones – Marking the boundaries for the buffer limits
or zones to avoid encroachment into areas outside of the limits, protect
the nearby sensitive receivers, including trees and forested area, and to
provide visible reminder to the workers on site to work within the
prescribed limits so as to protect the environment and any existing
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facilities in the surrounding vicinity of the project site including rivers,

vegetation, residences, etc;

d) Mark storage zones – Marking the dedicated areas reserved for

stockpiling both excavated materials from the permanent road works,
as well as material storage areas for the construction materials and
machineries; and

e) Road works – Construction of the permanent road works.

Component – Drainage Systems; Activity - Excavation: Excavation of the drainage

systems can be one of the significant activities due to the extent (length) of work
involved, basically covering the whole of the ten (10) kilometres of the new highway.
If not properly controlled, the excavation works are likely to generate erosion issues
culminating in discharge of eroded materials and wastewaters to the nearby
environment. The scope of work for this activity includes the following:

a) Mark work zones – Prior to commencement of the excavation activity, it is

important to mark the required working zones and limits for the construction
of the permanent drainage systems. Adequate working space to
accommodate the heavy machineries that will be deployed during the
digging, to implement relevant pollution prevention mitigation measures
such as noise or visual barriers, dewatering facilities, silt traps, sediment
ponds or settling basins, drainage, to name a few, shall be provided;

b) Mark buffer zones – This involves physically marking on the ground the
boundaries of the buffer zones to protect the nearby sensitive receivers
during the excavation works. This marking will help to remind the workers
on site to avoid carrying out their works outside of the stated limits to
protect the nearby environment;

c) Mark storage zones – Appropriate storage yards or dedicated zones shall be

clearly marked at the site (at or in the vicinity of the excavation locations)
for the temporary stockpiling of construction materials to be used for the
excavation and drainage works, as well as for construction waste materials
such as excavated soil and earth that are not immediately transported out of
the work areas. One of the significant facilities for the excavation works
includes appropriate receiving and treatment facility for wastewater
generated from the excavated void during an rain event, that needs to be
drained out for underground works to be undertaken;
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d) Excavate foundation - Undertaking the excavation works, and as mentioned

above, which would generate both construction solid waste and wastewaters;

e) Export excavated soil – Exporting the excavated soil or earth materials out
of excavation site, as well as by-products from the treatment of the
construction wastewaters.

Component – Drainage Systems; Activity – Drainage Works: This activity shall

commence upon completion of the excavation works. The likely scope of work for this
project activity includes the following:

a. Identify flowpath - It is important for the drainage team to clearly mark

physically on the site the proposed final invert levels of the finished
drainage systems, as per the contract drawings;

b. Mark work/buffer zones – Marking on the ground the boundaries or work

limits prescribed for the drainage works, as well as for the buffer limits or
zones;

c. Mark storage zones – Marking on the ground the dedicated areas reserved
for stockpiling both excavated materials from the drainage works, as well as
material storage areas for the construction materials and machineries;

d. Excavate trench - Excavation of the trench for the drainage placement. This
activity is expected to generate construction waste materials from the
excavation works, and once the trench is formed, possible dewatering works
to maintain the trench in a dry condition to lay the drainage works.

e. Drainage works – Involves laying of the drainage component and water

tests.

Component – Drainage Systems; Activity – Backfilling: This activity shall commence

upon completion of the drainage works installation. The likely scope of work for this
project activity includes the following:

a. Mark storage zones - Marking the dedicated areas reserved for stockpiling
backfill materials which will be imported into the site, as well as storage
areas for other construction materials and machineries;

b. Import Backfill – This is more a logistical task whereby backfill materials

will be imported from an outside source and transported to the works areas.
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The backfill materials shall be stored and protected from the rain at the
designated storage areas mentioned above;

c. Compaction – Upon backfilling the trench, compaction will take place and
limited erosion and sediment issues are expected from this activity.

Component – River Crossing; Activity - Site Clearance: The scope of work for this
activity shall be carefully planned due to proximity of the works to residential areas as
well as sensitive receivers such as the rivers or streams. Due to the nature and location
of this component, the likely scope of work include the following:

a) Undertake survey – Site survey to identify the locations of the permanent

structures of the river crossings (or bridges). In terms of erosion and
sediment, the most critical of these structures would be the foundations of
the river crossings, as well as the surrounding permanent works to protect
the river banks and slopes. The survey will essentially locate and mark the
extent of these works as interpreted from the construction drawings;

b) Mark site boundary - Marking the site boundaries of the physical structures
of the river crossing such as its foundation in the form of piers or columns,
or any embankments which is part of the river crossing‟s design, with the
aim to make sure that the works team is aware of where the prescribed
works area within which the structural construction is confined to, and to
avoid encroachment into areas outside of the footprint of these structures;

c) Identify interfaces - Identifying any potential interfaces between the

proposed river crossing works and any existing facilities in the surrounding
vicinity of the project site, particularly the river over which the bridge will
cross;

d) Identify clearance extent - Identifying the extent of site clearance required as

per the construction drawings and/or per construction methodology, for
example to cater for working space, access, etc.; and

e) Clearing works - Undertaking the clearing works to facilitate the

construction of the bridge piers, embankment and other permanent works at
or near the river. This scope may include felling of existing trees and
removal of large vegetation. For this component, this activity would be
another land disturbance activity that may potentially result in erosion and
sediment being discharged to the nearby river. During this scope of work,
ground surfaces will now be cleared of their surface protection (cover crops)
and be exposed to the elements of the weather. If left to be eroded
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indiscriminately, it is anticipated that loose sediment would be carried off

from the site via surface runoff.

Component – River Crossing; Activity – Foundation Works: Under this activity and
viewing the process of this foundation work from a simplified perspective, the scope of
work for this activity includes the following:

a) Mark work zones – It is important to mark the required working zones and
limits for the construction of the foundation works, noting that adequate
working space for other ancillary activities other than the physical column
sizes shall be allowed. This allows space to accommodate the heavy
machineries that will be deployed during the excavation, and also space to
implement the relevant pollution prevention mitigation measures;

b) Mark storage zones – Appropriate storage yards or dedicated zones should

be clearly marked at the site for the temporary stockpiling of construction
materials to be used for the excavation works, as well as for construction
waste materials such as excavated soil and earth that are not immediately
transported out of the work areas.

c) Mark work/buffer zones – Marking on the ground the boundaries or work

limits prescribed for the foundation works, as well as for the buffer limits or
zones to protect all necessary sensitive receivers;

d) Excavate foundation - Excavation of the foundation is expected to generate

construction waste materials that shall be stored properly as well as
requiring dewatering works to maintain the excavated pit to be in a dry
condition to construct the foundation;

e) Formwork, steelwork, concrete pour - Limited land disturbing activities

would be involved during the above works, except for the need to identify
proper areas for stockpiling and storing the construction materials needed for
the works and construction wastes generated from these scopes of work.

Component – River Crossing; Activity – Elevated Structures: The scope of work for this
activity has been formulated to simply include the following works: formwork;
steelwork; concrete pour; and formwork removal. As the scope of work has suggested,
there are limited land disturbance activities that would be involved during the above
works, except for the need to identify proper areas for stockpiling and storing the
construction materials needed for the works and construction wastes generated from
these scopes of work.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TEMPORARY ROADS PERMANENT ROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

RIVER CROSSING

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE SITE TEMPORARY ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

FOUNDATION ELEVATED
CLEARANCE GRADING DRAINAGE FORMATION WORKS CLEARANCE
WORKS STRUCTURES

SITE PERMANENT ROAD

GRADING DRAINAGE WORKS

Figure 4.36: Possible Project Activities of a Highway Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TEMPORARY ROADS PERMANENT ROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

RIVER CROSSING

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE SITE TEMPORARY ROAD PERMANENT EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

FOUNDATION ELEVATED
CLEARANCE GRADING DRAINAGE FORMATION DRAINAGE WORKS CLEARANCE
WORKS STRUCTURES

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work
Undertake Identify Undertake Identify Mark work zones Mark storage Undertake Mark work zones Formwork
survey Undertake flowpath survey flowpath Identify zones survey
Mark buffer Mark storage Steelwork
survey flowpath
Mark site Mark work/ Mark site Mark work/ zones Import Mark site zones
boundary Mark boundary Concrete pour
buffer zones boundary buffer zones Mark work/ backfill
Mark storage Mark buffer
surface buffer zones Remove
Identify Mark storage Mark work/ Mark storage zones Compaction Identify zones
elevation formwork
interfaces zones buffer zones zones Mark storage interfaces
Excavate Excavate
Mark work/ zones
Identify Excavate Mark storage Excavate trench foundation Identify foundation
buffer
clearance trench zones Excavate clearance extent
zones Drainage works Export excavated Formwork/Steel
extent trench
Drainage Road works soil Clearing works work
Grading
Clearing works works Drainage
works Concrete pour
SITE ROAD works
GRADING WORKS

Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Undertake survey
Mark surface elevation Mark site boundary
Mark work/ buffer zones Mark work/ buffer zones
Grading works Mark storage zones
Road works

Figure 4.37: Identification of Possible Scope of Work of Highway Project

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4.7.4 Example 3 – Proposed Housing Development Project

If a comparison is made between the project components for this housing

development example with the preceding two projects, one will start to see a
close similarity between these projects, in terms of the project components,
although the end deliverables of each project are significantly different. This
can also be taken to mean that regardless of the nature of a major civil
engineering project, the pre-construction activities which mainly involve land
disturbing activities are basically quite similar when compared to other
projects except for certain site specific conditions. In this regard, let‟s review
the possible project activities that could be identified for this housing project
as illustrated in Figure 4.24. As discussed previously, the associated project
components for this example consist of namely Forest Clearance, Roads,
Drainage, Buildings and Pumphouse/STW. Following on, we can then identify
the possible project activities for each component as shown in Figure 4.38:

a) Component 1 – Forest Clearance

The potential activities include the following:
 Site Clearance
 Temporary Roads

b) Component 2 - Roads
For this project component, the potential activities include the following:
 Site Grading
 Roadworks
 Drainage

c) Component 3 – Drainage
The project activities associated with this component include:
 Excavation
 Drainage works
 Backfill

d) Component 4 – Buildings
For this project component, the potential activities include the following:
 Site Clearance
 Excavation
 Foundation

e) Component 5 – Pumphouse/STW
For this project component, the potential activities include the following:
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 Site Clearance
 Excavation
 Foundation

Again, a simple comparison of the above project activities with those described
for the STW and Highway examples reveals much similarities. To avoid
repetitions, the corresponding scope of work for each of the project activities
will only be listed below without detailed elaboration, except for those scopes of
work which were not covered previously above.

Component – Forest Clearance; Activity - Site Clearance: Typical scope of work

includes:
a) Undertake survey
b) Mark site boundary
c) Identify interfaces
d) Identify clearance extent
e) Clearing works

Component – Forest Clearance; Activity – Temporary Roads: Typical scope of work

includes:
a) Undertake survey
b) Mark site boundary
c) Mark work/buffer zones
d) Mark storage zones
e) Roadworks

Component – Roads; Activity – Site Grading: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Undertake survey
b) Mark surface elevation
c) Mark work/buffer zones
d) Grading works

Component – Roads; Activity – Roadworks: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Undertake survey
b) Mark site boundary
c) Mark work/buffer zones
d) Mark storage zones
e) Roadworks

Component – Roads; Activity – Drainage: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Identify flowpath
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b) Mark work/buffer zones

c) Mark storage zones
d) Excavate trench
e) Drainage works

Component – Drainage; Activity – Excavation: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Mark work zones
b) Mark buffer zones
c) Mark storage zones
d) Excavate foundation
e) Export excavated soil

Component – Drainage; Activity – Drainage works: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Identify flowpath
b) Mark work/buffer zones
c) Mark storage zones
d) Excavate trench
e) Drainage works

Component – Drainage; Activity – Backfill: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Mark storage zones
b) Import backfill
c) Compaction

Component – Buildings; Activity - Site Clearance: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Undertake survey
b) Mark site boundary
c) Identify interfaces
d) Identify clearance extent
e) Clearing works

Component – Buildings; Activity - Excavation: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Mark work zones
b) Mark buffer zones
c) Mark storage zones
d) Excavate foundation
e) Export excavated soil

Component – Buildings; Activity - Foundation: Typical scope of work includes:

a) Mark work zones
b) Mark storage zones
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c) Mark buffer zones

d) Excavate foundation
e) Formwork/Steelwork
f) Concrete pour

Coincidently, the project activities and scope of work for the Component –
Pumphouse/STW are the same as the preceding component; therefore, the list is not
repeated here.

The overall scope of work for all the project components and activities is illustrated in
Figure 4.39.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARANCE ROADS BUILDINGS PUMP HOUSE/STW

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE ROAD DRAINAGE SITE EXCAVATION FOUNDATION SITE EXCAVATION FOUNDATION

SITE TEMPORARY
GRADING WORKS CLEARANCE CLEARANCE
CLEARANCE ROADS

DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL

WORKS

Figure 4.38: Possible Project Activities of a Housing Development Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARANCE ROADS DRAINAGE BUILDINGS

PUMP HOUSE/STW

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL EXCAVATION SITE EXCAVATION FOUNDATION
CLEARANCE ROADS WORKS WORKS CLEARANCE

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work
Undertake Undertake Mark work zones Mark storage Mark work zones Undertake Mark work zones Mark work
survey Undertake survey Identify zones survey zones
Mark buffer Mark buffer zones Mark buffer
survey flowpath
Mark site Mark site zones Import Mark site zones Mark storage
boundary Mark site boundary Mark work/ backfill Mark storage boundary zones
Mark storage zones Mark storage
boundary buffer zones
Identify Mark work/ zones Compaction Identify zones Mark buffer
interfaces Mark work/ buffer zones Mark storage Excavate interfaces zones
Excavate foundation Excavate
buffer zones zones
Identify Mark storage foundation Identify foundation Excavate
clearance Mark storage zones Excavate Export excavated clearance extent foundation
Export excavated soil Export excavated
extent zones trench
Road works soil Clearing works soil Formwork/Steel
Clearing works Road works Drainage work
works SITE
FOUNDATION Concrete pour
SITE CLEARANCE
DRAINAGE
GRADING
Scope of work
Scope of work
Scope of work Scope of work Mark work zones
Undertake survey
Undertake survey Identify flowpath Mark storage zones
Mark site boundary
Mark surface elevation Mark work/ buffer zones Mark buffer zones
Identify interfaces
Mark work/ buffer zones Mark storage zones Excavate foundation
Identify clearance extent
Grading works Excavate trench Formwork/Steelwork
Clearing works
Drainage works Concrete pour

Figure 4.39: Possible Scope of Work of a Housing Development

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4.7.5 Example 4 – Proposed Main Drainage Project

For the proposed project layout as indicated in Figure 4.27 for this main
drainage development, the key project components have been previously
identified to be trenching; roads; drainage; and pump house, with possible
land disturbing activities comprising the following:
 Land clearing
 Excavation works
 Cut and fill for slope formation
 Stockpiling of earthwork materials
 Dewatering of trench
 Earthworks for land formation
 Roadworks and drainage;and
 Backfilling

Again, the project activities associated with their relevant components for this
example project are quite similar to the previous examples already discussed
in the above sections, and are listed in Table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1: Project Activities for Main Drainage Project

Project Component Project Activities
1. Trenching Site Clearance
Road Diversion
Excavation
Backfill
2. Roads Site Grading
Roadworks
Road Drainage
3. Drainage Excavation
Drainage Works
Backfill
4. Pump house Site Clearance
Excavation
Concreting

Description of the scope of work for nearly all of the project activities listed
in the above table has previously been discussed for the earlier example
projects, except for the activity “Road Diversion”. As seen in Figure 4.27,
the new main drainage consisting of 1500mm x 1500mm box culvert is
proposed to be laid below an existing 4.5m wide road, which is currently a
“live road”. To facilitate the drainage works, some form of traffic diversion
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will be needed, either to reduce the road capacity by temporary suspending

the use of 1 lane to facilitate construction, or to build a temporary road
diversion on the shoulder of the existing road. For the latter option, which is
the assumed mode of road diversion adopted for this example, land disturbing
activities will be involved during the construction of the temporary road. In
this regard, the scope of work for this particular project activity includes:

a) Undertake survey
b) Mark site boundary
c) Mark work/buffer zones
d) Mark storage zones
e) Roadworks

The overall scope of work for all the project components and activities for this
example project is illustrated in Figure 4.41.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TRENCHING ROADS DRAINAGE

PUMP HOUSE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY EXCAVATION EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

BACKFILL EXCAVATION CONCRETING
CLEARANCE ROADS WORKS CLEARANCE

SITE ROAD
DRAINAGE
GRADING WORKS

Figure 4.40: Possible Project Activities of a Main Drainage Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TRENCHING ROADS DRAINAGE

PUMP HOUSE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

EXCAVATION BACKFILL CLEARANCE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
CLEARANCE ROADS WORKS WORKS

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work work
Undertake Mark work Undertake Mark work zones Mark storage Undertake Mark work zones Formwork
survey Undertake zones Mark storage survey Identify zones survey
Mark buffer Mark buffer Steelwork
survey zones flowpath
Mark site Mark buffer Mark site zones Import Mark site zones
boundary Mark site boundary Concrete pour
zones Import boundary Mark work/ backfill
Mark storage Mark storage
boundary backfill buffer zones Remove
Identify Mark storage Mark work/ zones Compaction Identify zones
interfaces Mark work/ interfaces formwork
zones Compaction buffer zones Mark storage
Excavate Excavate
buffer zones
Identify Excavate Mark storage foundation Identify foundation
zones
clearance foundation zones Excavate clearance extent
extent Export excavated Export excavated
Mark trench
Export Road works soil Clearing works soil
storage
Clearing works excavated soil Drainage
zones
SITE DRAINAGE works
Road GRADING
works

Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Identify flowpath
Mark surface elevation Mark work/ buffer zones
Mark work/ buffer Mark storage zones
zones
Excavate trench
Grading works
Drainage works

Figure 4.41: Possible Scope of Work of a Main Drainage Project

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4.7.6 Example 5 – Proposed River Check Dam Project

A river check dam is typically provided for various reasons, including for a
water supply source (for irrigation, potable use, etc), for small scale power
generation facilities, or for application of some form of physical treatment to
the water (e.g., sediment removal). Regardless of the purposes for creating a
river check dam, the major civil engineering processes that would be involved
in the check dam creation normally consist of:

o Formation of a new temporary channel to divert existing river flow

from the proposed check dam site location;
o Formation of upstream and downstream cofferdam or barriers to keep
check dam works site in a dry working condition;
o Diversion of main river flow to temporary channel;
o Excavation of main river (now in a dry condition) to formation level;
o Construction of check dam;
o Removal of cofferdams / barriers to redivert river flow into original
alignment; and
o Rehabilitation of defunct diversion channel.

In view of the above, a possible breakdown of the project components of a

river check dam project can include: river works and dam structures, and the
associated land disturbing activities that need to be adequately controlled and
protected against the elements of erosion and sedimentation can be identified
as follows:

 Land clearing
 Excavation of diversion channel
 Protection of channel bed, slopes and bank
 Stockpiling of earthwork materials
 Excavation of river bed for dam foundations
 Dewatering, and
 Concreting

The project activities associated with their relevant components for this
example project are listed in Table 4.2:
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Table 4.2: Project Activities for River Check Dam Project

Project Component Project Activities
1. River Works Site Clearance
River Crossing
Excavation
Diversion Works
2. Dam Structures Excavation
Roadworks
Drainage
Foundation
Concreting

Except for the activity “Diversion Works”, description of the scope of work
for the other project activities listed in the above table has previously been
discussed. In simple terms, the creation of a diversion channel comprises
excavating a new trench or channel on the adjacent ground next to the existing
river, with the alignment of the diversion channel more or less being parallel
to the section of the existing river where works will take place. At the
upstream and downstream ends of the connections (or diversion) points
between the existing river and the new channel, cofferdams will be built to act
as separator between these two watercourses. Essentially, once the
“diversion” has been made, the diversion channel will act as if the existing
river is still there, but in fact, that section of the existing river is actually now
dry to allow construction works to take place. Once the check dam or any
other intended works are completed in the dry river section, the river flow
from the diversion channel will then be diverted back to the original river
alignment, and the temporary channel will be backfill to ground level
followed by removal of the cofferdams. In this regard, the scope of work for
this particular project activity includes:

a) Mark work zones

b) Mark buffer zones
c) Create diversion

The overall scope of work for all the project components and activities for this
example project is illustrated in Figure 4.43.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED RIVER CHECK DAM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

RIVER WORKS DAM STRUCTURES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE RIVER DIVERSION EXCAVATION ROAD FOUNDATION CONCRETING

EXCAVATION
CLEARANCE CROSSING WORKS WORKS

DRAINAGE

Figure 4.42: Possible Project Activities of a River Check Dam Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED RIVER CHECK DAM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

RIVER WORKS
DAM STRUCTURES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE RIVER DIVERSION FOUNDATION

EXCAVATION EXCAVATION ROAD DRAINAGE CONCRETING
CLEARANCE CROSSING WORKS
WORKS

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of Scope of Scope of work Scope of work
work work work work
Undertake Mark work Mark work zones Mark work Formwork
survey Undertake zones Mark work Undertake Identify zones
Mark buffer Steelwork
survey zones survey flowpath
Mark site Mark buffer zones Mark storage
Concrete pour
boundary Mark site zones Mark buffer Mark site Mark work/ zones
Mark storage
boundary zones boundary buffer zones Remove
Identify Mark storage zones Mark buffer
formwork
interfaces Mark work/ zones Create Mark work/ Mark storage zones
Excavate
buffer zones diversion buffer zones zones
Identify Excavate foundation Excavate
clearance Mark storage foundation Mark storage Excavate foundation
Export excavated
extent zones zones trench
Export soil Formwork/Steel
Clearing Lay crossing excavated soil Road works Drainage work
works works Concrete pour

Figure 4.43: Possible Scope of Work of a River Check Dam Project

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4.7.7 Example 6 – Proposed Forest Redevelopment Project

A forest redevelopment project typically involves the harvesting of an

existing forest for the valuable timber and upon completion of the logging
activities, the remaining forested area will be completely cleared to prepare
the site for plantation of dedicated seeds (oil palm, rubber trees, etc). The
typical components for such type of project can be broken down to include
earthworks, civil works and horticultural works, with the following associated
land disturbing activities that need to be adequately controlled and protected
against the elements of erosion and sedimentation:
 Forest clearing
 Stockpiling of biomass
 Earthworks consisting of cutting and filling for slope and land formation
 Stockpiling of earthwork materials
 Exposing ground surfaces for temporary and permanent access road
formation, excavation for road foundations
 Roadwork including utility trenches, pavements, laying of road
structures, river diversion, river bank protection, excavation for
crossings foundation, culvert placement
 Excavation for drainage

The project activities for this example project are listed in Table 4.3 below:

Table 4.3: Project Activities for Forest Redevelopment Project

Project Component Project Activities
1. Forest Clearing Site Clearance
Temporary Roads
Field Establishment
2. Roads Site Grading
Roadworks
3. Drainage Excavation
Drainage
Backfill

The overall scope of work for this example project is illustrated in Figure
4.45.

4.7.8 Summary

The term “project activities” is taken to mean the specific tasks needed to be
done in order to produce the project's deliverables in project management,
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but can also be applied to the topic of erosion and sediment control by
identifying the related project activities and their associated scope of work
following the identification of the project components.

The identification of project activities and scope of work for a particular

component is underlined by the notion of “looking at the big picture” or
“taking a bird‟s eye view” of the tasks needed to achieve or produce the
project components, and not be bogged down by the details or intricacy of the
technology involved. Always remember that the focus of the activities or
scope identification is always on those actions that would result in erosion and
sediment issues.

It was shown in the few examples that regardless of the nature of a major civil
engineering project, the pre-construction activities which mainly involve land
disturbing activities are basically quite similar when compared to other
projects except for certain site specific conditions. The key point to
remember during the breaking down or identifying these activities and/or
scope of work is that the purpose is to establish these project activities
particularly to those relating to land disturbing activities so that suitable
environmental method statements can subsequently be developed.

Again, it should be stressed that the key objective of these identification is not
to dictate or define the methodology on how the Contractor should carry out
his works, but more so for assisting his project team to be aware of those
activities that would typically alter a stable site condition into one where the
rate of erosion and sedimentation becomes accelerated (as compared to the
natural process), to the extent that such alterations of the natural conditions
are likely to pollute the downstream sensitive receivers such as rivers or water
intakes.

The task of attempting to identify the project activities may be conceived by a

LD-P2M2 practitioner to be a challenging one, especially if the practitioner
has not received any formal educational training in civil engineering or has
limited experience in civil engineering construction projects. However, it is
fair to note that even without the above two “qualifications”, it is imperative
that anyone who is involved in the field of erosion and sedimentation ought to
have some basic understanding of the process within a construction project, to
be able to reasonably predict the potential cause and source of these two
phenomena so as to adequately mitigate against their occurrence. The simple
rule to remember is this: the key purpose of this Guidelines of going through
with these identification exercises is that we are not trying to override the way
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on how the Contractor executes his project, but rather to highlight to the
attention of the Project Proponent and his Contractor on the “where” and
“when” and “how” erosion and sedimentation may occur from their particular
project site, so that early attention could be given by these parties on the
resources required and the measures to be implemented prior to the actual
physical works. The important thing to note is that the WBS and associated
project activities have adequately covered the major land disturbance
activities that would be involved for those particular project components, and
this should be a relatively easier task to undertake.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED FOREST REDEVELOPMENT FOR OIL PALM PLANTATION

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARING ROADS DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE FIELD SITE ROAD EXCAVATION BACKFILL

CLEARANCE ESTABLISHMENT GRADING WORKS

TEMPORARY DRAINAGE
ROADS WORKS

Figure 4.44: Possible Project Activities of a Forest Redevelopment Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED FOREST REDEVELOPMENT FOR OIL PALM PLANTATION

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARING ROADS DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY FIELD SITE ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL

CLEARANCE ROADS ESTABLISHMENT GRADING WORKS WORKS

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake Undertake Undertake survey Undertake Undertake Mark work Identify Mark storage
survey survey survey survey zones flowpath zones
Mark site boundary
Mark site Mark site Mark surface Mark site Mark buffer Mark work/ Import backfill
Mark work/ buffer
boundary boundary elevation boundary zones buffer zones
zones Compaction
Identify Mark work/ Mark work/ Mark work/ Mark storage Mark storage
Grading works
interfaces buffer zones buffer zones buffer zones zones zones
Identify Mark storage Grading works Mark storage Excavate Excavate trench
clearance zones zones foundation
extent Drainage works
Road works Road works Export
Clearing excavated soil
works

Figure 4.45: Possible Scope of Work of a Forest Redevelopment Project

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4.8 IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

4.8.1 Application to this Guidelines

A “Method Statement” is typically a prescriptive document that lays out the

roadmap or detailed step-by-step procedures completing or undertaking a
task. In the context of this Guidelines, the method statement refers to
“Environmental Method Statement” (EMS) that details how, what, where,
why, and when the elements of environmental protection or P2M2s will be
integrated and implemented into each of the land disturbing activities that
may cause the discharge of pollutants, particularly suspended solids.

For each of the WBS formulated for the preceding six example projects, the
associated EMS for the identified project activities are listed in the following
Figures 4.46 to 4.51. As can be seen from these figures, the attention given
by these EMS is not on the “technical knowhow” on how to do the work, but
rather on the pollution prevention and mitigation measures that shall be
implemented during the undertaking of the scope of work for that particular
project activity.

Based on the example STW Project, the respective environmental method

statements for the various project activities identified in the preceding section
are listed below.

Table 4.4: List of EMS for STW Project

PROJECT ACTIVITY: PROJECT ACTIVITY:
SITE CLEARANCE SITE GRADING
 Identify sensitive receivers  Identify/mark perimeter controls
 Identify/mark perimeter controls  Identify/mark environmental
 Identify/mark environmental buffer zones
buffer zones  Identify limits of works, 100m
 Identify limits of works, 100m clearance
clearance  Identify stockpile locations
 Identify stockpile locations  Mark BMPs on drawings:
 Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along site
- Perimeter drainage along boundary
site boundary - Boundary for environmental
- Entrance controls for buffer zones
vehicles - Location of silt fences
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of works
environmental buffer - Indicate type/extent of erosion
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zones controls
- Location of silt fences - Mark temporary drainage
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate silt traps/sediment
- Indicate type/extent of ponds
erosion controls  Add Construction Notes
- Mark temporary drainage
- Indicate silt traps location
 Add Construction Notes
PROJECT ACTIVITY: PROJECT ACTIVITY:
DRAINAGE BOREHOLE DRILLING
 Identify dewatering discharge  Identify dewatering discharge
location location
 Identify/mark perimeter controls  Identify/mark perimeter controls
 Identify/mark environmental  Identify/mark environmental
buffer zones buffer zones
 Identify limits of works, 100m  Identify limits of works, 100m
clearance clearance
 Identify stockpile locations  Identify stockpile locations
 Mark BMPs on drawings:  Mark BMPs on drawings:
- Boundary for environmental - Boundary for environmental
buffer zones buffer zones
- Location of sediment pond - Location of silt fences
location - Location of sediment pond
- Indicate limits of works location
- Indicate type/extent of - Indicate limits of works
erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of
 Add Construction Notes erosion controls
 Add Construction Notes
PROJECT ACTIVITY: PROJECT ACTIVITY:
ELEVATED STRUCTURES EXCAVATION
 Identify limits of works, 100m  Identify dewatering discharge
clearance location
 Identify stockpile locations  Identify/mark perimeter controls
 Mark BMPs on drawings:  Identify/mark environmental
- Perimeter drainage along site buffer zones
boundary  Identify limits of works, 100m
- Location of silt fences clearance
- Indicate limits of works  Identify stockpile locations
- Indicate stockpile location  Mark BMPs on drawings:
- Mark temporary drainage - Boundary for environmental
- Indicate silt traps location buffer zones
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 Add Construction Notes -Location of silt fences

-Location of sediment pond
location
- Indicate limits of works
- Indicate type/extent of
erosion controls
 Add Construction Notes

PROJECT ACTIVITY:
CONCRETING
 Identify/mark perimeter controls
 Identify limits of works, 100m
clearance
 Identify stockpile locations
 Mark BMPs on drawings:
- Perimeter drainage along site
boundary
- Indicate sediment pond
location
- Indicate limits of works
- Mark temporary drainage
- Indicate type/extent of
erosion controls
 Add Construction Notes

As seen from the above table, one may wonder why the majority of the EMS
listed above is quite similar to one another even though the EMS are
dedicated for different project activities. The answer is really quite
straightforward, and it is because the sole objective of these EMS is to control
erosion and sediment issues due to these land disturbing activities. As such, if
the basic principles of LD-P2M2 are applied diligently into each of the land
disturbing activities, it is not surprising then to see a set of the environmental
method statements being reapplied from one project activity to another, all for
the sake of achieving the same goal: to minimise (or prevent if possible) the
impacts of erosion and sediment from these activities.

The basic principles of LD-P2M2 are discussed and elaborated in the other
Chapters of this Guidelines, but are listed below again in view of their
importance:
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 Integrate project design with site constraints.

 Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
 Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
 Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
 Install perimeter controls.
 Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
 Protect steep slopes.
 Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
 Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
 Provide access and general construction controls.
 Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.
 Employ experienced and competent personnel and consistently conduct
relevant training.

The above EMS has been formulated specifically for the various project
activities that were identified in the example projects for illustration purposes.
EMS can also be formulated generically to target each of the land disturbing
activities which were discussed in Chapter 3 and these are included in the
Appendix.
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) ADJACENT TO FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROAD BRIDGE
BUILDING SITE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE CLEARANCE SITE GRADING DRAINAGE SITE CLEARANCE BOREHOLE ELEVATED SITE CLEARANCE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
DRILLING STRUCTURES

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake survey Undertake survey Identify flowpath Undertake survey Undertake survey Mark work zones Formwork
Mark work zones Formwork
Mark site boundary Mark surface Mark work/ buffer Mark site boundary Mark site boundary Mark buffer zones Steelwork
elevation zones Mark storage zones Steelwork
Identify interfaces Identify interfaces Identify interfaces Mark storage zones Concrete pour
Mark work/ buffer Mark storage zones Drilling works Concrete pour
Identify clearance Identify clearance Identify clearance Excavate foundation Remove formwork
zones Export excavated
extent Excavate trench extent Remove formwork extent
soil Export excavated
Grading works soil
Clearing works Drainage works Clearing works Clearing works

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

SITE CLEARANCE SITE GRADING DRAINAGE SITE CLEARANCE BOREHOLE DRILLING ELEVATED SITE CLEARANCE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify dewatering STRUCTURES A. Identify sensitive A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/mark perimeter
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls discharge location B. Identify/mark perimeter discharge location A. Identify limits of receivers discharge location controls
controls B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter works, 100m B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify limits of works,
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones controls C. Identify/mark controls clearance controls controls 100m clearance
environmental buffer zones C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark B. Identify stockpile C. Identify/mark C. Identify/mark C. Identify stockpile
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance environmental buffer zones D. Identify limits of works, environmental buffer zones locations environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones locations
100m clearance D. Identify stockpile locations D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, C. Mark BMPs on D. Identify limits of works, D. Identify limits of works, D. Mark BMPs on
E. Identify stockpile locations E. Mark BMPs on drawings: 100m clearance E. Identify stockpile locations 100m clearance drawings: 100m clearance 100m clearance drawings:
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along E. Identify stockpile F. Mark BMPs on drawings: E. Identify stockpile - Perimeter E. Identify stockpile E. Identify stockpile - Perimeter drainage
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary locations - Perimeter drainage along locations drainage along site locations locations along site boundary
site boundary - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on drawings: site boundary F. Mark BMPs on drawings: boundary F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate sediment pond
- Entrance controls for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for - Boundary for - Boundary for - Location of silt - Perimeter drainage along - Boundary for location
vehicles - Location of silt fences environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones fences site boundary environmental buffer zones - Indicate limits of works
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of works - Location of sediment - Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences - Indicate limits of - Boundary for - Location of silt fences - Mark temporary
environmental buffer zones - Indicate type/extent of pond location - Indicate limits of works - Location of sediment works environmental buffer zones - Location of sediment drainage
- Location of silt fences erosion controls - Indicate limits of works - Indicate type/extent of pond location - Indicate stockpile - Location of silt fences pond location - Indicate type/extent of
- Indicate limits of works - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate limits of works location - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works erosion controls
- Indicate type/extent of - Indicate silt traps/sediment erosion controls - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate type/extent of - Mark temporary - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate type/extent of F. Add construction notes
erosion controls ponds - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate silt traps location erosion controls drainage erosion controls erosion controls
- Mark temporary drainage F. Add construction notes - Indicate silt G. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes - Indicate silt traps - Mark temporary drainage G. Add construction notes
- Indicate silt traps location traps/sediment ponds location - Indicate silt traps location
G. Add construction notes F. Add construction notes D. Add construction G. Add construction notes
notes
Figure 4.46: Environmental Method Statements for STW Project
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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TEMPORARY ROADS PERMANENT ROADS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

RIVER CROSSING

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE SITE TEMPORARY ROAD PERMANENT EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

FOUNDATION ELEVATED
CLEARANCE GRADING DRAINAGE FORMATION DRAINAGE WORKS CLEARANCE
WORKS STRUCTURES

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work
Undertake Identify Undertake Identify Mark work zones Mark storage Undertake Mark work zones Formwork
survey Undertake flowpath survey flowpath Identify zones survey
Mark buffer Mark storage Steelwork
survey flowpath
Mark site Mark work/ Mark site Mark work/ zones Import Mark site zones
boundary Mark boundary Concrete pour
buffer zones boundary buffer zones Mark work/ backfill
Mark storage Mark buffer
surface buffer zones Remove
Identify Mark storage Mark work/ Mark storage zones Compaction Identify zones
elevation formwork
interfaces zones buffer zones zones Mark storage interfaces
Excavate Excavate
Mark work/ zones
Identify Excavate Mark storage Excavate trench foundation Identify foundation
buffer
clearance trench zones Excavate clearance extent
zones Drainage works Export excavated Formwork/Steel
extent trench
Drainage Road works soil Clearing works work
Grading
Clearing works works Drainage
works Concrete pour
SITE ROAD works
GRADING WORKS

Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Undertake survey
Mark surface elevation Mark site boundary
Mark work/ buffer zones Mark work/ buffer zones
Grading works Mark storage zones
Road works

Figure 4.47: Environmental Method Statements for Highway Project

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PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 10 KILOMETER NEW HIGHWAY THROUGH REMOTE RURAL AREA

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

SITE GRADING SITE CLEARANCE

SITE CLEARANCE TEMPORARY A. Identify/mark perimeter ROAD WORKS EXCAVATION A. Identify sensitive receivers
A. Identify sensitive receivers BACKFILL ELEVATED
DRAINAGE controls A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering B. Identify/mark perimeter
B. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify/mark STRUCTURES
A. Identify dewatering B. Identify/mark controls discharge location controls
controls perimeter controls A. Identify limit of
discharge location environmental buffer zones B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter C. Identify/mark
C. Identify/mark B. Identify stockpile work, 100 m clearance
B. Identify/mark perimeter C. Identify limits of works, environmental buffer zones controls environmental buffer zones
environmental buffer zones locations B. Identify stockpile
controls 100m clearance C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark D. Identify limits of works,
D. Identify limits of works, C. Mark BMPs on locations
C. Identify/mark D. Identify stockpile locations 100m clearance environmental buffer zones 100m clearance
100m clearance drawings: C. Mark BMPs on
environmental buffer zones E. Mark BMPs on drawings: D. Identify stockpile D. Identify limits of works, E. Identify stockpile locations
E. Identify stockpile locations - Perimeter drainage drawings:
D. Identify limits of works, - Perimeter drainage along locations 100m clearance F. Mark BMPs on drawings:
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: along site boundary - Perimeter drainage
100m clearance site boundary E. Mark BMPs on drawings: E. Identify stockpile - Perimeter drainage along
- Perimeter drainage along - Indicate limits of along site boundary
E. Identify stockpile - Boundary for - Perimeter drainage along locations site boundary
site boundary works - Indicate limits of
locations environmental buffer zones site boundary F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Entrance controls for
- Entrance controls for - Indicate type/extent works
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Location of silt fences - Boundary for - Boundary for vehicles
vehicles of erosion controls - Indicate stockpile
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of works environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones - Boundary for
- Boundary for D. Add construction location
environmental buffer zones - Indicate type/extent of - Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences environmental buffer zones
environmental buffer zones notes - Mark temporary
- Location of sediment erosion controls - Indicate limits of works - Location of sediment - Location of silt fences
- Location of silt fences pond location - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate type/extent of drainage
pond location - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Indicate silt traps/sediment erosion controls - Indicate silt trap
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate type/extent of
- Indicate type/extent of - Indicate type/extent of ponds - Indicate silt traps/fence location
- Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
erosion controls erosion controls F. Add construction notes location D. Add construction
erosion controls - Mark temporary drainage
- Mark temporary drainage G. Add construction notes F. Add construction notes notes
G. Add construction notes - Indicate silt traps location
- Indicate silt traps location
G. Add construction notes
G. Add construction notes ROAD FORMATION DRAINAGE WORKS
A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering FOUNDATION WORKS
SITE GRADING controls PERMANENT DRAINAGE discharge location A. Identify dewatering
B. Identify/mark A. Identify dewatering B. Identify/mark perimeter discharge location
A. Identify/mark perimeter environmental buffer zones discharge location controls B. Identify/mark perimeter
controls C. Identify limits of works, B. Identify/mark perimeter C. Identify/mark controls
B. Identify/mark 100m clearance controls environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark
environmental buffer zones D. Identify stockpile C. Identify/mark D. Identify limits of works, environmental buffer zones
C. Identify limits of works, locations environmental buffer zones 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works,
100m clearance E. Mark BMPs on D. Identify limits of works, E. Identify stockpile 100m clearance
D. Identify stockpile locations drawings: 100m clearance locations E. Identify stockpile
E. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along E. Identify stockpile F. Mark BMPs on drawings: locations
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary locations - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on
site boundary - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on drawings: environmental buffer zones drawings:
- Boundary for environmental buffer - Boundary for - Location of sediment - Boundary for
environmental buffer zones zones environmental buffer zones pond location environmental buffer
- Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences - Location of sediment - Indicate limits of works zones
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works pond location - Indicate type/extent of - Location of silt fences
- Indicate type/extent of - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate limits of works erosion controls - Location of sediment
erosion controls erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of G. Add construction notes pond location
- Mark temporary drainage - Indicate silt traps/fence erosion controls - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate silt traps/sediment location G. Add construction notes - Indicate type/extent of
ponds F. Add construction notes erosion controls
F. Add construction notes Figure 4.47: Environmental Method Statements for Highway Project (Cont.) G. Add construction notes
 4-124
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST RESERVE

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARANCE ROADS DRAINAGE BUILDINGS

PUMP HOUSE/STW

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL EXCAVATION SITE EXCAVATION FOUNDATION
CLEARANCE ROADS WORKS WORKS CLEARANCE

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work
Undertake Undertake Mark work zones Mark storage Mark work zones Undertake Mark work zones Mark work
survey Undertake survey Identify zones survey zones
Mark buffer Mark buffer zones Mark buffer
survey flowpath
Mark site Mark site zones Import Mark site zones Mark storage
boundary Mark site boundary Mark work/ backfill Mark storage boundary zones
Mark storage zones Mark storage
boundary buffer zones
Identify Mark work/ zones Compaction Identify zones Mark buffer
interfaces Mark work/ buffer zones Mark storage Excavate interfaces zones
Excavate foundation Excavate
buffer zones zones
Identify Mark storage foundation Identify foundation Excavate
clearance Mark storage zones Excavate Export excavated clearance extent foundation
Export excavated soil Export excavated
extent zones trench
Road works soil Clearing works soil Formwork/Steel
Clearing works Road works Drainage work
works SITE
FOUNDATION Concrete pour
SITE CLEARANCE
DRAINAGE
GRADING
Scope of work
Scope of work
Scope of work Scope of work Mark work zones
Undertake survey
Undertake survey Identify flowpath Mark storage zones
Mark site boundary
Mark surface elevation Mark work/ buffer zones Mark buffer zones
Identify interfaces
Mark work/ buffer zones Mark storage zones Excavate foundation
Identify clearance extent
Grading works Excavate trench Formwork/Steelwork
Clearing works
Drainage works Concrete pour

Figure 4.48: Environmental Method Statements for Housing Project

 4-125
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARANCE ROADS DRAINAGE BUILDINGS

PUMP HOUSE/STW

PROJECT ACTIVITIES
PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES
PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY SITE ROAD

DRAINAGE EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE EXCAVATION SITE EXCAVATION FOUNDATION
CLEARANCE ROADS GRADING WORKS FOUNDATION
WORKS CLEARANCE CLEARANCE

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

A.Identifysensitive A.Identify/mark A.Identify/mark A.Identify/mark A.Identifydewatering A.Identifydewatering A.Identifydewatering A.Identify/mark A.Identifysensitive A.Identifydewatering A.Identifydewatering A.Identifydewatering
receivers perimetercontrols A.Identifysensitive A.Identifydewatering
perimetercontrols perimetercontrols dischargelocation dischargelocation perimetercontrols receivers
B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark dischargelocation dischargelocation dischargelocation receivers dischargelocation dischargelocation
B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark B. Identifystockpile B.Identify/markperimeter
perimetercontrols environmentalbuffer B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark B.Identify/markperimeter B.Identify/mark B.Identify/mark
environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer perimetercontrols perimetercontrols locations controls
C.Identify/mark zones perimetercontrols perimetercontrols perimetercontrols controls perimetercontrols perimetercontrols
zones zones C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark C.MarkBMPson C.Identify/mark
environmentalbuffer C.Identifylimitsof C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark C.Identify/mark
C.Identifylimitsof C.Identifylimitsof environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer drawings: environmentalbufferzones
zones works,100m environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer environmentalbufferzones environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer
works,100mclearance works,100mclearance zones zones -Perimeterdrainage D.Identifylimitsofworks,
D.Identifylimitsof clearance zones zones zones D.Identifylimitsofworks, zones zones
D.Identifystockpile D.Identifystockpile D.Identifylimitsof D.Identifylimitsof alongsiteboundary 100mclearance
works,100m D.Identifystockpile D.Identifylimitsof D.Identifylimitsof D.Identifylimitsof 100mclearance D.Identifylimitsof D.Identifylimitsof
locations locations works,100m works,100mclearance -Indicatelimitsof E.Identifystockpile
clearance locations works,100mclearance works,100mclearance works,100m E.Identifystockpile works,100mclearance works,100m
E.MarkBMPson E.MarkBMPson clearance E.Identifystockpile works locations
E.Identifystockpile E.MarkBMPson E.Identifystockpile E.Identifystockpile clearance locations E.Identifystockpile clearance
drawings: drawings: E.Identifystockpile locations -Indicatetype/extentof F.MarkBMPson
locations drawings: locations locations E.Identifystockpile F.MarkBMPson locations E.Identifystockpile
-Perimeterdrainage -Perimeterdrainage locations F.MarkBMPson erosioncontrols drawings:
F.MarkBMPson -Perimeterdrainage F.MarkBMPson F.MarkBMPson locations drawings: F.MarkBMPson locations
alongsiteboundary alongsiteboundary F.MarkBMPson drawings: D.Addconstruction -Perimeterdrainagealong
drawings: alongsiteboundary drawings: drawings: F.MarkBMPson -Perimeterdrainagealong drawings: F.MarkBMPson
-Boundaryfor -Boundaryfor drawings: -Boundaryfor notes siteboundary
-Perimeterdrainage -Boundaryfor -Boundaryfor -Boundaryfor drawings: siteboundary -Boundaryfor drawings:
environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer -Boundaryfor environmentalbuffer -Entrancecontrolsfor
alongsiteboundary environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer environmentalbuffer -Boundaryfor -Entrancecontrolsfor environmentalbuffer -Boundaryfor
zones zones environmentalbuffer zones vehicles
-Entrancecontrols zones zones zones environmentalbuffer vehicles zones environmentalbuffer
-Locationofsiltfences -Locationofsiltfences zones -Locationofsediment -Boundaryfor
forvehicles -Locationofsilt -Locationofsiltfences -Locationofsiltfences zones -Boundaryfor -Locationofsiltfences zones
-Indicatelimitsofworks -Indicatelimitsofworks -Locationof pondlocation environmentalbuffer
-Boundaryfor fences -Locationofsediment -Locationofsediment -Locationofsilt environmentalbuffer -Locationofsediment -Locationofsilt
-Indicatetype/extentof -Indicatetype/extentof sedimentpondlocation -Indicatelimitsofworks zones
environmental -Indicatelimitsof pondlocation pondlocation fences zones pondlocation fences
erosioncontrols erosioncontrols -Indicatelimitsof -Indicatetype/extentof -Locationofsiltfences
bufferzones works -Indicatelimitsofworks -Indicatelimitsof -Locationof -Locationofsiltfences -Indicatelimitsof -Locationof
-Marktemporary -Indicatesilttraps/fence works erosioncontrols -Indicatelimitsofworks
-Locationofsilt -Indicatetype/extent -Indicatetype/extentof works sedimentpond -Indicatelimitsofworks works sedimentpond
drainage location -Indicatetype/extent G.Addconstruction -Indicatetype/extentof
fences oferosioncontrols erosioncontrols -Indicatetype/extentof location -Indicatetype/extentof -Indicatetype/extentof location
-Indicatesilt F.Addconstructionnotes oferosioncontrols notes erosioncontrols
-Indicatelimitsof -Indicatesilt G.Addconstruction erosioncontrols -Indicatelimitsof erosioncontrols erosioncontrols -Indicatelimitsof
traps/sedimentponds G.Addconstruction -Marktemporarydrainage
works traps/fencelocation notes G.Addconstruction works -Marktemporarydrainage G.Addconstruction works
F.Addconstructionnotes notes -Indicatesilttrapslocation
-Indicatetype/extent F.Addconstruction notes -Indicatetype/extent -Indicatesilttrapslocation notes -Indicatetype/extent
G.Addconstructionnotes oferosioncontrols oferosioncontrols
oferosioncontrols notes G.Addconstructionnotes
-Marktemporary G.Addconstruction G.Addconstruction
drainage notes notes
-Indicatesilttraps
location Figure 4.48: Environmental Method Statements for Housing Project (Cont.)
G.Addconstruction
notes
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TRENCHING ROADS DRAINAGE

PUMP HOUSE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE TEMPORARY ROAD EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE

EXCAVATION BACKFILL CLEARANCE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
CLEARANCE ROADS WORKS WORKS

Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
work work work
Undertake Mark work Undertake Mark work zones Mark storage Undertake Mark work zones Formwork
survey Undertake zones Mark storage survey Identify zones survey
Mark buffer Mark buffer Steelwork
survey zones flowpath
Mark site Mark buffer Mark site zones Import Mark site zones
boundary Mark site boundary Concrete pour
zones Import boundary Mark work/ backfill
Mark storage Mark storage
boundary backfill buffer zones Remove
Identify Mark storage Mark work/ zones Compaction Identify zones
interfaces Mark work/ interfaces formwork
zones Compaction buffer zones Mark storage
Excavate Excavate
buffer zones
Identify Excavate Mark storage foundation Identify foundation
zones
clearance foundation zones Excavate clearance extent
Export excavated Export excavated
extent Mark trench
Export Road works soil Clearing works soil
storage
Clearing works excavated soil Drainage
zones
SITE DRAINAGE works
Road GRADING
works

Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Identify flowpath
Mark surface elevation Mark work/ buffer zones
Mark work/ buffer Mark storage zones
zones
Excavate trench
Grading works
Drainage works

Figure 4.49: Environmental Method Statements for Drainage Project

 4-127
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED 3 KILOMETER MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENT

TRENCHING ROADS DRAINAGE

PUMP HOUSE

ROAD WORKS
SITE TEMPORARY EXCAVATION DRAINAGE BACKFILL SITE CLEARANCE
EXCAVATION BACKFILL
CLEARANCE ROADS A. Identify/mark WORKS EXCAVATION CONCRETING
perimeter controls
A. Identify sensitive A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/ A. Identify dewatering A. Identify dewatering A. Identify sensitive
A. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark
discharge location mark discharge location A. Identify/ receivers
receivers perimeter controls environmental buffer discharge location A. Identify/mark
B. Identify/mark perimeter perimeter B. Identify/mark perimeter mark B. Identify/mark A. Identify dewatering
B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark zones B. Identify/mark perimeter controls
controls controls controls perimeter perimeter controls discharge location
perimeter controls environmental buffer C. Identify limits of perimeter controls B. Identify limits of
C. Identify/mark B. Identify C. Identify/mark controls C. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark
C. Identify/mark zones works, 100m clearance C. Identify/mark works, 100m clearance
environmental buffer zones stockpile environmental buffer B. Identify environmental buffer perimeter controls
environmental C. Identify limits of D. Identify stockpile environmental buffer C. Identify stockpile
D. Identify limits of works, locations zones stockpile zones C. Identify/mark
buffer zones works, 100m locations zones locations
100m clearance C. Mark BMPs D. Identify limits of locations D. Identify limits of environmental buffer
D. Identify limits of clearance E. Mark BMPs on D. Identify limits of D. Mark BMPs on
E. Identify stockpile on drawings: works, 100m clearance C. Mark works, 100m zones
works, 100m D. Identify stockpile drawings: works, 100m clearance drawings:
locations - Perimeter E. Identify stockpile BMPs on clearance D. Identify limits of
clearance locations - Perimeter drainage E. Identify stockpile - Perimeter drainage
F. Mark BMPs on drainage locations drawings: E. Identify stockpile works, 100m
E. Identify stockpile E. Mark BMPs on along site boundary locations along site boundary
drawings: along site F. Mark BMPs on - Perimeter locations clearance
locations drawings: - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on - Indicate sediment
- Boundary for boundary drawings: drainage F. Mark BMPs on E. Identify stockpile
F. Mark BMPs on - Perimeter drainage environmental buffer drawings: pond location
environmental buffer - Indicate - Boundary for along site drawings: locations
drawings: along site boundary zones - Boundary for - Indicate limits of
zones limits of works environmental buffer boundary - Perimeter drainage F. Mark BMPs on
- Perimeter - Boundary for - Location of silt fences environmental buffer works
- Location of silt fences - Indicate zones - Indicate along site boundary drawings:
drainage along site environmental - Indicate limits of zones - Mark temporary
- Location of sediment type/extent of - Location of silt fences limits of - Entrance controls - Boundary for
boundary buffer zones works - Location of drainage
pond location erosion - Location of sediment works for vehicles environmental buffer
- Entrance controls - Location of silt - Indicate type/extent of sediment pond location - Indicate type/extent
- Indicate limits of works controls pond location - Indicate - Boundary for zones
for vehicles fences erosion controls - Indicate limits of of erosion controls
- Indicate type/extent of D. Add - Indicate limits of works type/extent of environmental - Location of silt
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of - Indicate silt works F. Add construction
erosion controls construction - Indicate type/extent of erosion buffer zones fences
environmental works traps/fence location - Indicate type/extent notes
G. Add construction notes notes erosion controls controls - Location of silt - Location of
buffer zones - Indicate F. Add construction notes of erosion controls
G. Add construction D. Add fences sediment pond
- Location of silt type/extent of G. Add construction
SITE GRADING notes construction - Indicate limits of location
fences erosion controls notes
notes works - Indicate limits of
- Indicate limits of - Indicate silt
works A. Identify/mark perimeter controls DRAINAGE - Indicate works
traps/fence location
- Indicate B. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones type/extent of erosion - Indicate type/extent
F. Add construction
type/extent of C. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance A. Identify dewatering discharge location controls of erosion controls
notes
erosion controls D. Identify stockpile locations B. Identify/mark perimeter controls - Mark temporary G. Add construction
- Mark temporary E. Mark BMPs on drawings: C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones drainage notes
drainage - Perimeter drainage along site boundary D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance - Indicate silt traps
- Indicate silt traps - Boundary for environmental buffer zones E. Identify stockpile locations location
location - Location of silt fences F. Mark BMPs on drawings: G. Add construction
G. Add construction - Indicate limits of works - Boundary for environmental buffer zones notes
notes - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Location of sediment pond location
- Mark temporary drainage - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate silt traps/sediment ponds - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
F. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes
Figure 4.49: Environmental Method Statements for Drainage Project (Cont.)
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.46: Environmental Method Statements for STW Project

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED RIVER CHECK DAM

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

RIVER WORKS DAM STRUCTURES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE CLEARANCE RIVER CROSSING EXCAVATION DIVERSION WORKS EXCAVATION ROADWORKS DRAINAGE FOUNDATION CONCRETING

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake survey Undertake survey Mark work zones Mark work zones Identify flowpath Mark work zones Formwork
Mark work zones Undertake survey
Mark site boundary Mark site boundary Mark buffer zones Mark buffer zones Mark work/buffer Mark storage zones Steelwork
Mark buffer zones Mark site boundary zones
Identify interfaces Mark work/ buffer Mark storage zones Create diversion Mark buffer zones Concrete pour
Mark storage zones Mark work/ buffer zones
zones Mark storage zones
Identify clearance Excavate foundation Excavate foundation Remove formwork
Excavate foundation Mark storage zones
extent Mark storage zones Excavate trench
Export excavated Formwork/ Steelwork
Export excavated Road works
Clearing works Lay crossing soil Drainage works
soil Concrete pour

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

SITE CLEARANCE RIVER CROSSING EXCAVATION DIVERSION WORKS EXCAVATION ROAD WORKS DRAINAGE FOUNDATION CONCRETING
A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/mark
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls discharge location controls discharge location controls discharge location discharge location perimeter controls
controls B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify limits of
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones controls environmental buffer zones controls environmental buffer zones perimeter controls controls works, 100m clearance
environmental buffer zones C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark C. Identify/mark C. Identify stockpile
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance environmental buffer zones 100m clearance environmental buffer zones 100m clearance environmental buffer environmental buffer zones locations
100m clearance D. Identify stockpile locations D. Identify limits of works, D. Mark BMPs on drawings: D. Identify limits of works, D. Identify stockpile zones D. Identify limits of works, D. Mark BMPs on
E. Identify stockpile locations E. Mark BMPs on drawings: 100m clearance - Perimeter drainage along 100m clearance locations D. Identify limits of 100m clearance drawings:
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along E. Identify stockpile site boundary E. Identify stockpile E. Mark BMPs on drawings: works, 100m clearance E. Identify stockpile - Perimeter drainage
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary locations - Boundary for locations - Perimeter drainage along E. Identify stockpile locations along site boundary
site boundary - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on drawings: environmental buffer zones F. Mark BMPs on drawings: site boundary locations F. Mark BMPs on - Indicate sediment
- Entrance controls for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for - Location of silt fences - Boundary for - Boundary for F. Mark BMPs on drawings: pond location
vehicles - Location of silt fences environmental buffer zones - Indicate limits of works environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones drawings: - Boundary for - Indicate limits of
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of works - Location of silt fences - Indicate type/extent of - Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences - Boundary for environmental buffer works
environmental buffer zones - Indicate type/extent of - Location of sediment erosion controls - Location of sediment - Indicate limits of works environmental buffer zones - Mark temporary
- Location of silt fences erosion controls pond location - Mark temporary drainage pond location - Indicate type/extent of zones - Location of silt fences drainage
- Indicate limits of works - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate limits of works - Indicate silt traps location - Indicate limits of works erosion controls - Location of sediment - Location of sediment - Indicate type/extent
- Indicate type/extent of - Indicate silt traps/sediment - Indicate type/extent of E. Add construction notes - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate silt traps/fence pond location pond location of erosion controls
erosion controls ponds erosion controls erosion controls location - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works F. Add construction
- Mark temporary drainage F. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes F. Add construction notes - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate type/extent of notes
- Indicate silt traps location erosion controls erosion controls
G. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes G. Add construction notes

Figure 4.50: Environmental Method Statements for River Check Dam Project
 4-129
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED FOREST REDEVELOPMENT FO R OIL PALM PLANTATION

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

FOREST CLEARING ROADS

DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE CLEARANCE TEMPORARY ROADS SITE GRADING ROAD WORKS EXCAVATION DRAINAGE WORKS BACKFILL
FIELD ESTABLISHMENT

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Undertake survey Undertake survey Undertake survey Undertake survey Mark work zones Identify flowpath Mark storage zones

Mark site boundary Mark site boundary Mark site boundary Mark surface Mark site boundary Mark buffer zones Mark work/buffer Import backfill
elevation zones
Identify interfaces Mark work/ buffer Mark work/ buffer Mark work/ buffer zones Mark storage zones Compaction
zones zones Mark work buffer Mark storage zones
Identify clearance zones Mark storage zones Excavate foundation
extent Mark storage zones Grading works Excavate trench
Grading works Road works Export excavated
Clearing works Road works soil Drainage works

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

SITE CLEARANCE TEMPORARY ROADS FIELD ESTABLISHMENT SITE GRADING ROAD WORKS EXCAVATION DRAINAGE WORKS BACKFILL
A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify/mark perimeter A. Identify dewatering A. Identify dewatering A. Identify/mark
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls controls controls controls discharge location discharge location perimeter controls
controls B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify/mark perimeter B. Identify stockpile
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones controls controls locations
environmental buffer zones C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify limits of works, C. Identify/mark C. Identify/mark C. Mark BMPs on
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance 100m clearance 100m clearance 100m clearance environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones drawings:
100m clearance D. Identify stockpile locations D. Identify stockpile D. Identify stockpile locations D. Identify stockpile D. Identify limits of works, D. Identify limits of works, - Perimeter drainage
E. Identify stockpile locations E. Mark BMPs on drawings: locations E. Mark BMPs on drawings: locations 100m clearance 100m clearance along site boundary
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along E. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along E. Mark BMPs on E. Identify stockpile E. Identify stockpile - Indicate limits of
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Perimeter drainage along site boundary drawings: locations locations works
site boundary - Boundary for site boundary - Boundary for - Perimeter drainage along F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate type/extent
- Entrance controls for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for environmental buffer zones site boundary - Boundary for - Boundary for of erosion controls
vehicles - Location of silt fences environmental buffer zones - Location of silt fences - Boundary for environmental buffer zones environmental buffer zones D. Add construction
- Boundary for - Indicate limits of works - Location of silt fences - Indicate limits of works environmental buffer - Location of silt fence s - Location of sediment notes
environmental buffer zones - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate limits of works - Indicate type/extent of zones - Location of sediment pond location
- Location of silt fences erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Location of silt fences pond location - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate silt traps/fence erosion controls - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Indicate type/extent of
- Indicate type/extent of location - Mark temporary drainage - Indicate silt traps/sediment - Indicate type/extent of - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
erosion controls F. Add construction notes - Indicate silt ponds erosion controls erosion controls G. Add construction notes
- Mark temporary drainage traps/sediment ponds F. Add construction notes - Indicate silt traps/fe nce G. Add construction notes
- Indicate silt traps location F. Add construction notes location
G. Add construction notes F. Add construction notes

Figure 4.51: Environmental Method Statements for Forest Redevelopment Project

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

4.9 IDENTIFYING PROJECT SEQUENCES & SCHEDULING

4.9.1 Application to this Guidelines

Every construction project has a specific construction master programme

which identifies the order in which the project is developed from day one
(award of contract) until the last date when the completed project is handed
over to the Project Proponent. From this master programme, and based on
the Contractor‟s WBS, sub-programmes are then formulated to predict and
monitor the progress of the site works against the Contract programme.

One of the major issues associated with erosion and sediment in our
construction sites today is the lack of project phasing and
sequencing/scheduling of the site activities, which as a result, subjected the
construction sites to large extent of unprotected exposed ground surfaces or
absence of appropriate mitigation measures during the land disturbing
activities. The aspect of project phasing has been discussed earlier in this
Chapter.

In the context of this Guidelines, project sequencing/scheduling is a type of

BMP which has a high degree of importance in terms of application into the
land disturbing activities. Essentially, each phase of construction shall have
a specific construction sequence which identifies the order in which the site
is developed, brought to finished grade and stabilized. The removal of
particular BMPs or P2M2s needs to be identified in the construction
sequence prior to commencement of the site activities, and suitably during
the preparation of the detailed LD-P2M2 document.

Project sequencing/scheduling is basically the coordination of the

construction schedule with the necessary erosion, runoff, sediment, site
planning and general construction control BMPs installation, with the key
intention to minimise (or prevent if practical) the extent of on-site erosion
and off-site sedimentation.

To aid the site operations, a good project sequence/schedule shall present an

orderly listing of all major land disturbing activities together with the
dedicated P2M2s in order to prepare and inform the contractor of the
necessary actions to be taken prior to the start of works.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

4.9.2 Examples of Project Phasing, Sequences & Scheduling

All construction projects can benefit from upfront planning to phase and
sequence construction activities to minimize the extent, duration and
potential impacts of the inevitable land disturbing activities. Larger projects
and linear construction projects may benefit most from construction
sequencing or phasing, but even small projects can benefit from construction
sequencing that minimizes the duration of disturbance. Typically, erosion
and sediment controls needed at a site will change as a site progresses
through the major phases of construction.

4.9.3 Example 1 – Proposed Sewage Treatment Works Project

In the earlier section, we have looked at how the STW project can be broken
down to its project components, project activities, scope of work, and
environmental method statements, all done from the point of view to focus on
land disturbing activities that will result in erosion and sediment issues
during a construction of an EIA project.

Recall from the earlier sections that this example project was divided into
three 3 project components, namely, Road, Bridge and Building Site:
basically a combination of linear-type (road) and concentrated-type (bridge
& building) construction works. The factors to be considered when planning
for the phasing of a project were discussed in Section 5.4.

For the purposes of this STW example, the information adopted to respond to
the above factors of consideration is shown in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Consideration Factors for Phasing STW Project

Factors Description
Size of site  New road: Total length of about 3km
 Building footprint: Area about 1000 square
Existing land  Majority of site area covered by pristine forest reserve
use  Connection to existing road
 Road to be constructed within existing pristine forest
reserve
 Road will cross an existing river
 No villages or commercial activities in the vicinity
Types of land  Site clearance for temporary/permanent roads &
disturbance drainage, bridge and building site
activities  Site grading for temporary/permanent roads & drainage
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and building site

 Excavation for drainage, road foundation, STW
foundation
 Borehole drilling
 Dewatering
 Stockpile management
 Disposal area management
Topography  Generally sloping ground from the existing road towards
the river
 Generally soft ground along new road alignment
Weather  Not known
Type of soil  Not known
Environmental  Trees, vegetation
Sensitive  River
areas  Public hazard
Practicality of  Temporary roads need to be created to access sensitive
BMP areas to be protected to install BMPs
installation
Rate of  Not known
production

In view of the above consideration, it can be proposed for the STW project to
be broken down into the several phases:

 Phase 1: To construct the first one (1) kilometre section of the proposed
4m wide road, commencing from the existing road, in the river direction;

 Phase 2: To construct the second one (1) kilometre section of the proposed
4m wide road, continuing from Phase 1 works;

 Phase 3: To construct the bridge over river upon completion of Phase 2;

 Phase 4: To continue with construction of the new 4m road (approx. 1km

section)

 Phase 5: To construct the STW facilities

The general sequence of the phasing works, and the arrangement of the project
phases are shown in Figure 4.52 and Figure 4.53, respectively.
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Based on the above project phasing, the potential land disturbing activities that
can be identified for the individual phases are shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Identified Land Disturbing Activities

Land Disturbing Description
Activities
Phase 1
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided at the junction of
the existing 7m road and the new 4m road to establish
site entry point;
Site clearance works to be provided commencing from
site entry point to form temporary road access and
drainage;
Forest clearance to the extent of the final road limits
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for roadworks
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation
Stockpile Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil
management materials
Phase 2
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided from the
completion of Phase 1 to form temporary road access
and drainage;
Forest clearance to the extent of the final road limits
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for roadworks
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation
Stockpile Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil
management materials
Phase 3
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided from the
completion of Phase 2 to prepare area for bridge
construction
Borehole drilling Drilling to form bridge foundation
Dewatering Dewatering activities during drilling process
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Stockpile Stockpiling of bentonite and construction materials for

management the drilling works;
Stockpiling of excavated soil materials
Disposal area Disposal sites for excavated soil materials
management
Phase 4
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided from the
completion of Phase 3 to form temporary road access
and drainage;
Forest clearance to the extent of the final road limits
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for roadworks
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation
Stockpile Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil
management materials
Phase 5
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided from the
completion of Phase 4 to form the temporary road
access and drainage;
Forest clearance to prepare works area for the building
site
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for building site
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation;
Excavation of STW basement/foundation works
Dewatering Dewatering activities from the excavated basement
Stockpile Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil
management materials

In view of the above land disturbance activities and the planned project phases as
discussed above, project sequences for the initial phases is shown in Figures 4.54
and 4.55, respectively.
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Figure 4.52: Recommended Project Sequence for Phases of Work for STW Project
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Figure 4.53: Proposed Phasing for Sewage Treatment Works Project

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Site Grading
Survey Works

Entrance Install E & SIte Upgrade E Road / Drain

Award Works
Control S Controls Clearance & S Controls

Mark Excavation
Limits Works
Mark Work
Zone/Limit

Figure 4.54: Proposed Project Sequence for Phase 1

Site Survey Grading

Works

Complete Upgrade E & SIte Upgrade E Road / Drain

Phase 1 S Controls Clearance & S Controls Works

Mark Excavation
Limits Works
Mark Work
Zone/Limit

Figure 4.55: Proposed Project Sequence for Phase 2

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The construction sequence for the Phase 1 works is described below.

Table 4.7: Project Sequence for Phase 1
Activities Sequence of Work
Activity 1: A. Establish entrance to site; construction access; construction
Site routes, areas designated for equipment parking, and
Clearance entrance controls for vehicles
B. Undertake site survey to identify:
 Interfaces with existing facilities
 Environmental sensitive receivers
 Limits of works and site boundary
C. Mark site boundary
D. Install perimeter controls such as drainage
E. Mark environmental buffer zones
F. Mark clearance extent & limits of works
G. Install silt fences
H. Install silt traps / sediment basin
I. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for
biomass
J. Commence site clearing works
K. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps /
sediment basin

Activity 2: A. Retake site survey to identify

Site Grading  Environmental buffer zones
 Limits of works
 Marking of surface elevations
 Mark/remark site boundary
 Install new or upgrade perimeter controls including
drainage
 Mark environmental buffer zones
 Install silt fences
 Install silt traps / sediment basin
 Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for
biomass
 Commence site grading works
 Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps /
sediment basin

Activity 3: A. Mark work limits and buffer zones

Road & B. Survey and mark flow paths
Drainage C. Identify and mark perimeter controls
works D. Mark environmental buffer zones
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E. Allocate stockpile locations

F. Identify dewatering discharge location and treatment
facilities
G. Install new or upgrade sediment pond
H. Excavate trench for permanent drainage
I. Laying or permanent drainage works and roadworks

Upon completion of the Phase 1 works, Phase 2 can then commence, with
its general sequences described below.

Table 4.8: Project Sequence for Phase 2

Activities Sequence of Work
Activity 1: A. Undertake site survey to identify:
Site  Interfaces with existing facilities
Clearance  Environmental sensitive receivers
 Limits of works and site boundary
B. Mark site boundary
C. Install perimeter controls such as drainage
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Mark clearance extent & limits of works
F. Install silt fences
G. Install silt traps / sediment basin
H. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for
biomass
I. Commence site clearing works
J. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps /
sediment basin

Activity 2: A. Retake site survey to identify

Site Grading  Environmental buffer zones
 Limits of works
 Marking of surface elevations
B. Mark/remark site boundary
C. Install new or upgrade perimeter controls including
drainage
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Install silt fences
F. Install silt traps / sediment basin
G. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for
biomass
H. Commence site grading works
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I. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps /

sediment basin

Activity 3: A. Mark work limits and buffer zones

Road & B. Survey and mark flow paths
Drainage C. Identify and mark perimeter controls
works D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Allocate stockpile locations
F. Identify dewatering discharge location and treatment
facilities
G. Install new or upgrade sediment pond
H. Excavate trench for permanent drainage
I. Laying or permanent drainage works and roadworks

Phase 3 can commence only after completion of Phase 2. Its project

sequences are described below.

Table 4.9: Project Sequence for Phase 3

Activities Sequence of Work
Activity 1: A. Undertake site survey to identify:
Site  Interfaces with existing facilities
Clearance  Environmental sensitive receivers
 Limits of works and site boundary
B. Mark site boundary
C. Install perimeter controls such as drainage
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Mark clearance extent & limits of works
F. Install silt fences
G. Install silt traps / sediment basin
H. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for
biomass
I. Commence site clearing works
J. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps /
sediment basin

Activity 2: A. Mark work limits and buffer zones

Borehole B. Mark environmental buffer zones
Drilling C. Identify and install perimeter controls
D. Install silt fences
E. Allocate stockpile locations
F. Identify dewatering discharge location and treatment
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facilities
G. Install new or upgrade sediment pond
H. Commence drilling works
I. Export excavated soil & wastewater
J. Inspect & maintain silt fences / sediment ponds

Activity 3: A. Mark work limits and buffer zones

Elevated B. Allocate stockpile locations
structures C. Identify and mark perimeter controls
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Structural works

Phase 4 shall start only after completion of Phase 3, and its project
sequences are similar to those for Phase 2 and are not repeated here.

Upon and after completion of Phase 4, the last phase of this STW project
can then commence, with the majority of the works involving structural and
building works but also covering some land disturbing activities (some of
which are quite significant also, such as excavation works for the STW
foundation structures. The project sequences for Phase 5 are described
below.

Table 4.10: Project Sequence for Phase 5

Activities Sequence of Work
Activity 1: Site A. Undertake site survey to identify:
Clearance  Interfaces with existing facilities
 Environmental sensitive receivers
 Limits of works and site boundary
B. Mark site boundary
C. Install perimeter controls such as drainage
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Mark clearance extent & limits of works
F. Install silt fences
G. Install silt traps / sediment basin
H. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for biomass
I. Commence site clearing works
J. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps / sediment
basin
Activity 2: Site A. Retake site survey to identify
Grading  Environmental buffer zones
 Limits of works
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 Marking of surface elevations

B. Mark/remark site boundary
C. Install new or upgrade perimeter controls including drainage
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Install silt fences
F. Install silt traps / sediment basin
G. Identify and allocate stockpile & disposal areas for biomass
H. Commence site grading works
I. Inspection & maintenance of silt fences / silt traps / sediment
basin
Activity 3: Road A. Mark work limits and buffer zones
& Drainage B. Survey and mark flow paths
works C. Identify and mark perimeter controls
D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Allocate stockpile locations
F. Identify dewatering discharge location and treatment facilities
G. Install new or upgrade sediment pond
H. Excavate trench for permanent drainage
I. Laying or permanent drainage works and roadworks
Activity 4: A. Mark work limits and buffer zones
Excavation for B. Mark environmental buffer zones
STW subsurface C. Identify and install perimeter controls
works D. Install silt fences
E. Allocate stockpile locations
F. Identify dewatering discharge location and treatment facilities
G. Install new or upgrade sediment pond
H. Commence drilling works
I. Export excavated soil & wastewater
J. Inspect & maintain silt fences / sediment ponds
Activity 5: Above- A. Mark work limits and buffer zones
ground & B. Allocate stockpile locations
Elevated C. Identify and mark perimeter controls
structures D. Mark environmental buffer zones
E. Structural works

4.9.4 Other Examples

The same application in identifying project phasing and sequencing for the
other example projects previously discussed in this Chapter can also be
performed, based on the following proposals.
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NORT

10 km

+ 40
EXISTING RIVER
(AVG WIDTH 10M)
+ 38
+ 39 + 36
+
EXISTING 2-
LANE HIGHWAY
(7M WIDE) + 38

+ +
Phase 1 NEW 7M WIDE HIGHWAY
Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1 + 36
+
+ 40

+ 537
+ 524

+
Phase 2 EXISTING 2-
LANE ROAD (7M
NEW RIVER
+ 36 CROSSINGS

+ 39 EXISTING + 36
+ 39 VILLAGE
COMMUNITIES
WITH MOSQUES

+ 35

+
+ 34
+ 35

+ 37

Figure 4.56: Proposed Phasing for Highway Project

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APPROX 55M APPROX 300M

BOUNDARY

Phase 1
Phase 3

+ 518
+ 520
EXISTING
2-LANE + 538
ROAD (7M

+ 518
40-UNITS NEW 4m WIDE STEEL
+ 538 BRIDGE ABLE TO
BUNGALOW-
CARRY 200T VEHICLES
TYPE HOMES IN THE FUTURE 8 UNITS 20-
STOREY

APPROX 250M
CLUB- + 520 + 517
NEW ACCESS
ROADS TO HOUS + 537
HOUSING
DEVELOPMEN

+ 517

+ 537

Phase 2 65-UNITS
DUPLEX-TYPE

+ 525
STW
EXISTING PRISTINE + 516
FOREST RESERVE

4.5M WIDE INTERNAL

EMERGENCY VEHICLE
ACCESS

Figure 4.57: Proposed Phasing for Housing Project

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Existing 1500mm x 1500mm

box culvert IL 542 to remain N
and be connected to new
culvert of same size

Existing 900mm x 900mm box

548 culvert to be removed and
replaced by a new 1500mm x

540

Phase 2
Phase 1

Existing river Phase 3 Existing 4.5m wide

road to be reinstated
upon completion of
537 new box culvert

548 New 1500mm x

1500mm box culvert to
replace existing
900mm x 900mm
Phase 4

525

Phase 2

548

Existing 1500mm x 1500mm

Phase 1 box culvert IL 542 to remain
and be connected to new
culvert of same size

548
516

Figure 4.58: Proposed Phasing for Drainage Project

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4.9.5 Summary

In summary, Chapter 4 has covered one of the key components of LD-

P2M2, namely on the topic of subjecting a project to appropriate phasing,
identifying project components / project activities / scope of work as well
as allocating the suitable environmental method statements to these project
activities, and lastly, to combine all the above elements into project
sequence of work with the incorporation of the required P2M2s into the
project.

From the above examples, the following observations can be made:

 Information on the site operations should be made available or known to

the LD-P2M2 preparer in order for a reasonable representative WBS
and project phases/sequencing to be formulated;

 When such information is not available or known, then some rule of

thumbs or assumptions should be made to prepare at least a conceptual
LD-P2M2 document, until such time when more accurate information is
made available. At such time, the conceptual LD-P2M2 shall be
upgraded with the latest information available;

 Irregardless of the status of the LD-P2M2 document, the objective of

LD-P2M2 remains the same throughout, that is, to focus on the
principles and utilising the minimum standards requirements to prevent
or minimise erosion or sediment issues in construction practices;

 LD-P2M2 practitioners shall be careful to note the robustness of the

LD-P2M2 in that mitigation measures and BMPs are not necessary
„static‟ but subject to revision, upgrading or total new installations to
suit the ever evolving site conditions; and lastly,

 Inspection and maintenance play a continuous role in ensuring the

effectiveness and suitability of the installed P2M2s and shall always be
programmed into the Contractor and Environmental Officer‟s work
plans.
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CHAPTER 5

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

5.1 OVERARCHING REQUIREMENTS

Up to this point, the Guidelines has covered the essential fundamentals and elements of land
disturbing pollution prevention and mitigation measures, and how erosion and sediment
issues in a construction site can be effectively controlled or minimized during the site
activities. This Chapter will discuss some of the techniques to be used to apply the LD-P2M2
measures into the construction activities.

Foremost, let’s review the overarching requirements for the application of LD-P2M2 into an
EIA project, most of which have been already covered elsewhere:

 Legal obligations;
 Maximizing the most of LD-P2M2 basic principles;
 LD-P2M2’s minimum standards requirements;
 Roles and responsibilities of project parties; and
 Site application practices

5.1.1 Legal Obligations

The legal requirements for the planning and implementation of LD-P2M2 are
discussed in Chapter 2 of this Guideline, covered under Section 34A of the EQA
1974 (Amended) 2012. In short, it is not a choice whether the Project Proponent and
Contractor will or will not implement LD-P2M2 in an EIA project and associated site
activities, as both are required to do so under the Act.

5.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LD-P2M2

Maximizing the basic principles of LD-P2M2 in land disturbing activities have been covered
in several preceding chapters, and these represent the core fundamentals to be adopted to
prevent and minimize the occurrence of erosion and sediment issues at the project sites, if
diligently applied:

 Integrate project design with site constraints.

 Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
 Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
 Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage structures.
 Install perimeter controls.
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 Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.

 Protect steep slopes.
 Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
 Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
 Provide access and general construction controls.
 Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.
 Employ experienced and competent personnel and consistently conduct relevant
training.

5.2.1 Minimum Standards Requirements of LD-P2M2

Likewise, the listing of the minimum standards requirements of the P2M2s to be

adopted during land disturbing activities in EIA projects have been mentioned
previously (see Appendix B), and include the following:

 Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing

 Scheduled Site Meeting
 Construction Markers
 Stabilized Construction Entrance
 Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers
 Perimeter Control
 Sediment Basin/Trap
 Runoff Management
 Temporary or permanent watercourse diversion
 Temporary or permanent watercourse crossing
 Temporary or permanent roadways
 Temporary Stabilization
 Stockpile Soil Management
 Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area)
 Dewatering practices
 Active Treatment System (ATS)
 Discharge
 Corrective Actions
 Site Inspections
 Maintenance
 Standards and Specifications for P2M2s
 Establishment of Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC)
and Performance Monitoring Documentation

The above standard requirements are covered repeatedly in various forms throughout
the remaining of this Chapter.
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5.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT PARTIES

The main project parties who would be involved in applying LD-P2M2 are discussed in
Chapter 2, with specific roles being played by the Project Proponent (PP), Consultants,
Contractors and Environmental Officers (EO). Essentially, all the principles, standards
requirements, tools and documents on their own are pretty much non-functional unless they
are effectively applied to the construction sites by these pertinent parties. The techniques
for the application of LD-P2M2 into the construction phases shall commence from the
planning stage and brought down to the construction phases.

5.3.1 Who are Key Players?

The stakeholders who will be involved in LD-P2M2 consist namely the following
parties:

 Project Proponent;
 Consultants;
 Contractors;
 Environmental Officers; and
 Government Agencies

5.3.2 Project Proponent (PP)

The PP is not only legally responsible for ensuring regulatory compliance, but is
the driver for mainstreaming the environmental agenda in all stages of project
implementation. In principle, the Project Proponent (PP) shall be responsible for
the implementation of the LD-P2M2.

The PP may be from the public or the private sector and he may be represented by
a consultant. The PP is responsible for all aspects related to the development of the
project including the environmental planning of the project and its associated cost.
He may delegate the task of conducting the environmental impact assessment of
the project to his project consultant or to another organization but he remains
ultimately responsible for the content of the EIA Report on his project.

The PP is responsible for formulating an Environmental Policy (EP) of the

company with respect to the EIA project, which shall be communicated to the
stakeholders, consultants, contractors and other parties involved in the project
planning and implementation.

The PP is responsible for establishing an organizational structure which clearly

shows the emplacement of a Registered EIA Consultant and an Environmental
Officer (EO), where they are charged with specific responsibilities to ensure
environmental aspects are taken into consideration and pollution prevention and
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mitigation measures (P2M2) are integrated into every stage of project planning
and implementation.

The PP is responsible for allocating sufficient funds for all steps in the EIA
process and every stage of project planning and implementation with itemized
budget required for amongst other environmental aspects, for implementation of
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and LD-P2M2 including temporary
pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2). P2M2 shall be those which
can be described as state of the art technologies, best available technologies
(BATs), or industry best practices.

The PP is responsible for appointing an Environmental Officer (EO), at the stage

of post submission of EIA Report to be charged with responsibilities to execute
environmental quality control and performance monitoring functions during the
construction and operation phases of the project implementation.

The PP is responsible for establishing a project Environmental Performance

Monitoring Committee (EPMC) to monitor the environmental performance,
effectiveness of pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2), and status
of regulatory compliance of the project. The EPMC shall be represented by all
relevant parties involved in project implementation and chaired by a senior
member representing the PP. The chairman who shall be formally appointed by the
PP shall be responsible for ensuring the decisions of the meeting are responsibly
executed. The EPMC shall meet at a minimum, once in a quarter and the minutes
of the meeting shall be maintained.

The PP is responsible for setting up a ―mini laboratory‖, wherever appropriate, to

facilitate the implementation of environmental performance monitoring program.
This mini laboratory shall be adequately equipped with relevant resources
including staff and portable analytical testing equipment.

The PP is responsible for ensuring the Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

including temporary and permanent pollution prevention and mitigation measures
(P2M2) are implemented and maintained according to industry’s best practices.

5.3.3 Consultants

The EIA Consultant is an individual who has been tasked by the Project Proponent
to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the project. The
Consultant is typically the leader of a team of consultants from various disciplines
relevant to the proposed project and is responsible to the Project Proponent. The EIA
team leader who may work for an EIA consulting firm and the subject matter experts
shall be DOE-registered consultants who shall maintain professionalism in
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conducting a comprehensive EIA study and produce a quality EIA Report that is
useful for decision-making purposes.

The EIA Consultant plays a major role in the preparation of the EIA report,
including the LD-P2M2 Document and environmental monitoring programmes in
accordance with the objectives and requirements of the EIA, whilst ensuring
compliance with the relevant regulations and standards. He is entrusted with the
responsibilities for ensuring environmental impacts from a project are correctly
identified, assessed, and mitigated.

When preparing the LD-P2M2 Document, the Consultant is responsible to obtain all
the relevant information for analysis and interpretation, in order to produce the
requirements to address erosion and sediment issues during the execution of the
project. Amongst the key information include the following:

(a) Weather and rainfall data

(b) Site runoff velocity and flow rate, both pre and during development
(c) Description of site soil characteristics:
i. Soil types
ii. Soil test erodibility
iii. Soil hydrologic group
iv. Dispersible fine clay: Percentage of dispersible material
v. Anticipated excavation depth for the proposed land disturbing activity
(d) Description of adjacent areas, such as streams, lakes, residential areas, and
roads that might be affected by the land disturbance
(e) List of streams and rivers identified on-site. (Use coding for unnamed streams
and rivers)
(f) List of receiving streams and rivers. (Use coding for unnamed streams and
rivers)
(g) List of existing drainage identified on-site.
(h) List of P2M2s proposed.
(i) Identify access roads and other outsourced components (such as mobile
batching or premix plant) that are located outside the proximity of the project
boundary.
(j) Earthworks cut and fill volume
(k) Availability of rocks material
(l) Biomass management
(m) Solid (construction waste) and domestic waste management
(n) Spill Prevention and Control from fuel and chemical use or storage
(o) Hazardous Waste Management
(p) Soil loss prediction using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), sediment
yield calculation using Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and
runoff estimation for pre, during and post development accounted for both
with and without the implementation of LDP2M2s. All of the data and
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parameters used in the calculations shall be measured or rationally determined,

and identified. If secondary sources are used, they shall be clearly identified.
(q) Calculation of proposed sediment trap/basin based on drainage area disturbed
and projected runoff flow direction from each disturbed land segment that will
drain into the proposed sediment trap/basin.
The EIA Consultant is responsible for preparing the LD-P2M2 Document to
comply with requirements as stated in this Guideline, including the incorporation
of the minimum standards requirements into the LD-P2M2 Document.

5.3.4 Contractors

The Contractor who successfully wins the tender for the project will go into an
agreement with the PP to execute the construction of the project in accordance with
the contract drawings, specification and all documents that are contractually bound to
the agreement.

The Contractor is responsible to review and understand the contents of the approved
LD-P2M2 Document, and where applicable, to integrate the findings of the document
into his work plans to fulfill the contract. As mentioned earlier, the LD-P2M2
Document may require updating based on the availability of more detailed
information.

The Contractor needs to be cognizant of the recommendations in the LD-P2M2

Document including all the minimum standards requirements of P2M2s and to
incorporate all these information into the work plans. Based on the site conditions
and his method statements, the Contractor may need to refine the Document from
time to time as the site conditions evolve.

5.3.5 Environmental Officers (EO)

The Environmental Officer (EO) is the main project personnel responsible for
ensuring regulatory compliance at the project implementation stage (post submission
of EIA Report).

The EO is responsible for implementing the environmental management plan (EMP),

and ensuring the temporary and permanent pollution prevention and mitigation
measures (P2M2) are installed correctly.

The EO is responsible for preparing Environmental Performance Monitoring

Document (EPMD). PMD describes in detail how EIA approval conditions are going
to be complied and how performance monitoring* of the various pollution prevention
and mitigation measures (P2M2) will be conducted to ensure the optimal
functionality of the P2M2 is maintained. The details shall include, among others:
performance monitoring equipment/instruments, sampling protocols and analysis,
 5-7
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

monitoring parameters, sampling frequency, preventive and corrective maintenance

procedure for the P2M2, discharge compliance, record keeping, etc. EPMD also
includes compliance monitoring (CM) and impact monitoring (IM) wherever
relevant.

Performance monitoring in this context refers to the monitoring of certain

characteristics that would indicate that a P2M2 is functioning in an optimal manner.
It also includes the preventive and corrective maintenance of the P2M2 to maintain
their optimal performance. P2M2 refers to all measures to prevent and mitigate
pollution and includes temporary pollution prevention and mitigation measures.

The EO is responsible for performing or supervising the conduct of performance

monitoring (PM) program as specified in the PMD.

The EO is responsible for preparing Performance Monitoring Report (PMR). The

PMR discusses the results of the performance monitoring conducted as described in
the PMD. Wherever relevant, PMR shall include data interpretation and assessment
of the effectiveness of the pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) by
making comparison of the performance monitoring parameters with their
recommended ranges (or standards). Statistical techniques and graphical presentation
of the performance monitoring parameters should be used wherever appropriate.
PMR shall also make some definitive conclusions on the overall performance of the
P2M2 and suggest improvement measures to be taken if necessary. PMR shall be
submitted to the Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC) as
established by the Project Proponent for the EIA project and maintained for the
inspection of the DOE officers.

The EO is responsible for communicating the status of environmental regulatory

compliance of the project during construction and operation phases to the Project
proponent.

The EO is responsible for maintaining a detailed record of major upset conditions

encountered, if any, for the duration of the project construction and operation phases.
The date of occurrence, nature and causes of upset conditions, and the corrective
actions taken shall be recorded. Upset conditions refer to failures of pollution
prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) which result in noncompliance with the
EIA approval conditions or discharge/emission standards, or pollution that affects the
immediate neighbourhood or seriously threatens the environment or public health and
safety.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

The EO is responsible for acting as an environmental advisor to the Project

Proponent in advising him to undertake additional efforts, if any, to further ensure
effective implementation environmental management plan (EMP) including
temporary pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2) on a sustained basis.

5.4 LD-P2M2 APPLICATION DURING PLANNING STAGE

5.4.1 How Project Proponents and Consultants Apply LD-P2M2

First of all, the planning stage herein includes all those activities since the
conception of the project up to the award of the contract, which covers, amongst
other things, the EIA, detailed design, and tender documentation processes.

To effectively apply LD-P2M2 at this stage of the project, the Project Proponent
(and his Consultants) shall:

o Make a real commitment to address soil erosion and sediment matter at the very
stage of the Project;

o Proactively obtain and/or collect all the pertinent information relating to this
subject matter, as shown in Figure 5.1;

o Review the potential construction sequencing and site operations prior to award
of construction contracts, particularly with respect to land disturbing activities;

o Allocate sufficient funds at every stage of project planning / design for

implementation of EMP including temporary & permanent land disturbing
pollution prevention and mitigation measures;

o Prepare LD-P2M2 Document as part of submission with EIA Report for DOE’s
approval, and update LD-P2M2 Document during the EMP submission if
required;

o Ensure that the Contract Documents include provisions for compliance with
environmental requirements including for LD-P2M2 and its associated drawing
(a sample of such drawing is shown in Plate 1 and associated sample
calculation for an active construction site is shown in Appendix I which
incorporated the concept of project phasing);

o Appoint competent Environmental Officers on LD-P2M2 to be stationed on site

throughout the construction period;
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

o Evaluate Tenderer’s compliance with tender document, including planning for

addressing erosion and sediment issues, implementation and operation of
environment mitigation measures, and monitoring program;

o Ensure all the environmental requirements relating to erosion and sediment are
included in the Contract Documents for the Contractor’s information and
incorporation into his plan of work.

Plate 1: Sample LD-P2M2 Drawing

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.1: Information for LD-P2M2 Analysis

5.5 LD-P2M2 APPLICATION DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE

5.5.1 How Project Proponents Apply LD-P2M2

The ―Construction‖ essentially includes two distinct phases: Pre-construction where

in this Guidelines is taken to mean all those preliminary or early site activities to
prepare the platforms for the construction works, whilst Construction is taken to
mean all those activities involved in the creation or building of the permanent works
of the project. In either phase, the Project Proponent shall:

o Establish a project Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC)

to monitor environmental performance, effectiveness of pollution prevention and
mitigation measures (P2M2), and status of regulatory compliance of project;

o Appoint Chairman of EPMC to be responsible for ensuring the decisions of the

meeting are responsibly executed;
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

o Review with Contractor the environmental performance periodically, including,

amongst others, overall monitoring program, environmental controls and
mitigation measures, and identify improvements to avoid breaches of limit
levels;

o Monitor Contractor’s performance with respect to compliance with contract

specifications, including effective implementation and operation of environment
mitigation measures and other aspects of the monitoring program; adherence to
agreed protocols or those in the contract specifications; assurance that work is
within the scope of the contract and other tender conditions.

5.5.2 How the Environmental Officers Apply LD-P2M2

During this stage of the project, the Environmental Officers shall:

o Ensure the EMP is implemented diligently, and that all temporary and
permanent P2M2s are correctly installed as required;

o Prepare Environmental Performance Monitoring Document (EPMD) to describe

how EIA approval conditions are to be complied with;

o Document how performance monitoring of P2M2s will be conducted;

o Monitor conduct of performance monitoring program and prepare Performance

Monitoring Report (PMR) to: discuss results of PM; include data interpretation
and assessment of P2M2s effectiveness; and conclude on overall performance
of P2M2 and suggest improvement measures where necessary;

o Maintain detailed record of major upset conditions encountered (e.g., failures of

P2M2s resulting in non-compliances, etc.);

o Communicate status of environmental regulatory compliance to PP;

o Advise PP on additional efforts to further ensure effective implementation of

EMP including temporary pollution prevention and mitigation measures.

5.5.3 How the Contractors Apply LD-P2M2

During this stage of the project, the Contractors shall:

o Fully understand the requirements of the LD-P2M2 Document during the

tender stage and to allow in the tender budget for the anticipated land
disturbance pollution prevention and mitigation measures;
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

o Integrate the requirements of LD-P2M2 Document into his master planning for
site works and update this Document as necessary for submission to DOE;

o Apply diligently all the relevant elements of erosion and sediment controls into
the project, as illustrated in the LD-P2M2 framework in Figure 5.2;

o Comply with Contract Documents including provisions for environmental

requirements on LD-P2M2;

o Appoint competent project Environmental Officers for EMP implementation

including LD-P2M2;

o Plan and implement measures for controlling erosion and sediment issues,
operation of environment mitigation measures, and monitoring program;

o Participate actively in EPMC and collaborate with Committee in ensuring

compliance to regulatory and EIA Approval Conditions, etc;

o Review with Project Proponent on environmental performance of the project;

o Provide full assistance to the PP’s Environmental Officer in executing his

duties and responsibilities with regard to ensuring compliance to Contract
Document and regulatory requirements, particularly on environmental
performance, operation of environment mitigation measures, and monitoring
program, amongst others
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.2: LD-P2M2 Implementation Framework

5.6 SITE APPLICATION PRACTICES

5.6.1 Usage of Project Information and P2M2s

In Figure 5.1 above, information to be used for the analysis of LD-P2M2 for a
project site included the following:

 Weather and rainfall data;

 Site runoff velocity and flow rate;
 Earthwork volumes;
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Soil characteristics;
 Erosion and sedimentation sensitive receivers;
 Waste management; and
 List of proposed P2M2s

The crux to a successful application of LD-P2M2 to a project site is being able to

make use of the above information, either individually or collectively depending
on the situation, to plan, select and execute the correct P2M2s on site accordingly.
Figures 5.3 to 5.9 illustrate the self-explanatory match ups of these two elements,
i.e., type of information and P2M2s.

In addition, Appendix F presents a collection of steps on a guide to manage

erosion and sediment controls on project sites.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.3: Weather/Rainfall Data and Related P2M2s

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.4: Runoff Velocity /Flow rate and Related P2M2s

Figure 5.5: Earthwork Volumes and Related P2M2s

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.6: Soil Characteristics and Related P2M2s

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.7: Erosion/Sedimentation Sensitive Receivers and Related P2M2s

 5-20
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.8: Waste Management and Related P2M2s

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 5.9: List of P2M2s

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

5.6.2 Applying LD-P2M2 Basic Principles

In this remaining section, each of the LD-P2M2 principles listed in above is

elaborated to show how they can be applied on the field, i.e., at the project site.
For ease of reference, these principles are reintroduced below:

 Principle 1: Integrate project design with site constraints.

 Principle 2: Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
 Principle 3: Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
 Principle 4: Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in
stable drainage structures.
 Principle 5: Install perimeter controls.
 Principle 6: Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
 Principle 7: Protect steep slopes.
 Principle 8: Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
 Principle 9: Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
 Principle 10: Provide access and general construction controls.
 Principle 11: Inspect and maintain best management practices and control
measures
 Principle 12: Employ experienced and competent personnel and
consistently conduct relevant training

This section will assist the relevant project parties in their planning of
identifying risk analysis of potential erosion and sediment issues, and of
identifying & selecting the P2M2s and BMPs that might be used to manage the
risks. It should however be noted that such planning is subject to change once
construction begins to suit the evolving site conditions. It should also be
pointed out that the below discussion may not necessary follow the same order
of the above principles, as some site conditions may warrant more than 1
principle to be incorporated.

5.6.2.1 Principles 1 & 5: Integrate project design with site constraints &
Install perimeter controls

Before conducting land-clearing and soil-disturbing activities, mark

all clearing limits on the plan sheets and in the field, so as to retain
native topsoil, existing vegetation and buffer zones in an
undisturbed state to the maximum extent practicable.

Use fences, signs, tapes, flags or other similar marking device to

delineate project boundaries in non-sensitive areas, and use high-
visibility fencing to delineate sensitive areas that are to be protected,
such as wetlands, streams and their buffers, and vegetation to be
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

preserved. Only use high-visibility (orange) silt fence if it serves the

dual purpose of delineation and sediment control.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Construction Markers; Stream/drainage
way/waterway/watercourse buffers; Perimeter Control; Stockpile
Soil Management; Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area).

5.6.2.2 Principles 2 & 9: Preserve and stabilize drainage ways & Protect
inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts

Protect all drain inlets from sediment with approved inlet BMPs.
Inlet protection devices must be capable of being maintained
without losing sediment or material into the catch basin and must be
inspected weekly to ensure discharge treatment is occurring.

Use erosion control BMPs to prevent turbid water from being

generated, and use diverting BMPs, like temporary curbs, to prevent
turbid water from reaching inlets. Wherever feasible, use inlet
covers or plugs to prevent turbid discharges, and implement a
strategy to manage the resulting ponding water.

Design, construct, and stabilize all temporary conveyance channels

to minimize erosion. Provide stabilization methods, including
armoring material, adequate to minimize erosion at the outlets of all
conveyance systems. Common outlet locations are areas where
designed structures discharge, including ponds, culverts, or pipe
slope drains discharge. Plastic covering increases flow rates, so
stabilize outlet areas where water is running off plastic. Place check
dams at regular intervals based on the grade of the conveyance.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers; Sediment
Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Temporary or permanent
watercourse diversion; Temporary or permanent watercourse
crossing; Temporary Stabilization; Dewatering practices Active
Treatment System (ATS); Discharge; Corrective Actions; Site
Inspections; Maintenance.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

5.6.2.3 Principles 3 & 4: Minimize the extent and duration of

disturbance & Control runoff flows onto, through and from the
site in stable drainage structures

Before large grading or clearing activities occur, install detention

facilities to use as containment, infiltration, or treatment.

Design drainages to account for both on- and off-site water sources
(divert or tight-line off-site sources of water where feasible).
Control discharges to protect downstream properties and waterways
from erosion by preventing increases in the volume, velocity, and
peak flow rate of stormwater leaving the site during construction.
Control peak flow and discharge rates to minimize erosion at outlets
and downstream channels or streambanks.

Minimize soil erosion by controlling stormwater volume and

velocity within the site. Maintain or encourage sheet flow wherever
feasible; use dispersion or energy dissipation BMPs to help prevent
concentrated flows from developing. If concentrated flows cannot be
prevented, such as in conveyance or outlet areas, ensure BMPs are
designed to minimize erosion. Use upland vegetated areas to
disperse and infiltrate stormwater wherever feasible.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Sediment Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Discharge.

5.6.2.4 Principles 3 & 6: Minimize the extent and duration of

disturbance & Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely
manner

Stabilize all exposed and unworked soils by applying erosion

control BMPs accordingly. Select erosion control BMPs based on
site-specific factors and the estimated duration of the needed
function (temporary stabilization until permanent stabilization will
occur).

When selecting erosion control BMPs, consider factors such as the

project location and time of year, and site conditions such as
climate, slope length and gradient, and soil type.

Some erosion control products like biodegradable erosion control

blankets and hydraulically-applied mulches come with a wide
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

variety of performance expectations, recommended uses, and

installation requirements.

Stockpiles and cut and fill slopes are especially vulnerable to

erosion when they become saturated. Locate stockpiles away from
storm drain inlets, waterways, and drainage channels wherever
feasible. Stabilize or protect all stockpiles and cut and fill slopes that
are not actively being worked. Plastic covering can create erosion
problems, the majority of which are related to installation errors.
Plastic is the only BMP that can prevent soil saturation (it prevents
infiltration). Preventing infiltration and soil saturation may be the
goal in some cases; however, expect large volumes and velocities of
clean water coming off the plastic. Unmanaged runoff from plastic
covering can quickly create erosion issues. Seed laying on soil is not
considered a soil stabilizing BMP; about a 70% vegetative cover
must be evident before the soil is considered adequately stabilized.
Consider using mulch with the seed to get the immediate soil
coverage.

Control stormwater volumes and velocity within the site to

minimize erosion. Whenever feasible, minimize the total amount of
open and actively worked soil at one time and the disturbance of
slopes during the wet season. Preserve topsoil whenever feasible,
and minimize soil compaction in areas that will be permanently
vegetated. Stabilize equipment staging, material storage, borrow
areas, and construction haul roads.

If the contractor feels that the area limitation for land disturbing
activities such as site clearance, grading and grubbing is too
restrictive, he shall update the LD-P2M2 document to incorporate a
larger area, as well as a plan and schedule for additional BMPs that
are necessary to manage increased erosion-related risks.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Scheduled Site Meeting; Temporary Stabilization; Stockpile Soil
Management; Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area);
Establishment of Environmental Performance Monitoring
Committee (EPMC) and Performance Monitoring Documentation.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

5.6.2.5 Principle 7: Protect steep slopes

Design, construct, and manage cut and fill slopes to minimize

erosion by the following:

 Select BMPs based on the soil type and potential for erosion.
 Reduce continuous length or gradient of slopes with terracing
or diversions.
 Add surface texture to slope to slow, disperse, or dissipate
flows (e.g., blanket, mulch, compost sock).
 Use top of slope BMPs to divert erosive flows away from the
slope, such as interceptor dikes, swales, stabilized channels, or
temporary pipe slope drains.
BMPs used to cover slopes, such as plastic covers, do not hold up to
concentrated flows, which is why other BMPs must be used to
prevent concentrated flows from developing or hitting slopes.
Manage overland flow or off-site water run-on to minimize erosion
on slopes. Ensure concentrated flows or drips coming off overhead
structures do not create erosion on slopes.

Place excavated material on the uphill side of trenches, consistent

with safety and space considerations.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Perimeter Control; Sediment Basin/Trap; Runoff Management;
Temporary Stabilization; Stockpile Soil Management; Spoil
Management Area (Disposal Area); Active Treatment System (ATS);
Discharge.

5.6.2.6 Principle 8: Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage

Sediment control BMPs are required to be in place before

construction starts in a contributing area, and maintained until
construction is complete and the contributing runoff area is fully
stabilized.

Use sediment control BMPs to detain, slow, or filter flows (provide

treatment) prior to a discharge to minimize the release of sediment
from project boundaries or to receiving surface waters.

Protect all potential discharge points with sediment control BMPs

during construction activities, and maintain them based on changing
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

site conditions, site inspection findings, visual monitoring, or

discharge sample quality.

For large land-disturbing projects with multiple discharge points,

provide more sediment control BMPs and regular maintenance of
those BMPs to ensure continued performance. Maintain sediment
control BMPs (remove sediment, enhance, or replace) more often if
erosion control BMPs are not installed or effective.

Silt fence can create erosion problems, the majority of which are
related to installation errors. Do not install silt fence in areas that
receive concentrated flows. Water filters through silt fence very
slowly—too slowly to treat concentrated flow. Concentrated flows
will overtop silt fence or collapse it altogether. Trench in silt fence
and install it on the contour of the slope or it will create concentrated
flow where there was none before.

Locate BMPs intended to trap sediment on-site. Provide and

maintain natural buffers around surface water and sensitive areas
wherever feasible. Direct turbid stormwater to upland vegetated
areas to maximize stormwater infiltration. Wherever feasible, design
pond outlet structures that will withdraw or discharge stormwater
from the surface of detained water, to avoid discharging sediment
that is suspended lower in the detained water column.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers; Perimeter
Control; Sediment Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Stockpile Soil
Management; Spoil Management Area (Disposal Area); Dewatering
practices; Active Treatment System (ATS); Discharge; Corrective
Actions; Site Inspections; Maintenance, Standards and
Specifications for P2M2s.

5.6.2.7 Principle 10: Provide access and general construction controls

Install stabilized construction access points before major land

clearing or grading operations take place. If a stabilized
construction entrance fails to prevent sediment track-out, a tire wash
may be necessary.

Wherever feasible:
 Limit access points to the fewest number possible, using only
one wherever feasible (or one entrance and one exit);
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Slope entrances or haul roads toward the site to prevent

discharges onto the roadway.

If sediment is tracked off-site, street sweeping is required at the end

of each day at a minimum, and more frequently if necessary to
prevent turbid discharges. However, sweeping does not remove fine
sediment particles from the roadway (sweepers that use water to
wash the roadway remove more sediment and prevent dust);
therefore, a rain event can still cause a turbid discharge. Source
control, preventing the track out in the first place, is always the goal.
Street sweeping or cleaning is not a substitute for a stabilized
construction entrance.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Stabilized Construction Entrance; Sediment
Basin/Trap; Temporary or permanent roadways.

5.6.2.8 Principle 10: Provide general construction controls

Use diversion, cover, containment, and other BMPs to minimize the

contamination of stormwater. Handle and dispose of pollutants,
including construction materials, waste materials, and demolition
debris, in a manner that does not cause contamination of drainage or
adjacent water bodies.

Concrete spillage and concrete wastewater are prohibited to

discharge to outside drainage. Handle and dispose of concrete waste
appropriately to prevent contamination. Collect concrete slurry
generated from cutting or grinding operations from the roadway on a
continual basis immediately behind the operations, and dispose of in
accordance with waste management plan.

Discharge tire wash wastewater to a separate on-site treatment

system that prevents discharge to surface waters, such as a closed-
loop recirculation system or upland application. Do not use upland
application if oil sheen or contaminated soils are present.

Outline methods for controlling nonhazardous sources of pollutants,

such as loose soils or turbid stormwater/groundwater, and
preventing high-pH discharges or other prohibited discharges.
Planned work activity may trigger the development of additional
plans to manage pollutant-generating work such as hydro-
demolition or shaft drilling.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Outline methods that will be used for controlling potentially

hazardous materials, such as cementitious materials, petroleum
products, and chemicals. Include strategies for cover, containment,
and protection from vandalism for all hazardous materials, as well as
secondary containment for on-site fueling tanks.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Schedule of Phasing, Staging and Sequencing;
Stream/drainage way/waterway/watercourse buffers; Sediment
Basin/Trap; Runoff Management; Temporary or permanent
watercourse diversion; Temporary or permanent watercourse
crossing; Temporary Stabilization; Dewatering practices Active
Treatment System (ATS); Discharge; Corrective Actions; Site
Inspections; Maintenance.

5.6.2.9 Principles 11 & 12: Inspect and maintain best management

practices and control measures, & Employ experienced and
competent personnel and consistently conduct relevant training

Engage suitably competent personnel (i.e. Environmental Officers)

to perform periodic (weekly, monthly, audit) site inspections of the
BMPs on-site, and maintain them based on site conditions, site
inspection findings, and discharge sample values.

Maintain BMPs as needed to ensure functional performance in

accordance with the LD-P2M2 Document. Keep records on-site to
document BMP implementation and maintenance in the site log
book.

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Corrective Actions; Site Inspections; Maintenance;
Standards and Specifications for P2M2s; Establishment of
Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC) and
Performance Monitoring Documentation.

5.6.2.10 Principle 12: Employ experienced and competent personnel and

consistently conduct relevant training

Manage the contract and apply the following actions on all projects:
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Phase the work. If the contractor finds the exposure limitation

too restrictive, they can submit a request to open a larger area,
including a plan and schedule for any additional BMPs that may
be necessary to manage the increased risks.
 Never allow the contractor to disturb more acreage than what
was permitted.
 Ensure sediment control BMPs are installed before construction
begins in an area, to provide treatment prior to discharge.
 Once construction begins, ensure the soil cover timelines are
being followed.
 Ensure weekly (and other) site inspections are being performed.
 Conduct weekly discharge sampling in accordance with
sampling plan and report data collected in the PMD.
 Maintain a site log book that contains records of the BMPs
installation.
 Keep the updated LD-P2M2 Document and plans in the site log
book or reasonably accessible to the site (an electronic copy is
allowed as long as it can be accessed on-site).

The related minimum standards requirements associated with the

above include: Corrective Actions; Site Inspections; Maintenance;
Standards and Specifications for P2M2s; Establishment of
Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC) and
Performance Monitoring Documentation.

5.7 PREPARING A LD-P2M2 DOCUMENT

5.7.1 General Guidelines for preparing a LD-P2M2 Document

“Appendix 3 - Guidance Document For Addressing Soil Erosion And Sediment

Control Aspects In The Environmental Impact Assessment” (from
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia) 2016

The requirements to address soil erosion and sediment control aspects are firstly
stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia 2016
in “Appendix 3 - Guidance Document For Addressing Soil Erosion And Sediment
Control Aspects In The Environmental Impact Assessment”, but also serve as
useful reference for preparing a LD-P2M2 Document.
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For easy reference, the requirements of ―Appendix 3‖ are reproduced below.

“REQUIREMENT TO ADDRESS SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT

CONTROL ASPECTS IN ALL EIA REPORTS

1. All Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports are required to

address the aspects of soil erosion and sediment control.

PURPOSE OF THE GUIDELINES

2. This Guideline is prepared to assist project proponents and

environmental consultants in addressing the aspects of soil erosion
and sediment control in the EIA reports. The information required as
specified in this Guidelines is additional to that required by the EIA
Guideline in Malaysia and EIA specific guidelines for different
sectors.

CONTENT OF RELEVANT CHAPTERS ADDRESSING SOIL

EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

3. Soil erosion and sediment control shall be discussed in the following

chapters in the EIA report.

3.1 Project Description

The project concept shall take into consideration the

following aspects amongst others: terrain, geology, natural
topography, hydrology and natural features. Specifically, the
following principles shall be adopted:-

a. Plan the development to fit the particular topography,

soils, drainage patterns, natural features and vegetation
of the sites, which is to be reflected in the layout plan.

b. Method statement that describes how the major

activities of the project that may cause erosion and
sedimentation are going to be undertaken. Taking into
consideration site conditions involved, the method
statement shall also incorporate appropriate phasing
(taking into account rainy seasons or monsoon period),
preservation of green areas and buffer zones.
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3.2 Project Options describe options for method statement

and layout plans and the reasons why a specific method
statement and layout plan has been chosen.

3.3 Description of the Existing Environment apart from the

information required as described in the EIA Guideline in
Malaysia, the following information shall be included:-

a. Geological terrain mapping (for development on

hills and highlands) in accordance with the
requirements of the Department of Minerals and
Geoscience (Manual Pemetaan Geologi Terain,
JMG 2006).

b. Erosion risk map.

c. Pre development conditions taking into

consideration the following factors:-

rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility

(K), topographic factor (LS), cover management
factor (C), erosion control practice factor (P),
volume of runoff (V) and peak flow (Q) for the
storm event in order to determine soil loss and
sediment yield using Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE) and Modified Universal Soil
Loss Equation (MUSLE).

All factors used in the USLE and MUSLE shall be

taken from local conditions and results from
studies conducted locally. R= rainfall erosivity
data, must be obtained from rainfall station nearest
to the project site based on average ten years
records.

C = cover management factor must be taken from

the published results of studies by the DID
Malaysia or other researchers, if unavailable. K=
soil erodibility data, must be obtained from results
from tests done for the specific site. Tests must be
conducted to obtain values for K (erodibility).
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3.4 Potential Significant Impacts

Apart from the information required as described in the

EIA Guideline, the information on R, K, LS, C, P, V,
and Q for the storm event shall be provided and used to
determine soil loss and sediment yield using Universal
Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Modified Universal
Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) for the following
scenarios:

a. During development/construction:
i. Without mitigating measures (worst case
scenario).
ii. With mitigating measures.

b. Post development conditions

The calculation to determine the soil loss (USLE)
and sediment yield (MUSLE) must be performed
according to the stages of construction and phases of
development. Mitigation measures shall be
instituted to ensure that the pre development’s flow
conditions at the site are maintained in the post
development stage.

The details of USLE and MUSLE calculations in

paragraphs 3.3c, 3.4a and 3.4b shall be included as an
appendix to the EIA report.

4 Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (P2M2)

4.1 Principles in Erosion and Sediment Control

To prevent erosion and control sediment, the following

primary principles shall be adopted:-

a. Integrate project design with site constraints.

b. Preserve and stabilize drainageways.
c. Minimize the extent and duration of
disturbance.
d. Control runoff flows onto, through, and from
the site in stable drainage structures.
e. Install perimeter controls.
f. Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a
timely manner.
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g. Protect steep slopes.

h. Use sediment controls to prevent off-site
damage.
i. Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and
culverts.
j. Provide access and general construction
controls.
k. Inspect and maintain control measures.
l. Employ experienced and competent
personnel.
m. Conduct training on environmental
requirements to relevant parties

In addition to the measures taken in conformity with the

above principles, erosion and sediment loss from the site
shall be effectively controlled by applying appropriate
P2M2.

4.2 Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures

The following information shall be provided:-

A site plan (which contains existing topographical and

hydrological features, and land use) to be superimposed
with site development plan (which illustrates the earthwork
activities) which depicts pollution prevention and
mitigating measures (P2M2) to be implemented on the site.
The P2M2 shall include both temporary and permanent
measures as described in paragraph 4.1. The drawings shall
be drawn to scale and the scale clearly indicated. Drawings
shall be legible with standard coding and submitted in A1
or A3 paper depending on the size of the project.

PROFESSIONAL TO PREPARE WRITE-UP ON SOIL EROSION

AND SEDIMENT CONTROL IN EIA REPORT

5. The write-up on soil erosion and sediment control as required by this

Guideline shall be undertaken by an environmental consultant who is
knowledgeable and experienced in the subject matter and holds a
certification as a professional in erosion and sediment control issued by
the Department of Environment.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROVISION OF FUND FOR SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT

CONTROL

6. Sufficient fund shall be made available for the implementation of P2M2

and their maintenance, including EMP preparation, auditing,
monitoring and emergencies. The commitment of the project proponent
on making the fund available for the above purposes shall be clearly
stated in the EIA report.‖

“Appendix 4 - Guidance Document For Addressing Soil Erosion And

Sediment Control Aspects In The Environmental Impact Assessment”
(from Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia)

In Appendix 4, a comprehensive list of requirements of information to be

furnished in a LD-P2M2 Document was provided in Chapter 8 of the
appendix. For ease of reference, this submission checklist is reproduced
below as extracted from Appendix 4:

LD-P2M2 SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Instructions

(i) All relevant items cited in Section 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4 checklist are
required to be identified, addressed, discussed, assessed, evaluated and
presented in the LD-P2M2 document according to appropriate chapters.

(ii) All relevant items cited in Section 8.3 and 8.4 checklist are required
to be illustrated or depicted in a minimum of three (3) sheets of plan or
map or drawing to be referred to as LD-P2M2 Plan which contains the
following:

(a) Map of site plan with the existing site conditions (pre-
development),
(b) Map of site development plan (during development) and
(c) Overlaid map of (a) and (b).

(iii) Maps shall be clear and legible where they may be provided with
more than one sheet to commensurate with the size and complexity of the
drainage areas as well as the terrain of the project site.

(iv) The LD-P2M2 document shall include a legal pledge by the Project
Proponent (PP) to comply with the Minimum Standards requirement of
P2M2s as outlined in Section 7 of this Guidelines (PP).
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ITEM PAGE MARK REMARKS

√ - Yes
X - No
NA - Non
Applicable
8.1 Project Activity and Implementation
(a) Phasing plan if relevant
(b) Project implementation schedule
(c) Description of the construction activity
(d) Construction schedule for each major
land disturbance complete with timeline or
chart for the installations of P2M2s
(e) Typical method statement for site
clearing, cut and fill, excavation of
foundation, drilling of borehole, in-stream
works and construction of temporary /
permanent stream / river crossing and
diversion that incorporate the significance
elements of pollution prevention and
mitigation measures.
(f) Estimated start date, completion date and
stabilization schedule for each major land-
disturbing activities or construction activities
phases, stages and sequences.
8.2. Information and Analysis on Project
Development
These information and analysis shall contain
the following:
(a) Weather and rainfall data.
(b) Site runoff velocity and flow rate, both
pre and during development
(c) Description of site soil characteristics:
i. Soil types
ii. Soil test erodibility
iii. Soil hydrologic group
iv. Dispersible fine clay: Percentage of
dispersible material
v. Anticipated excavation depth for the
proposed land disturbing activity
ITEM PAGE MARK REMARKS
√ - Yes
X - No
NA - Non
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Applicable
(e) List of streams and rivers identified on-
site. (Use coding for unnamed streams and
rivers).
(f) List of receiving streams and rivers. (Use
coding for unnamed streams and rivers).
(g) List of existing drainage identified on-
site.
(h) List of P2M2s proposed. Please also
make reference to P2M2s Description can be
accessed through: https://enviro.doe.gov.my
(i) Identify access roads and other
outsourced components (such as mobile
batching or premix plant) that are located
outside the proximity of the project
boundary.
(j) Earthworks cut and fill volume.
(k) Availability of rocks material.
(l) Biomass management.
(m) Solid (construction waste) and domestic
waste management.
(n) Spill Prevention and Control from fuel
and chemical use or storage.
(o) Hazardous Waste Management.
(p) Soil loss prediction using the Universal
Soil Loss Equation (USLE), sediment yield
calculation using Modified Universal Soil
Loss Equation (MUSLE) and runoff
estimation for pre, during and post
development accounted for both with and
without the implementation of LDP2M2s.
All of the data and parameters used in the
calculations shall be measured or rationally
determined, and identified. If secondary
sources are used, they shall be clearly
identified.

ITEM PAGE MARK REMARKS

√ - Yes
X - No
NA - Non
Applicable
8.3. Map of site plan with the existing site
conditions (pre-development).
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(I) Site map which refers to:

(a) Topography survey map showing:
i. Contours
ii. Elevation
iii. Slopes
(b) Geological Terrain Mapping (if relevant).
(c) Erosion risk map.
(d) Drainage pattern showing:
i. Delineation of watercourses.
ii. Delineation of natural drainage
depression.
iii. Flow path and direction for the different
drainage areas.
iv. Marks and labels of drainage area(s) or
drainage divides.
(II) Land use showing:
i. Trees.
ii. Vegetation area.
iii. Roads and infra-structures (inclusive of
drainage system).
iv. Buildings.
v. Utilities.
(III) Adjacent within 150 metres from
project site:
i. Watercourses (Flowing into or from site).
ii. Roads and infra-structures (inclusive of
drainage system).
iii. Buildings and utilities.
iv. Vegetation area.
(IV) Use map scale and size of:
i. 1:500 for area less than 20 hectares;
ii. 1: 1000 for area more than 20
hectares
iii. Size: A3 or A1.
ITEM PAGE MARK REMARKS
√ - Yes
X - No
NA - Non
Applicable
8.4. Map of site development plan
(a)Depict the existing contour and proposed
level.
(b) Indicate the total site area.
(c) Indicate the total disturbance area with
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line showing the area to be disturbed.

(d) Show the cut and fill area.
(e) Show the direction of the proposed
earthwork movement.
(f) Mark the limit of disturbance of each of
the phase construction.
(g) Identify and mark the temporary or
permanent stream or river crossing.
(h) Identify and mark the temporary or
permanent stream or river diversion.
(i) Identify and mark on-site temporary
access or construction or haul road
(j) Identify and mark site office area.
(k) Identify and mark stockpile areas.
(l) Identify and mark temporary preservation
of existing vegetation.
(m) Identify and mark permanent
preservation of existing vegetation.
(n) Identify and mark material staging area
or equipment storage area.
(o) Identify and mark workshop/maintenance
or engineering work area.
(p) Identify and mark generators set and/or
motorized equipment area.
(q) Identify and mark Vehicle and
Equipment Washing Facility.
(r)Identify and mark petroleum-based
material/refueling, chemicals and skid tank
area.
(s) Identify and mark schedule waste storage
area.
ITEM PAGE MARK REMARKS
√ - Yes
X - No
NA - Non
Applicable
(t) Identify and mark workers camp location.
(u) Identify and mark sanitary facilities
location.
(v) Identify and mark batching plant
location.
(w) Identify and mark concrete wash P2M2
location.
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(x) Identify and mark spoil (unsuitable

material) area or disposal area.
(y) Identify and mark borrow area.
(z) Identify and mark the location(s) of all
proposed P2M2s application.
(aa) Identify and mark all of the designated
point(s) of water discharge and also any
other potential point(s) of water discharge to
off-site drainage ways.
(bb) Provide the GPS location (WGS 84) of
the construction ingress/egress and all
designated point(s) of water discharge for
the site.
(cc)Use map scale and size of:
1:500 for area less than 20 hectares;
1: 1000 for area more than 20 hectares
Size: A3 or A1.

5.7.2 Writing a LD-P2M2 Report

Using the above guidelines as a whole, an example for preparing a LD-

P2M2 Document is presented below, and where information is not
available, it will be shown how this can be addressed in the Document.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

SAMPLE LD-P2M2 DOCUMENT OUTLINE

FOR A SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS EXTENSION

1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Background of Project

This project involves the development of an unused land adjacent to an existing sewage
treatment works (STW) named STW OLD located at 25 km north of Township A,
approximately 120 km southwest of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. The existing plant STW
OLD was previously constructed in the late 1970s and at that time, designed for a
population equivalent (PE) of 45,000. Due to the rapid expansion in the surrounding
areas of Township A due to numerous out-of-state investments into the electronic
manufacturing industry, the capacity of STW OLD has been surpassed for the last 2 years,
resulting in some untreated effluents being discharged from the treatment works. In this
regard, the government of Negeri Sembilan is anxious to expand the existing capacity of
STW OLD by doubling the design capacity from 45,000 PE to 90,000 PE. After a
feasibility study was undertaken in early 2016, it was concluded that this expansion is
feasible by building another sewage treatment works adjacent to STW OLD with its own
capacity of 45,000 PE. The proposed layout of the new STW is shown in Plate 1.

1.2 Scope of Project

The scope of this project is for the construction, testing and commissioning of the
following sewage treatment works elements:

 Screening chamber;
 Grit chamber;
 Distribution tank;
 Oxidation ditches;
 Blower house and control rooms;
 Clarifiers;
 Sludge pump houses;
 Sludge treatment building;
 Sludge thickening building;
 Administration building;
 Workshop;
 Electrical building;
 Disinfection building;
 Power receiving station/TNB substation; and
 Ancillary facilities such as roads, drainage, utilities, etc.
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

2 PROJECT ACTIVITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 Project Work Breakdown Structure

Based on the works to be provided by the scope of this project, the proposed WBS of the
project can be formulated as shown in Figure 1. In this figure, the proposed project
components, project activities, scope of work, and environmental method statements are
included.

For this STW example, the information adopted to respond to the factors of consideration
for the purposes of phasing the project is shown below:

Table 1 Consideration Factors for Phasing STW Project

Factors Description
Size of site  Overall project size: About 2 ha
Existing land use  Majority of site area covered by degraded/disturbed forest
 Land for the extension project adjacent to an existing STW
 Site is also close by to an existing railway line and Petronas
reserve
 On the south side of the plot, there is an existing swamp
area.
 No river or watercourse is found in the vicinity of the site
 No villages or commercial activities in the vicinity of the
site
Types of land  Site clearance for temporary/permanent roads & drainage,
disturbance treatment facilities and various buildings
activities  Site grading for temporary/permanent roads & drainage,
treatment facilities and various buildings
 Excavation for roads & drainage, treatment facilities and
various buildings foundations
 Dewatering
 Stockpile management
 Disposal area management
Topography  Generally uneven ground with the southeast portion of the
site on higher elevation.
 A section of the southwest part of the site is occupied by
swampy area.
Weather  Subject to the Southwest monsoon
Type of soil  Not known
Environmental  Existing site currently consists of degraded / disturbed
Sensitive areas forested areas.
 The areas to the north and northwest outside of the site
comprise more dense forests.
Practicality of  Temporary roads need to be created across the site area to
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

BMP installation install BMPs along the perimeter of the site.

Rate of  Not known
production
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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) EXTENSION AT STW OLD

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

ROADS/DRAINAGE WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES FACILITY BUILDINGS

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SITE CLEARING SITE GRADING ROADS/DRAINS SITE CLEARING / DEEP SUB-STRUCTURE SITE CLEARING / FOUNDATION SUPERSTRUCTURE
FORMATION LAND FORMATION EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTION LAND FORMATION EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTION

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake survey Undertake survey Identify flowpath Undertake survey Mark work zones Formwork Undertake survey Mark work zones Formwork
Mark site boundary Mark surface elevation Mark buffer zones Mark site boundary Mark storage zones Steelwork Mark site boundary Mark storage zones Steelwork
Identify interfaces Mark work/buffer zones Mark storage zones Identify interfaces Excavation works Concrete pour Identify interfaces Excavation works Concrete pour
Identify clearance extent Grading works Excavate trench Identify clearance extent Dewatering Identify clearance extent Dewatering
Clearing works Road/Drainage works Clearing / formation Export excavated soil Clearing / formation Export excavated soil

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

SITE CLEARANCE SITE GRADING DRAINAGE SITE CLEARANCE BOREHOLE DRILLING ELEVATED STRUCTURES SITE CLEARANCE EXCAVATION CONCRETING
A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify/mark perimeter controls A. Identify dewatering discharge location A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify dewatering discharge location A. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify dewatering discharge location A. Identify/mark perimeter controls
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify stockpile locations B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Mark BMPs on drawings: C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify stockpile locations
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify stockpile locations D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance - Perimeter drainage along site boundary D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Mark BMPs on drawings:
E. Identify stockpile locations E. Mark BMPs on drawings: E. Identify stockpile locations E. Identify stockpile locations E. Identify stockpile locations - Location of silt fences E. Identify stockpile locations E. Identify stockpile locations - Perimeter drainage along site boundary
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Perimeter drainage along site boundary F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate limits of works F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate sediment pond location
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Indicate stockpile location - Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Indicate limits of works
- Entrance controls for vehicles - Location of silt fences - Location of sediment pond location - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Location of silt fences - Mark temporary drainage - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Location of silt fences - Mark temporary drainage
- Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Location of silt fences - Location of sediment pond location - Indicate silt traps location - Location of silt fences - Location of sediment pond location - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
- Location of silt fences - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works D. Add Construction Notes - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works E. Add Construction Notes
- Indicate limits of works - Mark temporary drainage G. Add Construction Notes - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
- Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate silt traps/sediment ponds - Mark temporary drainage G. Add Construction Notes - Mark temporary drainage G. Add Construction Notes
- Mark temporary drainage F. Add Construction Notes - Indicate silt traps location - Indicate silt traps location
- Indicate silt traps location G. Add Construction Notes G. Add Construction Notes
G. Add Construction Notes

Figure 1: WBS for STW Extension

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

In view of the above consideration and considering the site is relatively small and
manageable, it can be proposed for the STW Extension project to be broken down into the
following phases, namely:

 Pre-development Phase: To provide and install all the necessary protection and
mitigation measures prior to commencement of Phase 1;

 Phase 1: To commence earthworks from the southeast portion of the site

where most of the work will involve cut the hilly side to resource fill materials
for forming the remaining of the lower grounds. Phase 1 will cover almost
half of the plot size;

 Phase 2: To construct the remaining half of the site which will involve mostly
fill work to form the final platform of the STW; and

 Phase 3: To construct the individual sewage treatment facility components.

2.2 Description of the construction activity

Based on the above project phasing, the potential land disturbing activities that can be
identified for the individual phases are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Identified Land Disturbing Activities

Land Disturbing Description
Activities
Pre-Development Prior to Phase 1 commencement
Minor site clearing Initial site clearance works but of lesser extent to be
provided to establish site entry point, as well as to form
temporary construction road accesses and drainage
Minor site grading Minor site grading to prepare works area for the temporary
construction roadworks
Minor excavation Localised excavation for installing hoarding
Phase 1
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided to remove existing
trees and vegetation from the project site.
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for roadworks, drainage,
land formation
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation
Dewatering & stabilization Filling up of swamp areas within site boundary.
of swamp
Earthworks Cut and fill of area within Phase 1
Stockpile & solid waste Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
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drainage works
Disposal area management Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil materials
Phase 2
Site clearing Site clearance works to be provided to remove existing
trees and vegetation from the project site.
Site grading Site grading to prepare works area for roadworks, drainage,
land formation
Excavation Excavation for permanent drainage and road foundation
Earthworks Cut and fill of area within Phase 2
Stockpile & solid waste Stockpiling of biomass from forest clearing works;
management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area management Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil materials
Disposal area management Disposal sites for excavated soil materials
Phase 3
Deep excavation Excavation of foundations, subsurface voids for water-
retaining structures, building basements, utility trenches
Dewatering Dewatering to excavated areas for subsurface works
Stockpile management Stockpiling of excavated soil materials;
Stockpiling of construction materials for the road &
drainage works
Disposal area management Disposal sites for the biomass and excavated soil materials

2.3 Description of the construction sequences

Based on the site conditions and on the requirements to control erosion and sediment
issues for this project, the proposed construction sequences of works are listed below.
The typical method statements for site clearing, cut and fill, excavation of foundation,
drilling of borehole, in-stream works and construction of temporary / permanent stream /
river crossing and diversion that incorporate the significance elements of pollution
prevention and mitigation measures are also found in the appendix.

Construction Sequencing for Pre-Development Phase, i.e., before commencement of

Phase 1 works:
1. Survey and identify project boundary and site limits.
2. Establish construction entrance control plus construction vehicles parking area.
3. Install hoarding around site boundary.
4. Survey and identify environmental sensitive receivers.
5. Mark environmental buffer zones.
6. Install sediment pond and/or traps, and silt fence.
7. Site clearing and grading for temporary roads and drainage.
8. Form temporary road and drainage.
9. Stabilize exposed roads with gravel.
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10. Install check dam for earth drains.

11. Construct interceptor/perimeter drains along site boudanry.
12. Construct sandbag barriers.

To describe the sequence for the Phase 1 works, it will be useful to first prepare another
WBS, dedicated for the Phase 1 works only, noting that a WBS has been done previously
but for the entire project. The breakdown of the various project components, project
activities, scope of work and environmental method statements is shown in Figure 2.
With the key components identified, 3 distinct sets of project sequence of works can now
be prepared as below:

Construction Sequencing for Phase 1 works – Activity 1: Backfill Swamp:

1. Survey to mark area to be backfilled.
2. Survey and mark areas for isolation.
3. Prepare dry area adjacent to swamp to facilitate parking of heavy equipment
near to water area. This is usually done by constructing a concrete platform to
support the equipment and machineries.
4. Survey and identify environmental sensitive receivers.
5. Protect water quality outside of hoarding area; install silt curtains and sediment
ponds.
6. Install sediment traps and silt fence if required.
7. Install sheet piles or similar structures for isolation of swamp area purposes.
8. Take water sampling upstream and downstream of sheet piles to establish
control water quality.
9. Backfill layer by layer of isolated area; DO NOT dump backfill materials all at
one go! Lay 300mm of material first; wait 1 hour, then lay the 2 nd 300mm
layer, and so on until reach final platform level.
10. Continue to monitor quality of water on the outside of sheet pile area.
11. When backfilling operation completed, sheet piles can be extracted out for
other uses.

Construction Sequencing for Phase 1 works – Activity 2: Cut/Fill Operations:

1. Survey and identify low point for areas to be cut, by predicting how runoff will
occur once cutting operations start.
2. Construct runoff conveyance systems to capture findings of item 1 above,
provided with check dams or rocklined or other measures to minimize erosion
and to reduce runoff velocities.
3. Install silt fences.
4. Install sediment ponds and/or traps.
5. Identify and protect environmental sensitive receivers, including marking
environmental buffer zones.
6. Identify and mark temporary stockpile areas.
7. Commence cut operation.
8. Stockpile cut materials at designated locations.
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9. Fill up and grade areas to be raised.

10. Stabilize exposed areas with erosion protection materials.
11. Repeat items 2,3,4,5 and 6 as the cutting works progress to upgrade or revise
or replace BMPs accordingly.
12. Once Phase 1 earthworks completed, remove those BMPs that are not needed
any longer.

Construction Sequencing for Phase 1 works – Activity 3: Road & Drainage:

1. Upon completion of earthworks activities and land formation is completed,
survey and mark roadwork and drainage works limits.
2. Identify and mark temporary stockpile areas.
3. Identify and mark temporary dewatering discharge areas.
4. Construct runoff conveyance systems to capture potential runoff from road and
drainage works.
5. Install silt fences, sediment ponds and/or traps.
6. Commence excavation for drainage and road.
7. Stockpile excavated materials at designated locations.
8. Stabilize exposed areas with erosion protection materials.
9. Lay road and drainage works.
10. Once road and drainage works completed, remove those BMPs that are not
needed any longer.

To describe the sequence for the Phase 2 works, another WBS will prepared namely for
the Phase 2 works only, and based on the various project components, project activities,
scope of work and environmental method statements as shown in Figure 3, the sequence
of works can then be prepared. This is similar also to the last phase, Phase 3 of the
project.

Construction Sequencing for Phase 2 works – Activity 1: Cut/Fill Operations:

1. Survey and identify low point for areas to be cut, by predicting how runoff will
occur once cutting operations start.
2. Construct runoff conveyance systems to capture findings of item 1 above,
provided with check dams or rocklined or other measures to minimize erosion
and to reduce runoff velocities.
3. Install silt fences.
4. Install sediment ponds and/or traps.
5. Identify and protect environmental sensitive receivers, including marking
environmental buffer zones.
6. Identify and mark temporary stockpile areas.
7. Commence cut operation.
8. Stockpile cut materials at designated locations.
9. Fill up and grade areas to be raised.
10. Stabilize exposed areas with erosion protection materials.
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11. Repeat items 2,3,4,5 and 6 as the cutting works progress to upgrade or revise
or replace BMPs accordingly.
12. Once Phase 1 earthworks completed, remove those BMPs that are not needed
any longer.

Construction Sequencing for Phase 2 works – Activity 2: Road & Drainage:

1. Upon completion of earthworks activities and land formation is completed,
survey and mark roadwork and drainage works limits.
2. Identify and mark temporary stockpile areas.
3. Identify and mark temporary dewatering discharge areas.
4. Construct runoff conveyance systems to capture potential runoff from road and
drainage works.
5. Install silt fences, sediment ponds and/or traps.
6. Commence excavation for drainage and road.
7. Stockpile excavated materials at designated locations.
8. Stabilize exposed areas with erosion protection materials.
9. Lay road and drainage works.
10. Once road and drainage works completed, remove those BMPs that are not
needed any longer.
 5-50
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) EXTENSION AT STW OLD

COMPONENTS OF PHASE 1

BACKFILL SWAMP EARTHWORKS ROADS & DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

ISOLATION DEWATERING BACKFILLING CUTTING FILLING ROAD&DRAINAGE FORMATION

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake survey Identify location for discharge Identify stockpile Undertake survey Undertake survey Mark work zones & limits
Mark work limits Dewater confined area Bacfilling Mark works limits/cut extent Mark works limits Mark storage & buffer zones
Install silt curtains Cutting works Loading/unloading Excavation for drainage/road foundations
Install sheetpiles Stockpile earth materials Filling & land formation Lay road/drainage materials

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

ISOLATION DEWATERING BACKFILLING CUTTING FILLING ROAD&DRAINAGE FORMATION

A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify/mark perimeter controls A. Identify stockpile locations A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify stockpile locations A. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify discharge location C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Mark BMPs on drawings: D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify dewatering discharge location
E. Identify stockpile locations - Location of discharge points E. Mark BMPs on drawings: E. Identify stockpile locations E. Identify dewatering discharge location E. Identify stockpile locations
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Location of silt curtains - Boundary for environmental buffer zones F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings:
- Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Indicate silt traps/sediment ponds - Indicate limits of works - Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for environmental buffer zones
- Location of silt fences & silt curtains E. Add Construction Notes F. Add Construction Notes - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences
- Indicate limits of works - Location of silt fences - Location of sediment pond location - Location of sediment pond location
- Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works
G. Add Construction Notes - Indicate dewatering discharge locations - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
- Mark temporary drainage G. Add Construction Notes G. Add Construction Notes
- Indicate silt traps / pond location
G. Add Construction Notes

Figure 2: WBS for STW Extension – Phase 1 Works

 5-51
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

PROJECT TITLE: PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (STW) EXTENSION AT STW OLD

COMPONENTS OF PHASE 2

EARTHWORKS ROADS & DRAINAGE

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

CUTTING FILLING ROAD&DRAINAGE FORMATION

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work

Undertake survey Undertake survey Mark work zones & limits
Mark works limits/cut extent Mark works limits Mark storage & buffer zones
Cutting works Loading/unloading Excavation for drainage/road foundations
Stockpile earth materials Filling & land formation Lay road/drainage materials

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

CUTTING FILLING ROAD&DRAINAGE FORMATION

A. Identify sensitive receivers A. Identify stockpile locations A. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify dewatering discharge location
E. Identify stockpile locations E. Identify dewatering discharge location E. Identify stockpile locations
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings: F. Mark BMPs on drawings:
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Boundary for environmental buffer zones
- Boundary for environmental buffer zones - Location of silt fences - Location of silt fences
- Location of silt fences - Location of sediment pond location - Location of sediment pond location
- Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate dewatering discharge locations - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
- Mark temporary drainage G. Add Construction Notes G. Add Construction Notes
- Indicate silt traps / pond location
G. Add Construction Notes

Figure 3: WBS for STW Extension – Phase 2 Works

 5-52
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

COMPONENTS OF PHASE 3

SUBSURFACE WORK SUPERSTRUCTURES WORKS

PROJECT ACTIVITIES PROJECT ACTIVITIES

EXCAVATION SUBSTRUCTURES WORKS BACKFILLING EXCAVATION SUPERSTRUCTURES WORKS

Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work Scope of work
Undertake survey Identify location for discharge Identify stockpile areas Undertake survey Mark works limits
Mark works limits/cut extent Formwork Bacfilling Mark works limits/cut extent Formwork
Cutting works Steelwork Cutting works Steelwork
Stockpile earth materials Concrete pour Stockpile earth materials Concrete pour

ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD STATEMENTS

ISOLATION DEWATERING BACKFILLING CUTTING FILLING

A. Identify/mark perimeter controls A. Identify/mark perimeter controls A. Identify stockpile locations A. Identify/mark perimeter controls A. Identify/mark perimeter controls
B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify/mark perimeter controls B. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance
C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify stockpile locations C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify/mark environmental buffer zones C. Identify stockpile locations
D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Mark BMPs on drawings: D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Identify limits of works, 100m clearance D. Mark BMPs on drawings:
E. Identify stockpile locations - Perimeter drainage along site boundary E. Mark BMPs on drawings: E. Identify stockpile locations - Perimeter drainage along site boundary
F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate sediment pond location - Boundary for environmental buffer zones F. Mark BMPs on drawings: - Indicate sediment pond location
- Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Indicate limits of works - Indicate limits of works - Perimeter drainage along site boundary - Indicate limits of works
- Indicate dewatering discharge locations - Mark temporary drainage F. Add Construction Notes - Indicate dewatering discharge locations - Mark temporary drainage
- Indicate silt traps/sediment ponds - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls - Indicate silt traps/sediment ponds - Indicate type/extent of erosion controls
- Indicate other type of erosion controls E. Add Construction Notes - Indicate other type of erosion controls E. Add Construction Notes
G. Add Construction Notes G. Add Construction Notes

Figure 4: WBS for STW Extension – Phase 3 Works

 5-53
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

3 INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS ON PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Available Data for Analysis

Table 3 below summarizes the key information needed for the analysis of LD-P2M2,
whilst the detailed information in included in Appendix A.

Table 3: Summary of Key Information

Information Criteria Description
(a) Weather and rainfall See Appendix G
data.
(b) Site runoff velocity and See Appendix G
flow rate, both pre and
during development
(c) Description of site soil See Appendix G
characteristics:
i. Soil types
ii. Soil test erodibility
iii. Soil hydrologic group
iv. Dispersible fine clay:
Percentage of dispersible
material
v. Anticipated excavation
depth for the proposed
land disturbing activity
(d) Description of adjacent - The site currently sits on a portion of a swamp at the
areas, such as streams, southwest portion of the project site.
lakes, residential areas, - The allocated site is immediately adjacent to the existing
and roads that might be sewage treatment works, called STW OLD.
affected by the land - Areas to the north and west of the project site are largely
disturbance. undisturbed forest.
- To the south of the project site is a Petronas’ reserve and
also a railway track.
(e) List of streams and No streams or rivers are found to be sited within or near the
rivers identified on-site. project site.
(Use coding for unnamed
streams and rivers).
(f) List of receiving No streams or rivers are found to be sited within or near the
streams and rivers. (Use project site.
coding for unnamed
streams and rivers).
(g) List of existing No existing drainage is found to be on the project site.
drainage identified on-site.
 5-54
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

(h) List of P2M2s P2M2s related to the principles in erosion and sediment
proposed. Please also control have been proposed for this STW Extension
make reference to P2M2s project, with brief descriptions provided below:
Description can bea. Integrate project design with site constraints:
accessed through:Project phasing has been planned based on the topography
https://enviro.doe.gov.my of the project site, and the need to achieve equal cut and fill
volumes. Based on various considerations, the works will
be phased into Phase 1 and Phase 2, as shown in the
attached Drawings.
b. Preserve and stabilize drainageways: Drainage
within the project site will be lined to minimize erosion of
their banks.
c. Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance:
Exposed ground surfaces will be covered by stabilization
materials such as by hydroseeding or gravel if surfaces will
be left open for more than 14 days.
d. Control runoff flows onto, through, and from the
site in stable drainage structures: Various drainage
structures are being proposed to convey potential runoffs.
e. Install perimeter control: Perimeter controls are
provided to control both surface runoff from outside the
site to enter the project site, and prevent runoff from
project site to discharge to outside the site.
f. Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely
manner: Stabilization provided to areas being disturbed to
minimize erosion potentials.
g. Protect steep slopes: Runoff and sediment controls
provided to cater for construction runoffs.
h. Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage:
Sediment ponds, silt traps and silt fences provided to
control sediment.
i. Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts:
Provided.
j. Provide access and general construction controls:
One of the first controls that shall be provided.
(i) Identify access There is currently an access road that ends at the boundary
roads and other of the project site, previously constructed as part of the
outsourced asset of the existing STW OLD.
components
(such as mobile No other outsourced components such as mobile batching
batching or or premix plant will be used.
premix plant)
that are located
 5-55
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

outside the
proximity of
the project
boundary.

(j) Earthworks cut and fill Estimated cut volume = 70653.95000 m3

volume. Estimated fill volume = 70653.95000 m3
(k) Availability of rocks Limited to none.
material.
(l) Biomass management. Vegetation and trees covering about 1.5ha of the project
site will be cleared and felled. Stockpiling areas will be
provided, sited strategically throughout the site. Some of
the biomass will be used as BMPs such as brush barriers,
or as other erosion controls. Those that are not useful will
be disposed off site.
(m) Solid (construction Dedicated stockpile areas and solid wastes management
waste) and domestic waste areas will be provided on the east portion of the site, with
management. satellite secondary containment systems near to work areas.
(n) Spill Prevention and A dedicated central liquid waste and scheduled waste
Control from fuel and storage area will be provided at the east portion of the
chemical use or storage. project site, with satellite secondary containment systems
near to work areas.
(o) Hazardous Waste No hazardous waste materials will be used.
Management.
(p) Soil loss prediction See Appendix G
using the Universal Soil
Loss Equation (USLE),
sediment yield calculation
using Modified Universal
Soil Loss Equation
(MUSLE) and runoff
estimation for pre, during
and post development
accounted for both with
and without the
implementation of
LDP2M2s. All of the data
and parameters used in the
calculations shall be
measured or rationally
determined, and identified.
If secondary sources are
 5-56
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

used, they shall be clearly

identified.
(q) Calculation of See Appendix G
proposed sediment
trap/basin based on
drainage area disturbed
and projected runoff flow
direction from each
disturbed land segment
that will drain into the
proposed sediment
trap/basin.

4 MAPS AND DRAWINGS

4.1 Maps and Drawings

Appropriately scaled drawings to indicate the proposed BMPs works are attached
herein.
CONSTURCTI
ON
SCHEDULE
 PROPOSED PHASE OF

1 : 1000
PROJECT SEWAGE TREATMENT WORK EXTENSION

CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES

30.982

DI PERIKSA
36

30.982

SKALA
SKALA 1 : 1000

SPOT HEIGHT
N

PROJECT ROW

BOUNDARY

EXISTING
CONTOUR
FOREST

SWAMP
Phase 1

Phase 2
ENGINEER SIGNATURE :
OWNER SIGNATURE :

001
PROJECT TITLE :

SUB - TITLE :

22084
LEGEND :

NO. LUKISAN
DI LUKIS
TARIKH
SUMP
E -1600

44.353 42.725
32

32.498
BERM

35.312 34 35.073
WORK

42.817 47.831 30.512

E -1300

E -1200

43.515 41.724IL 45.359 39.983

40

32.366 35.520 29.261

45.268 40.259
SUMP

45.221 48.510 40.144 35.411

S.B*

44.371 30.286
EP

43.820 39.940 28.765

E -1400

28.884IL 30.623
45.416 28.874 35.211
43.512 45.251IL 46.703 30.037
43.323 35.387
47.856 50.185 40.118 45.180 45.339 29.275 30.821
43.514 45.442 45.194 42.277 30.885
40.360 34.253
EP

45.239 40.338 44.045 32.022

45.422 47.081
43.516 51.425 50.660 44.952 35.646
39.842 43.269 38.890 36.052
43.511 48.943 48.280 36.191
45.165IL 48.942 48.013 40.233 29.580 30.982
48.959 41.909 35.560
MH

45.434 45.274 44.968 32.999 34.476

43.498 45.273 44.683 43.680 50.428 39.881
39.387 36.149 30.908
44.377 43.706 47.518 38.579
44.691
45.465 44.894 44.743 43.636 38.890 37.805
44.548 43.189IL 32.106 30.572 29.325
N -9000
43.512 44.840IL 43.628 50.109 48.023 40.164
40.164 40.700
40.173 30.312 30.403 2m 31.367 33.732
44.458IL 46.923 37.735 29.604 30.485 29.066 NG 34.702
45.433 45.453 48.489 48.815 48.079 39.758 39.604 35.274 29.000IL
45.274 48.636 49.548 48.118 46.835 39.681 37.244 35.892 36.019
A K
EP

43.483 43.502 44.395 45.440 50.387 42.371 36.968 NG

E -1100

45.018IL 42.367 37.096

36.752 31.709 LO
42.330 39.828 31.777
45.384 50.365 41.676IL 43.049 37.409 31.605
S.B*

43.506 45.478 51.081 42.264 46.820 39.603 37.287

51.157 34.208
HEAD WALL

39.646 40.027
m 45.438
0.5 34.329 37.235
EXISTING

45.377 29.765
FENCING

51.165 46.567 NG 39.760 39.618 34.360

44.919IL 48.553 46.560 KA 36.403
45.010 30.465
NG 29.859 31.396 37.599
43.511 40.856 44.750 33.079 29.495IL 36.116
51.214 LO 40.964 44.608 39.403 33.520 34.114
50.129 30.469
40.042 39.291
I

43.513 40.042IL
AK

51.045 39.740
35

40.828
MH

45.293 51.159 51.032 40.030 39.700 30.720 30.304

51.411 40.083IL 39.656 36.472
EP

NK

44.381 44.721IL 39.765 36.986 35.709

45.429 45.469 46.449 51.349 40.719 40.842 39.489
51.336 51.358 40.433 34.313
LA

43.510 41.077 40.082

SUMP
MH

43.498 51.422 51.516 45.027

50.267 39.674 39.998
39.998IL
A

50.885 51.326 44.936 38.909 39.972 34.860 37.574

EJ
ATAS KONKRIT

50.344 47.680 39.410 32.202

44.803IL 50.548 39.867 30.503
P

29.200IL 31.376
A.L=36.403m

48.486 34.073 29.250CULV

N -9028.807
E -1178.908

38.557
AN
TBM 2

45.304 30.473
43.485 38.493 36.556 30.396 40.715
EP
48

50.514 32.374
LU

42.924
SUMP

50.645 39.042
MH

43.488 39.309 34.359 37.770

LA

43.489 43.508 50.909 46.522 46.084 36.285 31.382

48.084 46.086
45.850 35.982
45.739 46.761 35.760
S.B*

50.529 31.258
36.050 40.564
35.858 34.428 34.899
MH

44.776IL 46.078 45.318

S.B*

43.488 50.385 36.304

48.548IL 46.246 42.611 39.341
45.943 41.095 39.820 39.322
45.316
45.314 39.761
50.302
38
44.223 45.851 39.802
45.328 45.535 38.197
50.247 40.791 39.194 37.360
43.490 43.497 45.365 40.359 38.943
50.330 45.919 MH
42.578 39.935
33.828 37.359
36

37.673
50

36.557 29.933 43.250

43.486 31.473
29.395
45.531 42.685
39.324 39.234 42.289
45.085 39.757
ARAS AIR =44.857m 43.509 37.566 39.767
50.155 39.670
PADA 2.38pm 44.776CULV 33.268 39.188 39.468
36.954 38.487 40.627
04/08/2001 50.211
43.482 32.007 32.043 32.063
45.379 44.458
43.491 45.305 45.699 32.518 37.703 an
45.330 29.640
45.242 mb 40.997
44.262 33.459 31.281 33.365 re
43.356 Se 45.805
33.402 ri
44

S.B*

44.889 37.902 Da
32.675
48
43.458 42.397
50.312 32.662
43.843 39.333
50.236 39.423
30.702 39.958
43.189 45.704 30.306
31.262IL KI 39.585
36.592 KA
34
43.605 N 36.370
LA 36.986
42.921 45.313 34.103 32.988 JA 35.810
45.265 44.117 41.281 37.975 35.241 34.122 PE
44.262
31.157 AN 46.530
40.254
PAYA

43.109 42.982 44.731IL LU 40.409

LA 40.079
39.898 40.085 40.079
LONGKANG 0.4m

50
50.295 40.525 30.527 38.863 40.660 42.342
35.564 41.510
37.335 39.785
45.627 39.058 40.091
43.089 42.911 50.266 43.497 33.936
45.556 30.298
30.974IL 31.392 33.380 39.123 42.012
44.701 31.156
43.099 38.447 36.763
44.337 ARAS AIR =31.192m 35.510 45.058 46.901
SUMP

45.218 40.172
42.998 PADA 8.25am 46.830
45.253 39.844
Phase1

39.986 05/08/2001 41.886 40.095

44.279 44.919IL 41.743 32.370
44.214 44.320 44.337 33.429 40.030
45.191 45.265 45.246 45.224 40.673 32.220 39.900
45.246 45.408IL 45.321 45.239 50.362 45.665 42.294 31.728 38.086
MH

46
45.708

44
45.239 45.254 45.236 45.386 42.947 31.206
45.149 44.493IL 40.596 44.285 30.921IL
44.603 45.133 45.143 45.371 33.722
44.586 36.080 41.271
MH

44.540
MH

45.195 45.264
SUMP

32.310
40

40.780 44.688 45.390

45.164 45.216 48.135
44.579 45.873
40.790 46.008
37.957 31.443 31.687
43.044IL 30.384
31.252IL
42

33.982 31.272
35.502 38.626
45.576IL
45.743 38.433 35.738 32.686 32.162
40.767 40.779 45.550
32.282 44.628
40.819 39.335
32.479 31.692 AS 40.489
40.781 ARAS AIR =42.267m 31.633 39.112
PADA 11.15am 45.367 31.331 31.239 31.704
R E G
37.358 34.156

VE
04/08/2001
S LIN AS
40.776 32.794
45.52450.004

ER
44.070
AI E N
45.230 45.433 42.719
H PIP RO

ES
40.761 44.665 31.298 PONDOK 32.729
33.144 33.103 31.462
36

32.903

T
32.767
PE
50.210 31.692 35.844
45.498 36.754

N
40.791 34.611 31.329
45.352IL 32.648
KOLAM OKSIDASI

40.775 40.780
33.091 45.565
40.789 38.737

C
37.581

2
31.271
31.611
40.788 34.780 34.390
33.695 33.426
37.214
EXIST.

31.959
38.187 34.438 38
33.531
40.799 44.882IL 45.393 38.517
45.374 50.199 44.480IL 31.674 39.922
45.130

21936
40.816 44.601 45.279 45.312 40.480 33.592 32.422 35.468
40.796 45.426 39.128
SUMP

34.903 33.926 37.370

37.673 N -9300

42
40.808 50.041 32.994 35.562
32.664

40
36.832 37.770
34.188
40.804
40.795 44.627 45.346IL 32.637
40.8009 45.161 32.149 31.868
45.349 50.176 45.409 36.075
44.574
45.222 35.139 35.589
44.639 44.579 44.683 45.352
45.171 38.756 32.221
34

45.268 45.260 45.266 45.155 45.423 40.357 34.594

S.B*
45.195
45.185 37.042
45.049IL 45.271 45.027IL 44.800IL
37.851 38.464
34
35.842
MH

50.084 50.190 32.278

46.672 50.256
47.868
MH

3819

50.256 50.141

36
33.565
45.699
45.205IL
47.321
45.268
44.882
38

45.000 36.254
43.289 40.000
35.420 34.103
41.100 40.772 36.179 34.739
41.469 38.743 34.876
43.016 38.606
33.140
40.377 40.030 40.247 41.740
6257

32.450
34.277 32.283
43.440 33.558 41.017
41.775 32.669
32.544 34.752
38.043 36.410
39.876

3
36.071

08
34.549

S.B*
22
41.446
43.035 42.383
35.465
40.369 38.846
34.602 N -9400
36.949 35.703 33.622 41.963
35.511
35.047
33.087 44.227 42.584
33.920
35.969
44

33.184 39.777

46
38.007
45.684
43.180 40.308 36.075 33.138
39.404
35.254 34.052
38.628 44.216
36.965 44.696
33.439
43.345
33.549
Phase 2

35.460 38.897 42.833

44
47.056

42
43.121
41.987 36.348
52.793
44.275 39.537
34.749
36.767 43.494 47.586

6256
36.690 34.276 41.053 45.021
48.260
43.500
37.105
34.599 38
53.004 43.522
48.335 41.515
49.989

S.B*
50.384 45.111
48
46.466
6260

53.775
36.796 44.714 43.107
33.397
40" 23' 90°
53.416 144.277
49.489
40

45.325 46
52

36.423 49.055
42

S.B*
35.262 49.353
34.453

40
43.765 54.957

N KAKI
50.829
47.370 39.524 53.084 45.324
39.122
50

PEJALA
53.684 51.476
52.638 51.814

58
50.339
50.340
43.137
36.192 39.816
50.968 52

LALUAN
36.750 34.013 53.338 48.522
51.065
55.826
35.367 40.333 51.427
40.201
47.573
51.088 54.379
52.436

S.B*
56
52.257
44.108 60.985
52.924 36.314
36.687
35.804
6261

51.061 54

36
42.274 53.636
52.102 41.808
40.494 36.367 37.680

S.B*
45.480

48
35.597
36.117 38.155
45.374 33.262 61.475
46.329
39.303
38.688 N -9600

50
46.595 37.494 40.885
39.038
44
40.019
42.268 41.752 47.739
36.675 40.897 56

21935
34.371 39.728 61.520

6262
36.704 41.303
39.224 36.670
47.381 57.736
37.470

60
34.859 36.297
44.684 38 45.705
52.781

3966
40.342 38.416
41.580
45.144

58
34.955 38.150
36.426
40
E -1600

35.369 48.425
63.137

56
44.226 41.425 42

6263
62.289
36.152
47.946
60.732
36.719
48 59.811
59.514
6265

43.110 44.406
43.532 51.040

52
39.173 50 49.726
44
56
 TEMPORARY SAND BAG BARRIER
PRE - CONSTRUCTION

STABILISED ENTRANCE/EXIT
ROCK OUTLET PROTECTION

TEMPORARY EARTHDRAIN
SILT TRAP WITH BAFFLES

1 : 1000
PROJECT SEWAGE TREATMENT WORK EXTENSION
The details of construction work for pre

LEGEND AND SEQUENCE CONSTRUCTION :

CHECK DAM
development phase can be refer to

DI PERIKSA
TROUGH
RIP RAP

WASH

SKALA
SKALA 1 : 1000

construction sequence notes.

N

ENGINEER SIGNATURE :

30.982
OWNER SIGNATURE :

X
30.982

002
X
PROJECT TITLE :

HOARDING
SPOT HEIGHT

PHASE 2 WORK
PHASE 1 WORK
BOUNDARY

PROJECT ROW

CUT OFF DRAIN

CONTOUR

PROJECT

BOUNDARY
SUB - TITLE :

EXISTING
SWAMP

CURTAIN
BERM

WORK

FENCE

NO. LUKISAN
SILT

SILT

DI LUKIS
TARIKH

48.013 40.233 35.560

48.959 41.909
MH

45.434 45.274 44.968 32.999 34.476

45.273 44.683 43.680 50.428 39.881
39.387 36.149 30.908
44.377 43.706 47.518 38.579
44.691
45.465 44.894 44.743 43.636 38.890 37.805
44.548 43.189IL 32.106 30.572 29.325
N -9000
43.512 44.840IL 43.628 50.109 48.023 40.164
40.164 40.700
40.173 30.312 30.403 2m 31.367 33.732
44.458IL 46.923 37.735 29.604 30.485 29.066 NG 34.702
45.433 45.453 48.489 48.815 48.079 39.758 39.604 35.274 29.000IL
45.274 48.636 49.548 48.118 46.835 39.681 37.244 35.892 36.019 A K
EP

43.502 44.395 45.440 50.387 42.371 36.968 NG

E -1100

45.018IL 42.367 37.096

36.752 31.709 LO
42.330 39.828 31.777
45.384 50.365 41.676IL 43.049 37.409 31.605
S.B*

43.506 45.478 51.081 42.264 46.820 39.603 37.287

51.157 34.208
HEAD WALL

39.646 40.027
m
0.5 45.438 34.329 37.235
EXISTING

45.377 29.765
FENCING

51.165 46.567 NG 39.760 34.360

44.919IL 39.618 36.403 37.415
48.553 46.560 GK
A
45.010 30.465
29.859 31.396 37.599
43.511 N 40.856 44.750 33.079 29.495IL 36.116
51.214 LO 40.964 44.608 39.403 33.520 34.114
50.129 30.469
40.042 39.291
I

43.513 40.042IL
AK

51.045 39.740
35
MH

45.293 51.159 51.032 40.828 40.030 39.700 30.720 30.304

40.083IL 36.472
NK

39.656
EP

44.381 44.721IL 51.411 39.765 36.986 35.709

45.429 45.469 46.449 51.349 40.719 40.842 39.489
51.336 51.358 40.433
LA

41.077 34.313
SUMP

40.082
MH

43.498 51.422 51.516 45.027

50.267 39.674 39.998
39.998IL
JA

50.885 51.326 44.936 38.909 39.972 34.860 37.574

ATAS KONKRIT

50.344 39.410 32.202

PE

44.803IL 47.680 39.867 30.503

50.548 29.200IL 31.376
A.L=36.403m

H 48.486 H H 34.073 29.250CULV

N -9028.807
E -1178.908

38.557
AN
TBM 2

45.304 30.473
43.485 38.493 36.556 30.396 40.715
EP
48

50.514 32.374
LU

42.924
39.042
SUMP

50.645 43.488
MH

39.309 34.359
LA

43.489 43.508 50.909 46.522 46.084 36.285 31.382 37.770

48.084 46.086
45.850 35.982
45.739 46.761 35.760
S.B*

50.529 31.258
36.050 40.564
35.858 34.428 34.899
MH

44.776IL 45.318
S.B*

43.488 50.385 46.078 36.304

48.548IL 46.246 42.611 39.341
45.943 41.095 39.820 39.322
45.316 50.302
45.314 39.761
38
44.223 45.851 39.802
45.328 45.535 38.197 39.194
50.247 40.791 37.360 45.407
43.490 43.497 45.365 40.359 38.943
50.330 45.919 MH
42.578 39.935
33.828 37.359
36

37.673
50

36.557 29.933 43.250

43.486 31.473
H

29.395
45.531 42.685
39.324 39.234 42.289
45.085 39.757 N -9100
ARAS AIR =44.857m 43.509 37.566 39.767
50.155 39.670
PADA 2.38pm 44.776CULV 33.268 39.188 38.487 39.468
36.954 40.627
04/08/2001 50.211
43.482 32.007 32.043 32.063
45.379 44.458
37.703
45.305 45.699
h 32.518 an
oug
45.330 29.640 X X
X
mb
45.242
r X X
sh T
40.997
43.356 44.262 33.459 31.281 X
33.365 ere 45.805
Wa 33.402 ri S
X
44

X
S.B*

44.889 37.902 Da
32.675
48
X
X

43.458 42.397
50.312 X
43.843 39.333
50.236 39.423
X

30.702 39.958
43.189 45.704 30.306
31.262IL KI 39.585
X

36.592
X

KA
34
ap

43.605 N 36.370
CD

LA 36.986
42.921 45.313 34.103 JA 35.810
X

32.988
Tr

35.241
X

45.265 44.117 41.281 37.975 34.122 PE

44.262
in

31.157 AN 46.530
lt

PAYA

LU 40.254
X
Si

rta

43.109 42.982 44.731IL LA 40.409

40.079
39.898 40.085 40.079
LONGKANG 0.4m

Cu

50
40.525 30.527 42.342
X

50.295 38.863 40.660 41.510

35.564
X

37.335 39.785
lt

45.627 39.058 40.091

42.911 50.266 43.497
X

Si

33.936
45.556 30.298
30.974IL 31.392 33.380 39.123 42.012
X

44.701 31.156
X

33.549 36.763
43.099 38.447
44.337 ARAS AIR =31.192m 35.510 45.058 46.901
SUMP

45.218 40.172
42.998 PADA 8.25am 46.830
45.253 39.986 39.844 48.077
32.370 05/08/2001 41.886 40.095
44.279 44.919IL
X

44.320 44.337 41.743 33.429 40.030

45.265 45.246 45.224 40.673 32.220 39.900
45.408IL 45.321 45.239 50.362 45.665 42.294 31.728 N -9200
X

38.086
MH

46
45.708
44.493IL 45.254
40.596
45.236
44.285
45.386
45.371
42.947 31.206
30.921IL
44
45.133 45.143 33.722
44.586 36.080 41.271
MH

44.540
MH

45.195 45.264
X

32.310
40

40.780 44.688 45.390

45.164 45.216 48.135
44.579
X

45.873
46.008
40.790
37.957 31.443
rain

30.384
31.252IL 31.687
42

33.982 31.272
35.502 38.626
45.576IL
d

45.743 38.433 35.738 32.686 32.162

X

45.550
arth

40.767 40.779 32.282 44.628

ce

40.819 39.335
32.479 31.692 40.489
en

AS

ARAS AIR =42.267m

ry E

39.112
X

31.633 49.502
lt F

PADA 11.15am 45.367 31.331 31.239 31.704

R E G

34.156
ap

VE

04/08/2001 37.358
N L AS

40.776
Si

32.794
X
45.52450.004
Tr

ER
pora

44.070
AI E N
S IN

45.230
X
45.433 42.719
H PIP RO

X
ES

40.761 44.665
lt

X
33.103 PONDOKX
32.729
33.144
Si
36

32.903
T

32.767
PE

35.844
Tem

50.210 36.754
40.791 45.498
45.352IL 34.611
34.611 32.648
KOLAM OKSIDASI

40.780
33.091
X

40.789 38.737 45.565

C

37.581
2
X

40.788 34.780 34.390

33.695 33.426
37.214
EXIST.

CD

38.187 34.438 33.531

38
40.799 44.882IL 42.181
45.393 38.517
45.374 50.199 44.480IL 31.674 39.922
X

45.130

21936
44.601 45.279 45.312 40.480 33.592 32.422 35.468
40.796 45.426 39.128
SUMP

34.903 33.926 37.370

X

37.673 N -9300

42
40.808 50.041 32.994 35.562
32.664

40
36.832 37.770
34.188
X

40.795 44.627 45.346IL 32.637

40.8009 45.161 32.149 31.868
50.176 45.409 36.075
X
44.574 45.349
45.222 35.139 35.589
44.579 44.683 45.352
38.756 32.221
34

45.268 45.260 45.266 45.155 45.423 40.357 34.594

S.B*
X
45.185 37.042
45.271 45.027IL 44.800IL

H
37.851 38.464 40.058
35.842
34

X
MH

50.084 50.190 32.278

CD

46.672 50.256
47.868
MH

3819

50.256 50.141

Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain36

33.565

X
45.699
45.205IL
45.268
44.882

X
38

45.000 36.254
43.289 40.000
35.420 34.103
41.100 40.772 36.179 34.739
in

X
38.743
dra
41.469 34.876
43.016 38.606
33.140
rth 40.377 40.030 41.740
Ea
40.247
6257

X
32.450
ry 34.277 32.283
ora 36.410

H
43.440 33.558 41.017
mp

X
41.775 32.669
32.544 34.752
38.043
39.876
Te

83
36.071 34.549

S.B*
22
X
41.446
CD

43.035 42.383

X
35.465
40.369 38.846
34.602 N -9400
36.949 35.703 33.622 41.963
35.511

X
35.047
33.087 44.227 42.584
33.920

S.B*
X
35.969
33.184
44

39.777

46
H
45.797
38.007

X
45.684

S.B*
47.919
43.180 40.308 36.075 33.138

X
39.404

S.B*
35.254 34.052
38.628 44.216

X
36.965 44.696
33.439
43.345

X
33.549
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
35.460 38.897
44
47.056 42.833

CD
42
43.121
41.987 36.348

H
CD
44.275 39.537
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain
34.749

X
36.767 43.494 47.586

S.B*
6256
36.690 34.276 45.021
41.053
52.298

X
CD

48.260
Temporary Earthdrain

43.500 34.599 38

X
37.105
43.522
48.335 41.515
49.989

S.B*
N -9500

X
50.384 45.111
48
46.466
6260

53.775
36.796
33.397 53.416 H 44.714
40"
43.107
23' 90° 144.277 56.440
Temporary Sandbag Barrier

49.489
40

45.325 46

X
36.423 49.055
42

S.B*
Earth Drain

35.262 49.353
34.453

40
54.957

X
43.765
N KAKI

50.829
47.370 39.524 53.084 45.324

X
39.122
50
PEJALA

53.684 51.476
51.814

58
X
50.339
50.340
43.137
36.192
50.968 52
LALUAN

39.816

H
36.750 34.013 53.338 48.522

X
51.065
55.826
35.367 40.333 51.427

X
40.201
47.573
51.088 54.379
52.436

S.B*
56
52.257

X
44.108 60.985
52.924 36.314
36.687
35.804
6261

CD
51.061

CD
54

36
42.274 53.636
41.808
40.494 36.367
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain 37.680

S.B*
45.480

48
35.597
36.117 38.155
45.374 33.262 61.475
46.329
39.303
38.688 N -9600

50
46.595 37.494 40.885
39.038
44
40.019
42.268 41.752 47.739
36.675 40.897 56

54
21935
34.371 39.728 61.520

6262
36.704 41.303
39.224 36.670
47.381 57.736
37.470

60
34.859 36.297
38 45.705
52.781

3966
40.342 38.416
41.580

Out site Project

45.144

58
34.955 38.150

Run On from
36.426
40 35.369 48.425
63.137

56
44.226 41.425 42

6263
62.289
36.152
47.946
60.732
36.719
48 59.811
44.406 59.514
43.110 51.040
43.532

52
39.173 50 49.726
44
56
52.138 44.266
47.345 46.181 52.388 N -9700
46

6264
50.388
46.740
58

E -1400
55.839

E -1100
45.070

E -1500

E -1300
38.147 57.793
48.377 52.317 51.583 49.405 53.459 59.940
42.864
52.343
48.425
37.895
 TEMPORARY SAND BAG BARRIER

STOCKPILE SOIL MANAGEMENT

STABILISED ENTRANCE/EXIT
ROCK OUTLET PROTECTION

SPOIL MANAGEMENT AREA

TEMPORARY EARTHDRAIN
SILT TRAP WITH BAFFLES
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT SEWAGE TREATMENT WORK EXTENSION

1 : 700
The details of construction work for during

HYDROSEEDING
(PHASE 1)

LEGEND AND SEQUENCE CONSTRUCTION :

(DISPOSAL A)
DURING

CHECK DAM
development phase can be refer to

ROCK FILL

CULVERT

DI PERIKSA
TROUGH
RIP RAP

WASH

SKALA
SKALA 1 : 1000

construction sequence notes.

CUT
N

ENGINEER SIGNATURE :

30.982
OWNER SIGNATURE :

PL
30.982

003
X
PROJECT TITLE :

HOARDING
SPOT HEIGHT

PHASE 2 WORK
PHASE 1 WORK
BOUNDARY

CUT OFF DRAIN

PROJECT ROW
CONTOUR

BOUNDARY
PROJECT

PLATFORM
EXISTING
SUB - TITLE :

SWAMP

CURTAIN
BERM

WORK

FILL
FENCE

NO. LUKISAN
LEVEL
E -1300

SILT

SILT
E -1200

DI LUKIS
TARIKH

45.221 48.510 40.144 35.411 30.286

44.371
EP

43.820 39.940
E -1400

45.416
45.251IL 46.703
43.323
47.856 50.185 40.118 45.180 45.339
45.442 45.194 42.277
40.360 34.253
EP

45.239 40.338 44.045 32.022

45.422 47.081
51.425 50.660 44.952 35.646
39.842 43.269 38.890 36.052
48.943 48.280 36.191
45.165IL 48.942 48.013 40.233
45.274 48.959 41.909
MH

45.434 44.968 32.999

45.273 44.683 43.680 50.428 39.881
39.387 36.149
44.377 43.706 47.518 38.579
44.691
45.465 44.894 44.743 43.636 38.890 37.805
44.548 43.189IL 32.106 30.572 29.325
44.840IL 43.628 50.109 48.023 40.164
40.164 40.700 40.173 30.312 30.403 2m
44.458IL 46.923 37.735 29.604 30.485 29.066 NG
45.433 45.453 48.489 48.815 48.079 39.758 39.604 35.274 29.000IL
45.274 48.636 49.548 48.118 46.835 39.681 37.244 35.892 36.019 K A
EP

44.395 45.440 50.387 42.371

45.018IL 42.367
36.968
37.096 NG
36.752 31.709 LO
42.330 39.828
45.384 50.365 41.676IL 43.049 37.409
45.478 51.081 42.264 46.820 39.603 37.287
51.157
HEAD WALL

39.646 40.027
m 45.438
0.5 34.329 37.235
EXISTING

45.377 29.765
FENCING

51.165 46.567 G 39.760 39.618

44.919IL 48.553 46.560 AN 36.403
K 45.010 30.465
43.511 NG 29.859 31.396
51.214 LO 40.856 44.750 33.079 29.495IL 36.116
50.129 40.964 44.608 39.403 30.469
51.045 40.042 39.291
40.042IL39.740
40.828
MH

45.293 51.159 51.032 40.030 39.700 30.720 30.304

40.083IL 36.472
EP

44.381 44.721IL 51.411 39.656 39.765 36.986

45.429 45.469 46.449 51.349 40.719 40.842 39.489
51.336 51.358 40.433 41.077 40.082 34.313
SUMP
MH

51.422 51.516 45.027

50.267 39.998
39.998IL
Hydroseeding
39.674
50.885 51.326 44.936 38.909 39.972
ATAS KONKRIT

50.344 47.680 39.410 32.202

44.803IL 50.548 39.867 30.503 31.376
29.200IL
A.L=36.403m

48.486 34.073 29.250CULV

N -9028.807

38.557
E -1178.908
TBM 2

45.304
H H H 38.493 H H 36.556 30.473 30.396
EP
48

50.514 42.924 32.374

SUMP

50.645 43.488
MH

50.909 39.309 34.359 36.285 31.382

43.508 46.522 46.084
48.084 46.086
45.850 35.982
45.739 46.761
50.529
S.B*

31.258
36.050
35.858 34.428
MH

44.776IL 45.318
S.B*

50.385 46.078 36.304

48.548IL 46.246 42.611 39.341
45.943 41.095 39.820 39.322
45.316 50.302
45.314 39.761
38
44.223 45.851 39.802
45.328 45.535 38.197
50.247 40.791 39.194
45.365 40.359
50.330 45.919 MH
42.578
H

33.828
37.673
50

36.557 29.933
31.473
29.395
45.531 42.685
39.324 39.234
45.085 39.757
43.509 37.566 39.767
50.155
44.776CULV 33.268 39.188
36.954
50.211
32.007 32.043 32.063
45.379 44.458
h
oug
45.305 45.699 32.518 37.703 an
29.640
h Tr
X
45.330 X
45.242 X
X
mb
Was ere
44.262 33.459 31.281 X
33.365
33.402 ri S
X
44

44.889 37.902 Da
32.675
X

50.312 X
50.236 43.843
X

30.702 39.958
45.704 30.306
31.262IL X
KI 39.585
36.592
X

KA
34
43.605 N
ap
CD

LA 36.986
45.313 34.103 JA 35.810

X
in 32.988
Temporary Earthdra
Tr

45.265 44.117 41.281 37.975 35.241 34.122 PE

44.262
31.157 AN
lt

PAYA
LU

X
42.982 44.731IL
Si

LA
CD
LONGKANG 0.4m

50.295 40.525 30.527

35.564
ain

X
45.627
50.266 43.497 33.936 t r
30.298
30.974IL 31.392 33.380

Cu
45.556

X
44.701 31.156
38.447 36.763

lt
Si
44.337 ARAS AIR =31.192m 35.510
45.218 PADA 8.25am
45.253 39.986 05/08/2001
44.279 44.919IL 41.743 32.370
33.429
45.224 40.673 32.220
45.239 50.362 45.665 42.294 31.728
45.708
45.386 42.947 31.206
Hydroseeding

45.143 45.371 33.722 30.921IL

44.586 36.080
MH

45.195 45.264 32.310

40

44.688 45.390
45.164 45.216 48.135
44.579
FILL
37.957 31.443 31.687
33.982 30.384
31.252IL
42

31.272
35.502
Phase 1

45.576IL
45.743 38.433 35.738 32.686 32.162
40.779 45.550 32.282
40.819 39.335
32.479 31.692

AS
45.367 31.239 31.704

R E G
34.156

VE
37.358

ra

N L AS
32.794
45.52450.004

ER
H
tT

AI E N
S IN
45.230 45.433

H IP O

ES
44.665 33.103 PONDOK 32.729

C P TR
l
33.144

Si
36

32.767 32.903

PE
50.210 35.844
40.791 45.498
45.352IL 34.611 32.648
40.780
33.091

X
38.737
37.581

2
X

X
34.780 34.390
33.695 33.426
CUT

31.959

CD
38.187 34.438 33.531
44.882IL 45.393
50.199 44.480IL 31.674

X
45.130 45.374
44.601 45.279 45.312 40.480 33.592 32.422
40.796 45.426 39.128
SUMP

X
34.903 33.926
37.673 N -9300

X
50.041 32.994
32.664
34.188

X
CD

44.627 45.346IL 32.637

45.161 32.149

H
31.868
45.349 50.176 45.409 36.075
44.574
38 ary Earthdrain

45.222

X
44.683 45.352 32.221
38.756

34
45.155 45.423 40.357 34.594

X
45.185 37.042
45.027IL 44.800IL

X
34
35.842
MH

50.190 32.278
50.256

X
47.868
3819

50.141

36
33.565
45.699

H
45.205IL
45.268
44.882

X
Tempor

36.254
43.289 40.000
35.420 34.103

X
40.772 36.179 34.739

Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain

41.100
41.469 38.743 34.876
38.606

X
43.016 33.140
6257

X
32.450
34.277 32.283

H
X
41.775 33.558
38.043 32.669
32.544 34.752
39.876 36.410

X
36.071 34.549

X
X
35.465
38.846
34.602 N -9400

X
40.369 36.949 35.703 33.622
35.511

H
X
35.047
33.087

X
33.920
35.969
33.184 39.777

X
38.007

X
40.308 36.075 33.138

Phase 2

X
39.404
35.254 34.052

H
X
38.628
33.439 36.965

X
X
33.549
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
35.460 38.897 42.833

CD
X

42
43.121
41.987 36.348

CD
39.537
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain

H
34.749

X
36.767

6256
36.690 34.276 41.053

X
 TEMPORARY SAND BAG BARRIER

STOCKPILE SOIL MANAGEMENT

STABILISED ENTRANCE/EXIT
ROCK OUTLET PROTECTION

TEMPORARY EARTHDRAIN
SPOIL MANAGEMENT AREA
SILT TRAP WITH BAFFLES
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT SEWAGE TREATMENT WORK EXTENSION

1 : 700
The details of construction work for during

HYDROSEEDING
(PHASE 2)

LEGEND AND SEQUENCE CONSTRUCTION :

(DISPOSAL A)
DURING
development phase can be refer to

CHECK DAM

ROCK FILL

CULVERT

DI PERIKSA
TROUGH
RIP RAP

SKALA
WASH
SKALA 1 : 1000

construction sequence notes.

CUT
N

ENGINEER SIGNATURE :
OWNER SIGNATURE :

30.982

PL
30.982

004
X
PROJECT TITLE :

HOARDING
SPOT HEIGHT

PHASE 2 WORK
PHASE 1 WORK
BOUNDARY

CUT OFF DRAIN

PROJECT ROW
CONTOUR

BOUNDARY
PROJECT
SUB - TITLE :

PLATFORM
EXISTING
SWAMP

CURTAIN
BERM

NO. LUKISAN
WORK

FILL
FENCE

LEVEL
SILT

SILT

DI LUKIS
TARIKH
40

45.216 48.135
37.957 31.443 30.384
31.252IL 31.687
33.982
42

31.272
35.502
45.576IL
45.743 38.433 35.738 32.686 32.162
45.550 32.282
40.819 39.335
32.479 31.692
PL 35.00

AS

45.367 31.239 31.704

R NE G

34.156
ap

VE

37.358
S I S

32.794
N L A

45.52450.004
ER
Tr

AI E N

45.433
H IP O

ES

PONDOK
lt

33.103 32.729
C P TR

33.144
Si
36

32.767 32.903
CD

PE

50.210 35.844
45.498 36.754
45.352IL 34.611 32.648
40.780
33.091
X

38.737
PL 35.00

el
37.581
2
X

nn
Phase 1

ha
X

34.780 34.390
33.695 33.426
C31.959
X

CD

ion
38.187 34.438 33.531
ers
44.882IL 45.393
50.199 44.480IL 31.674
Div
X

45.374
45.279 45.312 40.480 33.592 32.422 35.468
45.426 39.128
SUMP

34.903 33.926
37.673 N -9300
Hydroseeding

50.041 32.994 35.562

32.664
34.188
CD

X
CD

45.346IL 32.637
32.149
X

31.868
45.349 50.176 45.409 36.075
38 ary Earthdrain

35.139
X

45.352
38.756 32.221
34

45.423 40.357 34.594

X

45.185 37.042
44.800IL
X

34
35.842
MH

50.190 32.278
50.256 l
ne
X

47.868
3819

50.141
36

an 33.565
Ch
45.699
X

45.205IL
ion
45.268
44.882
X

ers
FILL
Tempor

36.254
40.000
Div
35.420 34.103
X

40.772 36.179 34.739

Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain
41.100
41.469 38.743 34.876
38.606
X
CD

33.140
6257

32.450
34.277 32.283
X

H
33.558
38.043 32.669
32.544 34.752
39.876 36.410
X
36.071 34.549
X
X
35.465
38.846
34.602 N -9400

X
36.949 35.703 33.622
35.511

H
X
35.047
33.087

X
33.920
35.969
33.184 39.777

X
38.007

X
36.075 33.138
Phase 2

X
39.404
35.254 34.052

H
X
38.628
33.439 36.965

X
X
33.549
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
35.460 38.897 42.833

CD
X

42
43.121
36.348
X

CD

39.537
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain

H
CUT

34.749
X

36.767

6256
36.690 34.276 41.053
X
CD

48.260
X

38
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain
34.599
X

37.105
43.522
41.515
X

50.384 H
X
H
Temporary Earthdrain

43.107
Temporary Sand Bag Barrier

36.796 44.714
33.397
40" 23' 90°
53.416
H
40

46
X
36.423 49.055
42

Earth Drain

35.262 49.353

X
34.453
40
43.765
I
N KAK

50.829

X
39.524 53.084 45.324

X
39.122
PEJALA

H
53.684

X
51.814
50.339
50.340

X
43.137
36.192 39.816
N

36.750 34.013 53.338 48.522

LALUA

X
X
35.367 40.333 51.427
40.201
47.573
51.088

X
52.436

H
52.257

X
36.314
36.687
35.804

CD
51.061
CD

54

36
42.274 53.636
41.808
40.494 36.367 37.680
Perimeter Control-Cut Off Drain 45.480

48
35.597
36.117 38.155
33.262
38.688

50
37.494 40.885
39.038
44
41.752 47.739
36.675 40.897 56

21935
34.371 39.728 61.520
6262

36.670 41.303
47.381 57.736
37.470
34.859 36.297
38 45.705
52.781

3966
41.580
45.144

58
34.955 38.150

Out site Project

36.426
40

Run On from
35.369 48.425
63.137
44.226 41.425 42
6263

62.289
36.152
47.946
60.732
48 59.811
44.406 59.514
43.110 51.040
43.532

52
50 49.726
44
56
52.138 44.266
47.345 46.181 52.388
46

6264
50.388
46.740

E -1400
55.839
45.070
E -1500

E -1300
52.317 51.583 49.405 53.459 57.793 59.940
48.377
52.343
48.425
 6-1
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

CHAPTER 6

MONITORING, REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION

6.1 IMPORTANCE OF IIM

The project implementation of the LD-P2M2 Document basically boils down to the
notion of “IIM”, or the conducting the processes of “Install”, “Inspect” and
“Maintain”. Different projects may adopt differing approaches to conduct IIM but the
ultimate purposes of these varying approaches remains the same, and are likely include
the following:

 To comply with the contractual and legal requirements pertaining of

pollution prevention and mitigation control of environmental issues;
 To make sure the fit for purpose BMPs are constructed in accordance to the
plans to pre-empt potential erosion and sediment issues;
 To make sure the installed BMPs are functioning accordingly and that their
performance is up to the anticipated levels;
 To upkeep the installed BMPs so as to recharge their performance to the
anticipated levels; and lastly,
To ensure all parties are responsibly accountable in their roles in
controlling erosion and sediment issues throughout the life of the intended
BMPs.

In a nutshell, the objectives of IIM are graphically shown below:

Figure 6.1: Objectives of IIM

 6-2
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

6.1.1 Install

The installation of erosion and sediment P2M2s is undertaken primarily by the

contractor of a project site, but other parties such as the EO plays a role too
during this first part of the IIM. Essentially, the objectives of this part of the
implementation are to:

 Install and construct the appropriate P2M2s including BMPs at the project
site during the pre-construction and construction stages of the project, in
accordance with the LD-P2M2 plans and other related plans;

 Execute timely the above P2M2s and BMPs in a systematic manner in

accordance with the planned phasing and sequences, and taking into
account the weather conditions and site development progress;

 Understand the reasons and purposes for the installation of dedicated

P2M2s and BMPs for their specific goals in controlling erosion and
sediment issues, or in other words, the cause and effect of such installation;

 Follow the recommendations for the locations of the installation of these

P2M2s and BMPs as specified in the LD-P2M2 Document in relation to the
evolving site conditions;

 Install the P2M2s and BMPs for land disturbing activities in accordance
with the basic principles mentioned in the preceding chapters:

 Integrate project design with site constraints.

 Preserve and stabilize drainage ways.
 Minimize the extent and duration of disturbance.
 Control runoff flows onto, through and from the site in stable drainage
structures.
 Install perimeter controls.
 Stabilize disturbed areas promptly in a timely manner.
 Protect steep slopes.
 Use sediment controls to prevent off-site damage.
 Protect inlets, storm drain outfalls, and culverts.
 Provide access and general construction controls.
 Inspect and maintain best management practices and control measures.
 Employ experienced and competent personnel and consistently conduct
relevant training.

Moreover, all P2M2s shall be designed, constructed, installed, and maintained

in accordance with good engineering practices and applicable design
 6-3
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

specifications, and application of all of these P2M2s onsite shall be in

accordance with standards and specifications indicated in:

a. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID. 2010. Guideline for

Erosion and Sediment Control in Malaysia

b. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID. 2000. Urban Storm

Water Management Manual for Malaysia

c. Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual issued by

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(Note: This manual can be accessed at https://enviro.doe.gov.my/)

d. Best Management Practices for Construction and Maintenance

Activities issued by North Carolina Department of Transportation
(Note: This manual can be accessed at https://enviro.doe.gov.my/.

Following the installation of erosion and sediment control measures, a

walkthrough or site inspection should be conducted to ascertain that all
measures have been implemented in the field, that erosion is being controlled,
and that sediment and other pollutants are not being transported off-site or into
critical areas on-site. Any improper installation or any repairs necessary to
complete the job should be noted at this time. These critical points must include:

 All disturbed areas of the site;

 Material storage areas;
 Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site;
 All erosion and sediment control BMPs;
 Discharge outfall visual monitoring points.

6.1.2 Inspect

Inspection is one of the most important elements of construction and contract

administration, and this is also applicable to the implementation of LD-P2M2.
Project inspection is provided to ensure that the Contractor’s work complies
with the contract requirements, and in the context of erosion and sediment
control, with the LD-P2M2 Document.

Besides good engineering design and properly prepared plans and

specifications, a detailed and sensible LD-P2M2 Document is also essential for
quality implementation of the land disturbing P2M2s and BMPs. In this regard,
ensuring that the requirements of LD-P2M2 are adhered to depend largely on
 6-4
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

the Environmental Officers (EO), regardless of whether the EO is representing

the Project Proponent or Contractor.

The minimum information encompassing the inspection activities from day one
of the construction commencement through completion of the project includes:
Inspector’s Daily Logs; Project Log Book (Field Diaries); Photographs labeled
and dated for record purposes, and Construction Progress. In addition, any
inspectors of P2M2s for land disturbing activities have to be prepared and
possess knowledge on the following elements:

 Basic understanding of erosion process;

 Principles of erosion and sediment controls;
 Type of pollution prevention and mitigation measures;
 RUSLE & MUSLE and runoff estimation;
 Major construction activities;
 Plan review including site base maps, topography map, soil map, site
development plan, earthwork plan, road and drainage plan etc.;
 LD-P2M2 Document and associated plans and drawings;
 BMPs overview, standards & specifications;
 List of proposed BMPs application;
 Post construction or stormwater BMPs;
 Environmental construction method statements;
 Legislations;
 EIA Approval Conditions;
 Site Safety;
 Communication and Code of Ethic;
 Inspection and enforcement protocol as well as approach;
 Documentation of site activities, and
 Inspection and Enforcement Reporting including PMD (Performance
Monitoring Document)

The Inspector must consider safety first during his line of inspection duties.
When conducting site inspections, the EO should take due consideration of the
following potential health and safety hazards on project sites:

 Insects
 Animals and Plants
 Exposure to the Elements
 Vehicle and Equipment
 Scrapes, Scratches and Cuts
 Slips, Trips and Fall Hazards
 Falling Objects
 Utilities
 Trenching
 6-5
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Confined-Space Inspections
 Excessive Noise
 Dust and Airborne Particulates
 Traffic Safety (Driving, Stopping and Parking)
 Hazardous Material Areas
 Asbestos Exposure
 Pesticides Exposure
 Chemicals/Compounds
 Gas/Fuel
 Spill Prevention
 Blasting and Explosives
 Protective Clothing

Information from site observations and inspections is only useful if only such
information can be effectively communicated to the responsible parties, and one
of the most critical factors in ensuring the success of this communication is
through the attitude and ethic of the EO. In this regard, the following guidelines
should be adhered to during any site inspections:

 Be professional - never lower the standards on how you present yourself.

 Be courteous, polite, respectful and considerate. Do not mistreat those with
whom you come in contact.
 Be consistent in every situation. People should know what to expect in
dealing with you.
 Be impartial - do not allow yourself to be influenced or coerced in your
evaluation of site conditions.
 Be honest and conduct him/herself in a fair straightforward manner.
 When under stress, the inspector must still be able to maintain personal
composure and make good decisions.
 Be frank and sincere in relationships with people, and be a skilled diplomat
able to handle tough situations without arousing hostility.
 Be observant and be capable of keeping neat, concise accurate records.

In addition to the above, the EO or inspectors should be prepared or

knowledgeable in the following areas before engaging with site personnel
during his inspections:

 Establishes communication and becomes acquainted with the contractor’s

key personnel, namely Environment Officer or Manager;
 Have you met with and talked with the responsible site personnel?
 Do you believe this person has adequate knowledge to perform this work?
 Does this person understand all the required duties in respect to LD-
P2M2?
 6-6
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

 Does this person have the authority to direct resources and make changes
in an emergency situation?
 Discuss the plans and specifications for the project, traffic control
techniques, and define lines of authority;
 Be proactive by understanding the project from the contractor’s point of
view but does not permit reduced quality in order to increase the
contractor’s productivity;
 Influences the construction process to obtain the best possible results;
 Offer assistance while being careful not to supervise construction;
 To be prepared to respond to the following common claims or statements
from Developers, Contractors and relevant parties in the context of erosion
and sediment control:
 It’s normal to cause little pollution (sedimentation) during any land
development.
 Lack the knowledge in handling erosion and sediment control since we
are not so called technical guys.
 It’s costly and expensive to implement ESC.

6.1.2.1 Checklist

It is normally a good practice to conduct an inspection using tools such

as a checklist to ensure the key areas for inspection are covered during
the inspection and that important site observations are recorded
accordingly on site. In this regard, a checklist for site inspection can be
designed to be project specific but generally should cover the major
aspects such as the following:

 Regulatory compliance
 Performance of P2M2
 P2M2 installations
 Performance monitoring
 P2M2 suitability
 Maintenance
 Documentation/reporting
 P2M2 closure

In view of the above, Appendix H presents checklists that can be made

referenced to during inspection of BMPs on a project site.

6.1.3 Maintain

After the installation, all the erosion and sediment controls must remain in
effective operating condition during the construction period and be protected
 6-7
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

from activities that would reduce their effectiveness. Maintenance differs from
the other activities in that it must begin as soon as the first practice is installed
and must continue through all the succeeding activities until the permanent
erosion control measures are established and functioning.

If during the routine or ad-hoc inspections a problem is observed, e.g., erosion

and sediment controls need to be replaced, repaired, or maintained), the
necessary repairs or modifications shall be carried out accordingly, as follows:

i. Initiate work to fix the problem immediately after discovering the

problem, and complete such work by the close of the next work day, if the
problem does not require significant repair or replacement, or if the
problem can be corrected through routine maintenance.

ii. When installation of a new erosion or sediment control or a significant

repair is needed, the new or modified control must be installed and made
operational or repaired by no later than 72 hours from the time of
discovery where feasible. If it is not feasible to complete the installation or
repair within 72 hours, it must be documented in the log book why it is not
feasible to complete the installation or repair within the 72-hour
timeframe.

iii. Document the schedule for installing the erosion or sediment control and
making them operational as soon as practicable after the 72-hour
timeframe. Where these actions result in changes to any of the erosion or
sediment controls or procedures documented in the LD-P2M2 Document,
this document must be modified accordingly within 7 calendar days of
completing this work, and submitted to the relevant authorities.

6.2 TYPES OF MONITORING

6.2.1 General

The three (3) types of monitoring typically encompass a construction project,

particularly an EIA project, are shown in the figure below.
 6-8
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 8.2: Types of Environmental Monitoring

6.3 COMPLIANCE MONITORING (CM)

6.3.1 Definition

A Compliance Monitoring (CM) program is typically employed in the Project

site to assess the overall project compliance and opportunity for optimization
and further improvement in environmental management of the Project. In this
regard, compliance shall be in accordance with the limits stipulated in the
Conditions of Approval of the approved EIA.

6.4 IMPACT MONITORING (IM)

6.4.1 Definition

A new construction site, especially when established in a green field or near

major sensitive receivers such as rivers or streams, may result in some impacts
on the surrounding conditions of the area. Therefore, Impact Monitoring (IM)
will be carried out to observe if there is any deterioration of the surrounding
environment (outside of the project boundaries). Where applicable, this
monitoring will be conducted to verify that the findings of the EIA study on the
potential impacts are correct, and that the appropriate mitigation and prevention
measures are effective in mitigating the adverse impacts to the environment.
 6-9
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

6.5 PERFORMANCE MONITORING (PM)

6.5.1 Definition

Performance Monitoring in the context of erosion and sediment control is the

ongoing, systematic process of collecting, analyzing and using performance
information to assess and report on the Project Proponent and his Contractor’s
progress in meeting expected results in addressing erosion and sediment issues
and, if necessary, make adjustments to ensure these results are achieved.

Performance monitoring is a similar concept to self-regulating. The Project

Proponent is responsible to assign competent personnel (usually his EO) to
establish the performance monitoring duty. A Performance Monitoring
Document (PMD) and report may be used as a tracking mechanism of the
performance based nature of the erosion and sediment control measures
implemented on the project site. As soon as the performance monitoring
program has been established, the inspection will be easier and smoother to
conduct.

By inspecting the performance monitoring report conducted progressively

throughout the project life, the inspector as well as the project proponent could
back track whether the erosion and sediment control measures has been
implemented or maintained correctly or not or even not been done at all.

The key processes involved in conducting PM include the following steps:

Planning; Identification of performance questions; Data collection; Data
analysis; and Communication.

“Planning” is the process of setting up project objectives to define a strategy

needed on how to achieve these objectives, which include the following:

 To be certain that all erosion and sediment control measures in the approved
plan have been properly installed and maintained;

 Erosion is being controlled;

 Off-site sedimentation is being prevented; and

 Compliance.

In outlining the strategy during the planning stage, the basic principles of LD-
P2M2 as listed in Section 6.1.2 will need to be taken into consideration into the
strategy. Additionally, the elements to be included in the Performance
Monitoring will need to be briefly described, such as: Mark Clearing Limits;
Establish Construction Access; Control Flow Rates; Install Sediment Controls;
Stabilize Soils; Protect Slopes; Protect Drain Inlets; Stabilize Channels and
Outlets, Control Pollutants; Control Dewatering; Maintain BMPs; Manage the
 6-10
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Project; and Training, CPESC AND CESSWI certified. Alongside these will be
to list all of the suggested / proposed BMPs as per the LD-P2M2 Document.

Another important element in the “Planning” stage is to designate the

responsible person and to set job descriptions for the following tasks:

 To supervise erosion and sediment control work on-site as specified in the

LD-P2M2 Document and EMP of the said project.

 To keep and update Site Diary Log Book.

 To keep and update Rainfall Log Book.

 To keep and record Rain Gauge Log Book.

 To conduct daily inspection on pollution control measures and structural

erosion and sediment control BMPs of the project inclusive perimeter drain,
check dam, silt trap, wash trough, slope protection and others.

 To inspect all erosion and sediment controls once every 7 days and within
24 hours after each rainfall of 25mm (0.5 inch) or greater.

 To conduct necessary repairs within 72 hours or otherwise required by

authority.

 To hold site meeting every two (2) weeks with the project developer and
contractor.

 To conduct in-situ measurement for the turbidity parameter of the final

discharge within 30 minutes after every storm event. In the case of storm
event that continuing exceeding 24 hours, the measurement shall be taken
once a day.

 To maintain a record of all of these inspections and maintenance for the

duration of the project. These records must be made available to the
enforcing official upon request.

In “Identification of performance questions”, what information should be

collected in order to respond to the knowledge demand expressed by project
stakeholders shall be specified. This implies specifying the information that has
to be collected, when, for what reason, and how this is expected to be used.

“Data collection” relates to the collection of data needed to respond to the

performance questions formulated by project stakeholders. Data should then be
stored and processed in order to be used for analysis.

During “Data analysis (Interpretation)”, the collected information is analyzed,

clarified and organized in order to assess whether results have been achieved,
 6-11
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

identifying best and worst practices while pointing out correlations and changes
that have occurred throughout the project implementation.

Lastly, the results of the analysis are communicated to stakeholders concerned

in this last step “Communication (Reporting)”.

6.6 REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION

6.6.1 General

The reporting and documentation of site observations as well as results of site

inspections of land disturbing P2M2s is probably one of the most critical
aspects of the implementation of LD-P2M2. Without such data, audit trails
cannot be performed, effectiveness of the P2M2s’ performance cannot be
measured, erosion and sediment issues cannot be prevented, and accountability
cannot be pinned onto the negligent parties. The types of information that shall
be diligently collected and recorded in the implementation of LD-P2M2 are
shown in Figure 6.3.

Figure 6.3: Critical Record Types

6.6.2 Master List of Installation

Whether we are talking about a small project with a footprint of 10ha or another
mage project commanding a footprint of 10,000ha, the first and foremost record
that the EO should create in the process of LD-P2M2 implementation is a
“Master List of Installation”. This list aims to provide a master record for future
easy reference on the status of all the installed P2M2s for any single project
component. As anticipated, the list of P2M2 and BMP installation will become
longer and harder to manage as the project progresses, if such a list is not
available.
 6-12
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

The objective of a “Master List of Installation” is to consolidate all the installed

P2M2’s for any single project component at the project site into one single
location where details of all the installations can be readily reviewed and
retrieved. The Master List documents the following information:
 Identification of project component and respective location
 Types of pollution and associated mitigation measures
 Coding or labeling of each installation and associated location
 Date of actual installation (passed verification)
 Date of closure
 Photo references

A sample of a Master List is shown in Figure 6.4:

 6-13
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Figure 6.4: Sample Master List of Installation Record

 6-14
GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

6.6.3 Installed P2M2 Verification

When a P2M2 or BMP is first installed on site, it is important to check and verify that it
has been correctly installed. In this regard, this “Installed P2M2 Verification” record
provides the evidence to confirm that all the P2M2s were checked to be correctly built
prior to being used.

The objective of this record is to maintain a status of all the P2M2’s during their first
installation, by documenting the following information:

 Identification of the types of installation

 Coding or labeling of each installation and associated location
 Date(s) of installation
 Date(s) of inspection and names of parties involved
 Description of parameters for checking
 Status of checking
 Sign off by Inspector and parties involved
 Photo references

A sample of an “Installed P2M2 Verification” record is shown in Figure 6.5:

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Record of 1st Installation Inspection

Component: Silt Trap
Label: ST1
Installed Date: 1.1.2011

Findings from 1st Inspection

1st Inspection Date & Time: 5.1.2011, 9.00am EO/EO Rep:_______________________ Production Team Rep:_______________________

Comply Production
Proposed
with Std / If does not comply, describe Suggested Corrective Team Reference Remarks /
Parameters for checking Details Rectification Status
Dwg / discrepancies Actions Informed Photos Instructions
Date
Spec? Date
Drawing reference Dwg ABCD, Rev 1 No Length specified 40m but actual See below 5.1.2011 See below F 1,2
built 20m
Standard & Specification NA NA - - - - - - -
Location Ch 0+750, adjacent Sg AAA Yes - - - - P 10 -
Size All ok except for length No Length is short by 20m See below 5.1.2011 See below P/F 1,2,3,4
Materials of construction Concrete Yes - - - - P - -
Physical condition Incorrect length No Length is short by 20m Rectify to comply to 5.1.2011 19.1.2011 F 1,2 Upstream
approved drawings activities to ST1
cannot
commence
Clear of construction Yes NA - - - - P 5
waste/debris
Inlet point protected? Yes NA - - - - P 6
Discharge point protected? Yes NA - - - - P 7
Discharge lower than inlet Yes Yes - - - - P 8
Accessories provided Water/Depth measuring poles Yes - - - - P 9

Findings from following Inspection

2nd Inspection Date & Time: 22.1.2011; 2.00pm EO/EO Rep:_______________________ Production Team Rep:_______________________

Comply Production
Proposed
with Std / If does not comply, describe Suggested Corrective Team Reference Remarks /
Parameters for checking Details Rectification Status
Dwg / discrepancies Actions Informed Photos Instructions
Date
Spec? Date
Drawing reference Ok as per 1st inspection
Standard & Specification Ok as per 1st inspection
Location Ok as per 1st inspection
Size Ok Yes Actual length = 40m - - - P 12,13
Materials of construction Ok as per 1st inspection
Physical condition Length rectified Yes - - - - P 12,13
Clear of construction Yes NA - - - - P 11
waste/debris
Inlet point protected? No NA New concrete waste plugging Remove plugged waste 22.1.2011 22.1.2011 F 14,15 Upstream
inlet activities to ST1
cannot
commence
Discharge point protected? Yes NA - - - - P 16
Discharge lower than inlet Ok as per 1st inspection
Accessories provided Ok as per 1st inspection

3rd Inspection Date & Time: 24.1.2011; 10.00am EO/EO Rep:_______________________ Production Team Rep:_______________________

Comply Production
Proposed
with Std / If does not comply, describe Suggested Corrective Team Reference Remarks /
Parameters for checking Details Rectification Status
Dwg / discrepancies Actions Informed Photos Instructions
Date
Spec? Date
Drawing reference Ok as per 1st inspection
Standard & Specification Ok as per 1st inspection
Location Ok as per 1st inspection
Size Ok as per 2nd inspection
Materials of construction Ok as per 1st inspection
Physical condition Ok as per 2nd inspection
Clear of construction Yes NA - - - - P 20
waste/debris
Inlet point protected? Yes NA - - - - P 20,21
Discharge point protected? Yes NA - - - - P 22
Discharge lower than inlet Ok as per 1st inspection
Accessories provided Ok as per 1st inspection

Final Inspection Summary

Final Inspection Date & Time: 24.1.2011
Examined to be Satisfactory: Yes
Upstream activities can commence: Yes

EO (Name): Production Team Rep (Name):

Date: Date:

Figure 6.5: Sample of Installed P2M2 Verification Record

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6.6.4 Follow-up Inspections

Following the successful installation of the specific P2M2 or BMP, i.e., the installation
has passed the inspection of the EO to be in compliance with the specifications or
drawings, periodic inspections of the said installation will be undertaken. The “Follow-
up Inspections” record will thus provide the evidence on the functionality and
effectiveness of these installed P2M2s during their operation and throughout their life.

The “Follow-up Inspections” record aims to provide a snapshot record on the

inspection history of installed P2M2s, by documenting the following information:

 Identification of the types of installation

 Coding or labeling of each installation and associated location
 Basic dimensional information of installation
 Dates of inspection and weather conditions
 General observations in the vicinity of installation
 Specific observations of installation on its performance
 Status of inspection and corrective actions needed
 Photo references

A sample of a “Follow-up Inspections” record is shown in Figure 6.6:

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Inspection Record

Component: Silt Trap Base Elev: 510.0m Inlet Inv Level: 512.5m Sediment Depth Trigger Elev:
511.05m
Label: ST1 Bank Elev: 512.5m Outlet Inv Level: 511.7m Water Depth Trigger Elev: 512.40m
Installed
Date: 1.1.2011 Freeboard: 0.3m

General Observations Specific Observations

Inspection Weather Maintenance

Indiscriminate Designated Outlet Remarks
Date Conditions Overall House Congested Site Photo Uncontrolled Structural Evidence of Sediment Water Trigger Photo
Upstream Inflow Free
keeping Conditions Reference Flow Entry? Integrity? Shortcircuit? Depth, m Depth, m Depth Reference
works protected? Flowing?
reached?
22.1.2011 Sunny Good No None 1,2 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.0 510.2 No ST1 started to receive flows.
damage Foreman not aware ST1 not
ready to be used.
25.1.2011 Sunny Good No None 6,7,8 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.0 510.3 No
damage
26.1.2011 Heavy rain Good No None 11,12 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.2 510.5 No
damage
30.1.2011 Drizzle Fair Yes - 50% None 20,21,22,23 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.3 511.0 No Big increase in water depth from
working area damage heavy rain the night before
used up
31.1.2011 Heavy rain Fair Yes - 50% None 28,29 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.6 511.7 No
working area damage
used up
7.2.2011 Sunny Fair Yes - 60% None 35,36 No No No physical Yes No 510.8 511.7 No Some construction waste
working area damage dumped near inflow
used up
10.2.2011 Sunny Fair Yes - 60% None 38,39,40 No No No physical Yes No 510.8 512.2 No
working area damage
used up
14.2.2011 Sunny Fair Yes - 75% Yes, discharge 43,44 Yes No No physical Yes No 511.0 512.4 Yes Inflows from bank of ST1
working area from adjacent damage
used up roadworks
18.2.2011 Sunny Fair Yes - 75% Yes, discharge 49,50 Yes No No physical Yes No 511.5 512.4 Yes
working area from adjacent damage
used up roadworks
26.2.2011 Heavy rain Poor Yes - 90% Yes, discharge 55-62 Yes No No physical Yes No 511.7 512.4 Yes
working area from adjacent damage
used up roadworks
27.2.2011 Heavy rain Poor Yes - 90% Yes, discharge 70-76 Yes No No physical Yes Yes 511.7 512.4 Yes
working area from adjacent damage
used up roadworks
28.2.2011 Heavy rain Poor Yes - 90% Yes, discharge 80-83 Yes Yes No physical Yes Yes 510.1 512.2 No Inflow cleared; surrounding
working area from adjacent damage areas levelled
used up roadworks
7.3.2011 Sunny Fair Yes - 70% Yes, discharge 90-94 No Yes No physical Yes No 510.2 512.2 No
working area from adjacent damage
used up roadworks

Figure 6.6: Sample Inspection Record

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6.6.5 Maintenance Programme

A “Maintenance Programme” record provides a snapshot record on the maintenance

history of installed P2M2s, by documenting the following information:

 Identification of the types of installation

 Coding or labeling of each installation and associated location
 Basic dimensional information of installation
 Dates of maintenance requests
 Types of maintenance requested and reasons for maintenance
 Types of suggested corrective actions
 Status of maintenance work

A sample of a “Maintenance Programme” record is shown in Figure 6.7:

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Maintenance Record

Component: Silt Trap Base El: 510.0m Inlet IL: 512.5m Sediment Depth Trigger Elev: 511.05m
Label: ST1 Bank El: 512.5m Outlet IL: 511.7m Water Depth Trigger Elev: 512.40m
Installed Date:1.1.2011 Freeboard: 0.3m

Maintenance Arising from General

Types of Maintenance Maintenance Arising From Specific Observations Proposed Maintenance
Related Observations Maintenance
Maintenance Order Maintenance / / Corrective
From From Inspection Congested Indiscriminate Designated Outlet Maintenance / Corrective Remarks
Order No Date Regular Overall Uncontrolled Structural Evidence of Sediment Water Corrective Actions
General Specific Others Date Site Upstream Inflow Free Trigger Depth Actions Date
(Planned) Housekeep Flow Entry? Integrity? Shortcircuit? Depth Depth Actions Done?
Obsv Obsv Conditions works protected? Flowing? reached?
ST1-001 18.2.2011  18.2.2011 NA NA NA   NA NA NA   Yes 1. Excavate and No - Upon checking on 26.2.2011,
dispose conditions of silt trap remained
sediment; 2. the same. Foreman advised
Clear inflow of equipment tied up for other
debris and works.
protect
ST1-002 24.2.2011  NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1. General No - Upon checking on 26.2.2011,
cleanup; 2. conditions of silt trap remained
Excavate and the same. Foreman advised
dispose equipment tied up for other
sediment; 3. works.
ST1-003 26.2.2011   26.2.2011      NA NA NA   Yes Clear inflowand
1. Excavate Yes, as 28.2.2011
dispose requested
sediment; 2.
Clear inflow of
debris and
protect
ST1-004 24.3.2011  NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1. General Yes 24.3.2011
cleanup; 2.
Excavate and
dispose
sediment; 3.
Clear inflow
ST1-005
ST1-006
ST1-007
ST1-008
ST1-009
ST1-010
ST1-011
ST1-012
ST1-013

Figure 6.7: Sample Maintenance Programme record

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6.6.6 Sampling Database

A proper accounting of all the sampling results based on the dedicated monitoring
points as stipulated in the EMP shall be maintained. Such database will provide the
record on the planned and ad-hoc sampling events undertaken, to verify the
effectiveness of the installed P2M2s. The database should include the following
information:

 Dates of sampling and testing

 Nos. and types of sample taken
 Location of sampling point
 Types of laboratory tests
 Results of tests
 Conclusion of sampling exercise

6.6.7 Analysis & Interpretation

Based on the sampling results and field observations, a simple analysis of the collected
data shall be undertaken to provide the project stakeholders with some information on
the performance of the P2M2s, such as the trending record on the performance of the
installed P2M2’s, by documenting the following information:

 Analytical period for the installation

 Qualitative analysis on the performance based on visual observation on the P2M2’s
physical conditions and surrounding site
 Quantitative analysis on the performance based on measured data of the conditions
of the installed P2M2
 Interpretation of analysis from perspectives of administrative and technical findings

A sample of a simple analysis record is shown in Figure 6.8:

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GUIDELINES ON LD-P2M2

Analysis Record of ST1 Inspection and Maintenance Record

Component: Silt Trap Base Elevation: 510.0m Inlet IL: 512.5m Sediment Depth Trigger511.05m
Elevation:
Label: ST1 Bank Elevation: 512.5m Outlet IL: 511.7m Water Depth Trigger Elevation:
512.40m
Installed Date: 1.1.2011 Freeboard: 0.3m

Analysis of ST1 for the Period 1.1.2011 - 31.1.2011

No of Inspections conducted: 5 Quantitative Analysis

Overall weather condition: Generally sunny with occasional heavy rain Sediment Water Sediment Water Discharge
Date Bank EL
Depth, m Depth, m Trigger Trigger IL
Overall housekeeping of the work Generally good for the 1st 3 weeks, but quickly 22.1.2011 510.0 510.2 511.05 512.4 512.5 511.7
areas: degraded after working area began to be consumed
Interface with other work pacakages: No conflict 25.1.2011 510.0 510.3 511.05 512.4 512.5 511.7
Functionality of ST1: 26.1.2011 510.2 510.5 511.05 512.4 512.5 511.7
- Compliance with EIA ST1 begun to receive flows on 22.1.2011, even though 30.1.2011 510.3 511.0 511.05 512.4 512.5 511.7
approved to be used only on 24.1.2011. Workers not
Qualitative
aware not ready to be used.
Analysis
- Surrounding areas well maintained Yes. No evidence of overflows breaching over the bank 31.1.2011 510.6 511.7 511.05 512.4 512.5 511.7
of the silt trap
- Condition of inflow Good - clear of obstruction
- Condition of outflow Good - clear of obstruction Extracted Rain Gauge Data
- Condition of sediment/water Good - depth indicators can be clearly read Rainfall,
Date Gauge No. Location
measuring scale mm
- overall structural integrity of ST1 Good - no physical damages observed
22.1.2011 4a 0

- flow conditions inside silt trap Normal - no observed shortcircuiting 23.1.2011 4a 0.2
24.1.2011 4a 0
25.1.2011 4a 8
Hill near Ch
ST1 - Sediment & Water Depths 26.1.2011 4a 11
0+300
27.1.2011 4a 5
for the period 1.1.2011 - 31.1.2011
28.1.2011 4a 8
513.0
29.1.2011 4a 8
512.5 30.1.2011 4a 13
31.1.2011 4a 15
512.0

511.5
Water Depth, m
511.0
El ev, m

Sediment Trigger

510.5 Water Trigger

Sediment Depth, m
510.0
Bank EL

509.5 Discharge IL

509.0

508.5
22.1.2011 25.1.2011 26.1.2011 30.1.2011 31.1.2011
Dates

Figure 6.8: Sample Analysis

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6.6.8 Reporting

Thereafter, a simple shall be prepared to provide a summary of the above analysis and
interpretation, and decision making based on administrative and technical findings.

6.6.9 Photo Database

A comprehensive database shall be maintained to compile a chronological record of all

photographic evidence captured during the following events:

 Installed P2M2 Verification

 Follow-up Inspections
 Sampling

6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING

6.7.1 Environmental Audit Program

An audit programme represents the Project Proponent’s efforts to monitor the

implementation and effectiveness of the environmental pollution prevention protection
measures by the contractor as specified in the construction specifications and contract
documents. An audit checklist shall be developed and distributed and briefed to
contractors and all personnel responsible for environmental protection activities.
Independent specialist groups should be engaged to closely monitor the project
development and to carry out the audits.

This program is proposed to track and ensure the enforcement of specified

environmental protection and pollution control measures, including for erosion and
sediment control. The audit should be undertaken routinely by the audit team to ensure
that the appropriate land disturbing protection and pollution control mitigation
measures are properly implemented.

The main coverage of the audit program are to include:

 General environmental conditions in the vicinity of the site;

 Pollution control and mitigation measures within the sites;
 Environmental condition outside the site area which is likely to be affected,
directly or indirectly by site activities.
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The audit team shall make reference to the following information in conducting the
audit:

 The EIA Conditions of Approval from DOE

 The EIA recommendations on environmental protection and mitigation measures
 All the record as discussed in Section 8.6 above

The audit findings and their associated recommendations on improvements to the

environmental including land-disturbing protection and mitigation measures shall be
submitted to the Project Proponent for immediate action. The contractor shall follow
the procedures and time frames stipulated in the environmental audit for the
implementation of the mitigation proposal. An action reporting system shall be
implemented to report on any remedial measures implemented subsequence to the
environmental audit.

All auditors must be registered with DOE. Auditor for the development stage should
also possess the CESSWI Certificate (competency to inspect the LD-P2M2 and erosion
and sedimentation control plans).