CHAPTER

6
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

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AY
AL
M
AN
IK
ID
ND
PE
AN

What will be learnt?

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Positive Angles and Negative Angles

TE

Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle

Graphs of Sinus, Cosine and Tangent Functions Kuala Terengganu Drawbridge
crosses Sungai Terengganu’s
EN

Basic Identities
Addition Formulae and estuary and links Kuala Nerus with
Double Angle Formulae Kuala Terengganu. The 638-metre-
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Application of Trigonometric Functions long and 23-metre-wide bridge

uses Bascule Bridge or Drawbridge
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concept. The trigonometric concept

List of Learning involving angles is used to calculate
Standards the torques and the forces involved
in the construction of the bridge.
What information is needed to
bit.ly/32RJbxR calculate the width of the passage
for ships when the bridge is in use?
What are the common trigonometric
formulae used?
188
 Info Corner

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani

al-Harrani (858-929 C) was a mathematician who was an expert
in the field of trigonometry.
He established trigonometry to a higher level and
was the first to produce the cotangent table.

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For more info:

AY
bit.ly/3ksvSLd

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Significance of the Chapter

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The concept of trigonometry is useful in solving daily life
IK
problems. For example:
The field of astronomy uses the concept of triangles to
ID
determine the position of places on the latitudes
and longitudes
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The field of cartography to draw maps

Oceanography field to determine sea waves height
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Military and aviation fields

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Key words
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Degree Darjah
EN

Radian Radian
Trigonometric ratio Nisbah trigonometri
Quadrant
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Sukuan
Basic identities Identiti asas
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Complementary angle formula Rumus sudut pelengkap

Addition angle formula Rumus sudut majmuk
Double angle formula Rumus sudut berganda

Video about
Terengganu
Drawbridge

bit.ly/398i9Vk
189
 6.1 Positive Angles and Negative Angles

Representing the positive and negative angles in a Cartesian plane

In daily life, there are many things that rotate either in the
clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The minute and the hour Recall
hands of a clock move in a clockwise direction. Look at the Location of angles can
clock in the diagram below. be specified in terms of

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quadrants.
90°
Quadrant Quadrant

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II I
0°,
180°

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360°
Quadrant Quadrant
III IV

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270°
What directions are represented by the red and the blue arrows?

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The blue arrow is the clockwise direction while the red arrow is
the anticlockwise direction. IK
In trigonometry,
ID
• Positive angles are angles measured in the anticlockwise
direction from the positive x-axis.
ND

• Negative angles are angles measured in the clockwise Flash Quiz

direction from the positive x-axis. Given π rad = 180°.
PE

Convert each of the

Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show positive and negative following angles into
radians.
angles formed in a quadrant, a semicircle, three quarter of
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a circle and a full circle when the OP line rotates in the 120° 90°
45°
anticlockwise and clockwise directions from the positive
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x-axis respectively. 180° 0°, 360°

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y y 225° 300°
270°
EN

P
–270°
180° 90° O –360°
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x x
O 360° –180° –90°
KE

270°
P

Diagram 6.1 Diagram 6.2

You have learnt that a full circle contains 360° and angles can be measured in degrees,
minutes and radians. What is the relation between the angles measured in degrees, in minutes and
in radians? How do we determine the positions of angles in the quadrants?

190 6.1.1
 Trigonometric Functions

Discovery Activity 1 Group

Berkumpulan
21st cl STEM CT

Aim: To explore positive and negative angles and to determine their positions
in the quadrants
Steps:
ggbm.at/rgyw7baz
1. Scan the QR code or visit the link next to it.
2. Click the positive orientation button and drag the slider to the left and right.
3. Click also the negative orientation button and drag the slider to the left and right.

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4. Identify the difference between the angle in the positive orientation and the angle in the
negative orientation.

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5. Copy and complete the table below by determining the positions of each angles.

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Angle Quadrant Angle Quadrant Angle Quadrant

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140° 1 000° −550°

7  π rad 13  π rad – 16  π rad

AN
6 2 3

500° –135° IK –850° R

PTE

CHA
11  π rad –  5  π rad – 27  π rad
ID
6 6 8
ND

6. Compare your group’s results with other groups.

7. Then, present the result to the class.
PE

From the result of Discovery Activity 1, it is found that an

AN

angle whether it is positive or negative can lie in any of the

Excellent Tip
four quadrants. A complete cycle occurs when a line rotates The position of an angle
RI

through 360° or 2π rad about the origin O. If the line rotates can be specified by turning
more than one cycle, the angle formed is greater than 360°
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the angle in radian unit to

or 2π rad. degree unit.
EN

60’ = 1°
π
The position of an angle can be shown on a (
q ° = q ° ×
180°)rad
Cartesian plane.
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q rad = q rad × 180 °

( )
π
In general,
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If q is an angle in a quadrant such that . 360°, then the

position of q can be determined by subtracting a multiple of
360° or 2π rad to obtain an angle that corresponds to
0° < q < 360 ° or 0 < q < 2π rad.

6.1.1 191
Example 1
Determine the position of each of the following angles in the quadrants. Then, show that
angle on a Cartesian plane.
(a) 800° (b) 19  π rad
6
Solution
(a) 800° – 2(360°) = 80° (b) 19  π rad – 2π rad = 7  π rad
800° = 2(360°) + 80° 6 6
Thus, 800 lies in Quadrant I. 19  π rad = 2π rad + 7  π rad

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6 6
y 19
P Thus,  π rad lies in Quadrant III.
Quadrant I 6

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y
x
O

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x
O

M
P
Quadrant III

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Self-Exercise 6.1
1. Convert the following angles to radians.
IK
(a) 290° 10 (b) −359.4° (c) 620° (d) −790°
ID
2. Convert the following angles to degrees.
ND

(a) 1.3 rad (b) 13   rad (c) −2.7π rad (d) 13  π rad
4 4
3. Determine the quadrant for each of the following angles. Hence, represent each angle on a
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separate Cartesian plane.

(a) 75° (b) −340.5° (c) 550° (d) −735°
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(e) 0.36 rad (f) − 4 rad 5

(g)  π rad (h) – 20  π rad
3 3
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6.1
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Formative Exercise Quiz bit.ly/36V31vC

EN

1. The diagram below shows the graph y = sin θ for 0° < θ < 360°.
y
M

90° Quadrants
I II III IV
1
KE

P
60°
30°
180° θ
O 30° 90° 150° 210° 270° 330° 360°

–1

Convert each angle on the q-axis to radians. Then, show each angle on a separate
Cartesian plane.
192 6.1.1
 Trigonometric Functions

6.2 Trigonometric Ratio of Any Angle

Relate secant, cosecant and cotangent with sine, cosine and tangent of
any angle in a Cartesian plane
Consider the triangle ABC in the diagram on the right. B
The trigonometric ratios can be defined as follows:
opposite side
sin q = = BC Hypotenuse Opposite

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hypotenuse AB side
adjacent side
cos q = = AC θ

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hypotenuse AB A
Adjacent side
C

opposite side
tan q = = BC

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adjacent side AC
Besides the three trigonometric ratios above, there are
Excellent Tip

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three more ratios that are the reciprocals of these trigonometric
sin cos
ratios. These trigonometric ratios are cosecant, secant and

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cotangent which are defined as follows:
hypotenuse tan 1 cot
cosec q = = AB IK R
opposite side BC PTE

CHA
sec cosec
ID
hypotenuse
sec q = = AB
adjacent side AC Given A is an angle, then
ND

1
sin A =
cosec A
adjacent side
cot q = = AC cosec A = 1
opposite side BC sin A
PE

1
cot A =
tan A
Based on the triangle ABC, it is found that:
AN

cosec q = 1 sec q = 1 cot q = 1

sin q cos q tan q
RI

       
TE
EN

Example 2
The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle ABC at B. C
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Given AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm, determine the value of

(a) cosec q (b) sec q (c) cot q
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6 cm
Solution θ
A B
8 cm
By using Pythagoras’s theorem, AC = ! 62 + 82
= 10 cm
10
(a) cosec q = (b) sec q = 10 (c) cot q = 8
6 8 6
= 1.667 = 1.25 = 1.333

6.2.1 193
Example 3
Given a = 56°. Use a calculator to find the value of
(a) cosec a (b) sec a (c) cot a
Solution

(a) cosec 56° = 1 (b) sec 56° = 1 (c) cot 56° = 1

sin 56° cos 56° tan 56°
= 1.206 = 1.788 = 0.675

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The angles A and B are complementary angles to each other if A + B = 90°.
Hence,

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A = 90° – B and B = 90° – A

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Discovery Activity 2 Group 21st cl

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Aim: To formulate the complementary angle formulae D C

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Steps:
1. Consider the rectangle ABCD in the diagram on the right. y
IK 90° – θ
Then, complete all the lengths of the sides of the rectangle
ABCD. θ
ID
A x B
2. Copy and complete the table below in terms of x and y.
ND

Column A Column B
sin q = sin (90° – q) =
PE

cos q = cos (90° – q) =

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tan q = tan (90° – q) =

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cot q = cot (90° – q) =

TE

sec q = sec (90° – q) =

cosec q = cosec (90° – q) =

EN

3. Based on the table above, map the trigonometric ratios in column A to the trigonometric
M

ratios in column B.
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4. Then compare your results with other groups and draw conclusions from the
comparisons.

From the results of Discovery Activity 2, the formulae of the complementary angles are
as follows:
•  sin q = cos (90° – q) •  cos q = sin (90° – q) •  tan q = cot (90° – q)
•  sec q = cosec (90° – q) •  cosec q = sec (90° – q) •  cot q = tan (90° – q)

194 6.2.1
 Trigonometric
Fungsi Trigonometri
Functions

Example 4
Given that sin 77° = 0.9744 and cos 77° = 0.225. F ind the value of each of the following.
(a) cos 13° (b) cosec 13° (c) cot 13°
Solution
(a) cos 13° = sin (90° – 13°) (b) cosec 13° = sec (90° – 13°)
= sin 77° = sec 77°
= 0.9744 = 1
cos 77°

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= 1
0.225
= 4.444

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(c) cot 13° = tan (90° – 13°)
= tan 77°

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= sin 77°
cos 77°

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= 0.9744
0.225

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= 4.331

Example 5 IK R
PTE
Given cos 63° = k, where k . 0. F ind the value of each of the following in terms of k.
6
 

CHA
ID
(a) sin 63° (b) sin 27° (c) cosec 27°
ND

Solution
(a) sin 63° B (b) sin 27° = cos (90° – 27°) (c) cosec 27° = sec (90° – 27°)
PE

= ! 1 – k2 = cos 63° = sec 63°

1 1
�1 – k2 = k =
63° cos 63°
AN

A
k
C = 1
k
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Self-Exercise 6.2
EN

1. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle PQR. Find

P
the value of each of the following.
cos R – sin R
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(a) cot R (b) sin2 R (c) 5

cosec R �2
2. Given tan a = 2 and a is an acute angle, find
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3 Q R
(a) sin a (b) cos2 a (c) cot a
(d) cosec a (e) 4 – sec2 a
2 – sec a
3. Find the complementary angles of each of the following.
(a) 54° (b) 5° 17 14 (c) π rad
5
4. Given cos 33° = 0.839 and sin 33° = 0.545, find the value of each of the following.
(a) sin 57° (b) tan 57° (c) sec 57°
6.2.1 195
 Determine the values of the trigonometric ratios for any angle

The values of the trigonometric ratios of any angle can be obtained by using a calculator
or any dynamic geometry software. However, there are several methods to determine these
trigonometric ratios.
Method 1: Use a calculator
Information Corner
The values of sine, cosine and tangent of any angle can be
determined by using a calculator. However, values for cosecant, The use of key depends on

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secant and cotangent of any angle can be calculated by the model of the calculator
used.
inversing the values of the trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine

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and tangent of that particular angle.

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Example 6

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Use a calculator and find the value of each of the following trigonometric ratios, correct to
four significant figures.

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(a) sin (–215° 12) (b) sec (– 4.14 rad)
DISCUSSION
Solution
IK Discuss how to find the
values for the trigonometric
(a) 0.5764 (b) sec (– 4.14 rad)
ID
ratios when the angles are in
= 1 radians.
cos (– 4.14)
ND

= –1.846
PE

Method 2: Use a unit circle

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Example 7
y
Use the unit circle on the right, and state the values of
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(– �2––1 , ––�21 )
(0, 1)
each of the following.
(––�21 , ––�21 )
( )
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(a) cos 135° (b) cosec –  π rad

4 45°
x
EN

Solution (–1, 0) O (1, 0)

(a) The coordinates that correspond to 135° are ( 1 , – ––

1
) (––�21 , –�2––1 )
( )
– ––
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–  1 , 1 and cos 135° = x-coordinate.

�2 �2 (0, –1)
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! 2 ! 2
Hence, cos 135° = –  1 .

( )
! 2
(b) The coordinates that correspond to – π rad are 1 , –  1 and
4
( )
cosec –  π =
4
1
y-coordinate
.
! 2 ! 2

( )
Hence, cosec –  π = –! 2 .
4

196 6.2.2
 Trigonometric Functions

Method 3: Use the corresponding trigonometric ratio of the reference angle

The value of a trigonometric ratio for any angle can be
determined by using the trigonometric ratio of the reference Information Corner
angle that corresponds to that angle.
The reference angle, a is an
The diagram below shows the reference angles, a for the acute angle made by the
angles 0° < q < 360° or 0 < q < 2π. line OP with the x-axis on a
Cartesian plane.
Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV
y
y y y y
OP2 OP1
P P

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θ θ α
θ θ x x x
α α α O O α
x x
O O P P OP3 OP4

AY
a=q a = 180° – q a = q – 180° a = 360° – q

AL
The signs of trigonometric ratios in quadrants I, II, III and IV can be determined by using the
coordinates on the unit circle as shown in the table below.

M
Signs

AN
Quadrant y
x y sin q = y cos q = x tan q = x cosec q = 1 sec q = 1 cot q = x
y x y
I + + + + +
IK + + + PTE
R

CHA
II − + + − − + − −
ID
III − − − − + − − +
ND

IV + − − + − − + −

In conclusion, the sign of each trigonometric ratio of any angle in

PE

y
the different quadrants can be summarised in the diagram on the right.
sin + All
AN

8 cosec + +
Example x
tan + cos +
cot + sec +
RI

Given sin 30° = 0.5 and cos 30° = 0.866, find the value of each
of the following.
TE

(a) sec 150° (b) sec – 13 π

6 ( )
Excellent Tip
EN

Solution
Steps to determine the
(a) y
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trigonometric ratios
without using a calculator.
KE

P 150° 1. Locate the position of the

α x
angle in the quadrant.
O 2. Determine the sign for
the trigonometric ratio.
q = 150° is located in Quadrant II. sec 150° = –sec 30° 3. Obtain the corresponding
The sign for sec 150° is negative. = –  1 reference angle.
Reference angle, a = 180° − 150° cos 30° 4. Use the trigonometric
= –  1
= 30° 0.866
ratio value of the
reference angle.
= –1.155
6.2.2 197
 (b) q = – 13 π × 180 = –390°
6 π
y Flash Quiz
–390° Complete the following
trigonometric ratios for
x
Oα the negative angles as the
example given.
–390° lies in Quadrant IV. ( 6 )
sec – 13  π = sec (–390°) sin (–A) –sin A
The sign for sec (–390°) is = sec 30° cos (–A)
positive. = 1 tan (–A)

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Reference angle, cos 30° cot (–A)

a = 390° − 360° = 1 sec (–A)

0.866

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cosec (–A)
= 30° = 1.155

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Example 9

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Given cos A = 2 and 270° < A < 360°, find the value for each of the following.
5 y
(a) tan A (b) sin A (c) sec A

AN
Solution A 2 C x
O
IK
BC = ! 52 – 22 = ! 21 –�21
5
ID
(c) sec A = 5
! 21 ! 21
(a) tan A = –  (b) sin A = – 
2 5 2 B
ND

Method 4: Use a right-angled triangle

PE

The trigonometric ratios of special angles 30°, 45° and 60° can be determined by using right-
angled triangles. Let explore further into this.
AN

Discovery Activity 3 Group 21st cl

RI

Aim: To determine the trigonometric ratios of special angles by using right-angled triangles
TE

Steps:
EN

1. Diagram 6.3 shows a square while Diagram 6.4 shows an isosceles triangle. Redraw
Diagrams 6.3 and 6.4 on a piece of paper.
M

A D X
KE

1 2 2

B 1 C Y M Z
   
Diagram 6.3 Diagram 6.4
2. Then determine the value of each of the following.
(a) AC (b) YM (c) XM (d) ˙ACB (e) ˙XYZ (f)
˙MXY

198 6.2.2
 Trigonometric Functions

3. Based on Diagram 6.3 or Diagram 6.4, copy and complete the table below.
Ratio
sin cos tan cosec sec cot
Angle
π 1
30° 6 2
! 3
π 1
45° 4 ! 2
! 2

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π ! 3
60° 3
2

AY
4. Discuss in groups and briefly present your findings in front of the class.

AL
From the results of Discovery Activity 3, it is found that the trigonometric ratios of the angles,

M
namely 30°, 45° and 60°, are as follows:

AN
Ratio
Angle
sin cos tan cosec sec cot Information Corner
π 1 ! 3 1
IK
2 Besides the angles 30°, PTE
R

6
30° 6 2 ! 3

CHA
2 2 45° and 60°, angles 0°, 90°,
ID
! 3 ! 3
180°, 270° and 360° are also
π 1 1 special angles.
ND

45° 4 1 ! 2 ! 2 1

! 2 ! 2
π ! 3 1 2 1
PE

60° 3 2 ! 3 2
2 ! 3 ! 3
AN

Example 10 Excellent Tip

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By using the trigonometric ratios of special angles, find the

You can use your fingers to
value of each of the following.
( )
TE

memorise the trigonometric

(a) cos 315° (b) cot 5  π (c) sec (– 480°) ratio of the special angles.
3
EN

y
Solution
90° 60°

( )
4
3
(a) cos (315°) (b) cot 5  π = cot 300°
M

0 1 2
45°
= cos (360° – 315°) 3 2
30°
KE

= –cot (360° – 300°)

1
= cos 45° 4
3
0 0° x
= 1 = –cot 60°
! 2 = –  1 sin 0° =
! N ! 0
= =0
! 3 2 2
(c) sec (– 480°) = sec (– 480° – (–360°)) ! N ! 4
cos 0° = = =1
= sec (–120°) 2 2
= –sec 60°
= –2

6.2.2 199
 Self-Exercise 6.3
1. Find the value of each of the following by using a calculator. Give your answers correct to
four decimal places.
(a) tan 165.7° (b) cot (–555°) (c) cosec2 (–1.2 rad) (d) sec – 16  π
9 ( )
2. Using the unit circle on the right, find the value of y
each of the following.
– 1–, �3( )
1–, �3
–– ( )
( )
–– (0, 1) 2 2
(a) sin 330° (b) tan  π2 2 2
3
( )
�3
––, 1– ( )
( ) – �3
––, –1

SIA
7 2 2 2 2
(c) cot  π (d) cos 600°
6
( ) ()
x
(e) cosec – 7  π (f) sin π – sec 3π
(–1, 0) O (1, 0)

AY
2 2
(– �3
––, – 1–
2 )
2 �3 1
(––,2 – –2)
( )

AL
1 �3
(1–,2 – �3––2 )
– –, – –– (0, –1)
3. Find the acute angle corresponding to the following 2 2
angles.

M
(a) 335° (b) 2  π rad (c) 7  π rad (d) 710°
3 3

AN
4. Using the trigonometric ratios of special angles, find the values of each of the following.
(a) sec 150° (b) cosec 240° IK (c) cot 315°
(d) sin 45° + cos 225° (e) sec 60° + 2 cosec 30° (f) sec π + cos π
2
ID
ND

Formative Exercise 6.2 Quiz bit.ly/36Xu8GA

PE

1. Given tan x = 3t for 0° , x , 90°, express each of the following in terms of t.

AN

(a) cot x (b) sec (90° – x) (c) cosec (180° – x)

2. The angle q lies in quadrant III and tan q = 3. Find the value of each of the following.
RI

(a) cot q (b) tan (π + q) (c) sin (–q)

3. By using the trigonometric ratios of special angles, find
TE

(a) 2 sin 45° + cos 585° (b) tan 210° – cot (–240°)
5 1 (d) tan 2π – 6 cosec 3  π
EN

(c) cosec  π + sin  π

6 6 2
4. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.
M

(a) sin 137° if sin 43° ≈ 0.6820 (b) sec 24° if sec 336° ≈ 1.095
KE

(c) tan 224° if tan 44° ≈ 0.9656 (d) cot 15° if cot 195° ≈ 3.732
y
5. The diagram on the right shows a unit circle with angle
135° marked on it. Based on the information in the unit (
�2 �2
B – ––,
2 2
–– )
circle, state the value of each of the following. 135° A(1, 0)
(a) sin 135° (b) sec 135° x
O
(c) cot 45° (d) cosec (– 45°)

200 6.2.2
 Trigonometric Functions

6.3 Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions

The diagram on the right shows the heartbeat rhythm
of a healthy person. This rhythm is known as the
Normal Sinus Rhythm. Note that this rhythm is an
example of a trigonometric function graph.

The graphs for the trigonometric functions y = a sin bx + c, y = a cos bx + c and y = a tan bx + c,

SIA
where a, b and c are constants and b . 0, can be constructed using any dynamic geometric
software or just manually using tables of values and graph papers.

AY
Graphs of trigonometric functions

AL
Discovery Activity 4 Group

M
21st cl STEM CT

Aim: To draw and determine the properties of sine, cosine and tangent graphs

AN
Steps:
1. Form three groups. IK R
PTE

6
2. Then, copy and complete the table below.

CHA
ID
x° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
ND

x rad 0 π π π 2  π 5  π π 7  π 4  π 3  π 5  π 11 π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
PE

y = sin x
y = cos x
AN

y = tan x
RI

3. Using graph papers or any dynamic geometry software, draw the following graphs.
Group I: y = sin x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
TE

Group II: y = cos x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
Group III: y = tan x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
EN

4. After that, copy and complete the table below.

M

Maximum value Minimum value

y-intercept x-intercept Amplitude Period
KE

of y of y

5. Each group appoints a representative to present the findings to the class.

6. Other members of the group may ask the representative questions.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until all the groups have completed the presentation.

6.3.1 201
From the results of Discovery Activity 4, it is found that:
The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x are sinusoidal and have Information Corner
the following properties: Maximum
Equilibrium point
line
(a) The maximum value is 1 while the minimum value is
–1, so the amplitude of the graph is 1 unit.
(b) The graph repeats itself every 360° or 2π rad, so
360° or 2π rad is the period for both graphs.
Amplitude Minimum

SIA
point
The graph y = tan x is not sinusoidal. The properties of

AY
y = tan x are as follows:

DISCUSSION

AL
(a) This graph has no maximum or minimum value.
Discuss the meaning of:
(b) The graph repeats itself every 180° or π rad interval,

M
• amplitude
so the period of a tangent graph is 180° or π rad. • period
(c) The function y = tan x is not defined at x = 90° and • cycle

AN
• asymptote
x = 270°. The curve approaches the line x = 90° and
x = 270° but does not touch the line. This line is
IK
called an asymptote.
ID

The graphs for these three functions are seen to be periodic as the x-domain is extended.
ND

Look at the following graph.

PE

1 Graph y = sin x for –2π < x < 2π

(a) Amplitude = 1 y
AN

(i) The maximum value of y = 1 1 y = sin x

(ii) The minimum value of y = –1
(b) Period = 360° or 2π x
RI

0 π
–– –π – π
–2π – 3π – π
– 3π
–– 2π
(c) x-intercepts: –2π, –π, 0, π, 2π 2 2 2 2
TE

–1
(d) y-intercepts: 0
EN

2 Graph y = cos x for –2π < x < 2π

M

(a) Amplitude = 1 y
KE

(i) The maximum value of y = 1 1 y = cos x

(ii) The minimum value of y = –1
(b) Period = 360° or 2π x
– 0
–– –π – π
–2π – 3π π
– π 3π
–– 2π
(c) x-intercepts: – 3  π, – 1  π, 1  π, 3  π 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 –1
(d) y-intercepts: 1

202 6.3.1
 Trigonometric Functions

3 Graph y = tan x for –2π < x < 2π

y
(a) No amplitude y = tan x
(i) There is no maximum value of y 8
6
(ii) There is no minimum value of y 4
2
(b) Period = 180° or π x
0
(c) x-asymptotes: – 3  π, – 1  π, 1  π, 3  π
–2π – 3π
–– –π – π
– –2 π
– π 3π
–– 2π
2 2 –4 2 2
2 2 2 2 –6
(d) x-intercepts: –2π, –π, 0, π, 2π –8
(e) y-intercepts: 0

SIA
In Discovery Activity 5, you will investigate the effect of different transformation on the graph

AY
y = a sin bx + c, a ≠ 0 and b . 0.

AL
Discovery Activity 5 Group 21st cl STEM CT

M
Aim: Compare sine function graphs of different equation forms

AN
Steps:
1. Copy and complete the following table.
x°
IK
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° PTE
R

CHA
π 2  π 5  π π 7  π 4  π 3  π 5  π 11 π 2π
ID
x rad 0 π π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
ND

y = sin x
y = 3 sin x
PE

y = 3 sin 2x
y = 3 sin 2x + 1
AN

2. Using a graph paper or any dynamic geometry software, draw each of the following pairs
of functions on the same axes.
RI

(a) y = sin x and y = 3 sin x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
(b) y = sin x and y = 3 sin 2x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
TE

(c) y = sin x and y = 3 sin 2x + 1 for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
EN

3. Next, compare each pair of graphs in terms of their amplitudes, periods and the position
of the graph.
M

4. Then, draw conclusions on the relationship between the values a, b and c in the
function y = a sin bx + c, where a ≠ 0 and b . 0, in terms of
KE

(i) the amplitude,

(ii) the period,
(iii) the position
of the function graph.
5. Each group appoints a representative to present the findings to the class.
6. Other members of the group may ask the representative questions.

6.3.1 203
From the results of Discovery Activity 5, it is found that the values of a, b and c in the function
y = a sin bx + c affect the amplitude, the period and the position of the graph.
y = a sin bx + c

a sin b c
• If c = 0: Shape of • Number of cycles Translation
Amplitude = | a |, Maximum value
of y = a, Minimum value of y = – a
graph:
y
in the range
0° < x < 360° or ()
0
c

SIA
• If c ≠ 0: 0 < x < 2π from the
1
Amplitude = | a | or
0 π 2π
x • Period = 360° basic graph.
(maximum value – minimum value) –1 b

AY
2 = 2  π
b

AL
Similar transformations can be done on the graphs

M
y = cos x and y = tan x. It is found that the original shapes of the
graphs remain unchanged. The effects of changing the values of QR Access
a, b and c on the graph can be summarised in the following table:

AN
• Let’s explore the
Change in Effects IK function graph for
a The maximum and minimum values of the graphs (except y = a cos (bx – c) + d.
for the graph of y = tan x where there is no maximum or
ID
minimum value).
ND

b Number of cycles in the range 0° < x < 360° or

0 < x < 2π :
( )
ggbm.at/p5kyyhym
• Graphs y = sin x and y = cos x period = 360° or 2  π
PE

b b • Let’s explore the

(
• Graph y = tan x period = 180°
b
1
or  π
b ) function graph for
y = k + A tan (Bx + C).
AN

c The position of the graph with reference to the

x-axis as compared to the position of the basic graph
RI

After knowing the shapes and properties of the trigonometric

TE

function graphs, two important skills that need to be mastered ggbm.at/kjqc2vcn

are drawing and sketching those graphs.

EN

Example 11
M

Draw the graph y = 3 – 2 cos 3  x for 0 < x < 2π.

2 Excellent Tip
KE

Solution
To draw a trigonometric
To determine the class interval size: function graph, we need

b = 3 , Period = 2π ÷ 3 = 4  π
at least eight points for
2 2 3 one cycle.
4
( )
Class interval size =  π ÷ 8
3
= π
6
204 6.3.1
 Trigonometric Functions

π π π 2  π 5  π 7  π 4  π 3  π 5  π 11 π
x 0 π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
y = 3 – 2 cos 3 x 1 1.59 3 4.41 5 4.4 3 1.59 1 1.59 3 4.41 5
2
The graph y = 2 cos 3  x is reflected on the y

()
2
0 5 y = 3 – 2 cos –32x
x-axis, then followed by a translation .
3 4
3

SIA
2
1

AY
x
0 1–π 1–π 1–π 2–π 5–π π 7–π 4–π 3–π 5–π 11
––π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

AL
M
Example 12
State the cosine function represented by the graph in the diagram below.

AN
y

4 IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
x
–π 0 π 2π
–4
ND

Solution
PE

Note that the amplitude is 4.

So, a = 4.
AN

Two cycles in the range of 0 < x < 2π.

The period is π, that is, 2π = π, so b = 2.
RI

b
Hence, the graph represents y = 4 cos 2x.
TE
EN

Besides identifying the trigonometric function of a given graph, the values of constants a, b and
c also help in sketching graphs when the trigonometric functions are given.
M

Example 13
KE

Given f(x) = 3 sin 2x for 0° < x < 360°.

(a) State the period of the function graph y = f(x). Then, state the number of cycles in the
given range.
(b) State the amplitude of the graph.
(c) Write the coordinates of the maximum and minimum points.
(d) Sketch the function graph y = f(x).
(e) On the same axis, sketch the function graph y = –3 sin 2x.

6.3.1 205
Solution
(a) The period of the function graph y = f(x) is 360° = 180°.
The number of cycles is 2.
2 Excellent Tip
(b) The amplitude of the graph is 3. To sketch the graph
(c) The maximum points are (45°, 3) and (225°, 3) while the y = a sin bx + c, 0 < x < nπ :
minimum points are (–135°, –3) and (–315°, –3). • Number of classes is
b×n×2=m
(d) To sketch the function graph y = 3 sin 2x, 0° < x < 360°: • Class interval size = nπ
Number of classes = 2 × 2 × 2 m
=8

SIA
Class interval size = 360°
8
= 45°

AY
y
3 y = 3 sin 2x
x 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 235° 360° 2

AL
y 0 3 0 –3 0 3 0 –3 0 1
0 x
–1 90° 180° 270° 360°

M
Plot the points: (0, 0), (45°, 3), (90°, 0), (135°, −3), –2
–3
(180°, 0), (225°, 3), (270°, 0), (335°, −3), (360°, 0)

AN
(e) Sketch the function graph y = –3 sin 2x which resembles a reflection of y = 3 sin 2x on the
x-axis. IK
y y = 3 sin 2x y = –3 sin 2x
3
ID
2
1
0 x
ND

–1 90° 180° 270° 360°

–2
–3
PE

Example 14
AN

State the transformation on the function graph y = tan x to obtain each of the following graphs.
(a) y = – tan x (b) y = – tan x
RI

Then, sketch both graphs for 0 < x < 2π.

TE

Solution
EN

Period = π rad
(a) The reflection of the graph y = tan x on the x-axis results
in getting the graph y1 = – tan x to be followed by a
M

reflection of the negative part of the graph y1 = – tan x on

Recall
KE

The period for y = tan x is

the x-axis to get the graph y2 =  –tan x .
180° or π rad.
y y = tan x y

y1 = –tan x y2 = |–tan x|

x x
0 π 2π 0 π 2π
 

206 6.3.1
 Trigonometric Functions

(b) The reflection of the negative part of the graph y = tan x on the x-axis results in getting the
graph y1 =  tan x  to be followed by reflection on the x-axis to obtain y2 = –  tan x .
y
y

y = |tan x|
x
x 0 π 2π
0 π 2π y2 = – |tan x|
 

SIA
Self-Exercise 6.4

AY
1. Sketch the graph for each of the following functions on a graph paper. Then, check your
graphs by using a dynamic geometry software.

AL
(a) y = 1 – 3 sin 2x for –90° < x < 180°
(b) f(x) = – tan 2x  + 1 for 0 < x < π

M
2. State the function represented by each of the following graphs.
(a) (b) y

AN
y 2
IK 1
R
0
x PTE

6
3 90° 180° 270° 360°
–1

CHA
x
ID
0 π π 3π –2
– –– 2π
2 2 –3

ND

3. Given f(x) = A sin Bx + C for 0° < x < 360°. The amplitude of the graph is 3, its period is
90° and the minimum value of f(x) is −2.
PE

(a) State the values of A, B and C. (b) Sketch the graph of the function.
4. Copy and complete the following table.
AN

Number of cycles/ Sketch the graph

Function Amplitude Translation
period 0<x<π
RI

1.  y = 3 sin 3x
2
TE

2.  y =  tan 2x  + 1

EN

Solving trigonometric equations using graphical method

M
KE

The solution to a trigonometric equation can be determined by drawing two graphs which are
derived from the trigonometric equations in the same diagram. The solutions are the values of x
for the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs.

Example 15
On the same axes, draw the graphs y = sin 2x and y = x for 0 < x < π. Then, state the
2π
solutions to the trigonometric equation 2π sin 2x – x = 0.

6.3.1 6.3.2 207

 Solution
For the graph y = sin 2x:

π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π
x 0 Range = π
8 4 8 2 8 4 8
Class interval size = π
y 0 0.71 1 0.71 0 – 0.71 –1 – 0.71 0 8

For the straight line y = x :

2π

SIA
x 0 π

AY
y 0 0.5

AL
Point (0, 0) (π, 0.5)

The graphs y = sin 2x and y = x :

M
y
y = sin 2x
2π 1.0 x
y = ––
2π
The points of intersection of the two graphs are

AN
0.5
the solutions to sin 2x = x or x
2π 0 1–π 1–π 3–π 1–π 5–π 3–π 7–π π
2π sin 2x – x = 0 8 4 8 2 8 4 8
–0.5
IK
From the graph, it is found that the solutions to –1.0
ID
the equation 2π sin 2x – x = 0 are 0 and 0.46 π.
ND

The number of solutions to a trigonometric equation can be determined by sketching the graphs
PE

for the functions involved on the same axes. The number of intersection points will give the
number of solutions to the equation.
AN

Example 16
RI

Sketch the graph y = 3 cos 2x + 2 for 0 < x < π. Then, determine the number of solutions to
TE

the following trigonometric equations.

(a) 3x cos 2x = π – 2x (b) 3π cos 2x = 8x – π
EN

Solution
M

y
Given y = 3 cos 2x + 2 y = 3 cos 2x + 2
KE

Number of classes = (2 × 1) × 2 = 4 5

π π 3π
x 0 π 2
4 2 4
x
y 5 2 –1 2 5 0 1–π 1–π 3–π π
–1 4 2 4

208 6.3.2
 Trigonometric
Fungsi Trigonometri
Functions

(a) To determine the number of solutions for 3x cos 2x = π – 2x,

3x cos 2x + 2x = π
x(3 cos 2x + 2) = π
3 cos 2x + 2 = π
x
Hence, y = 3 cos 2x + 2 and y = π .
x
For y = : π
x y
π π y = 3 cos 2x + 2

SIA
x 0 π 5
4 2

∞ 4 2 1

AY
y 2
y=πx–
( π4 , 4) ( π2 , 2)
x
0 1–π 1–π 3–π π

AL
Point – (π, 1) –1 4 2 4
Hence, the number of solutions = 1.

M
(b) To determine the number of solutions for 3π cos 2x = 8x – π,
3π cos 2x + π = 8x

AN
π(3 cos 2x + 1) = 8x Excellent Tip
3 cos 2x + 1 = 8x IK
π Only two points are PTE
R

3 cos 2x + 1 + 1 = 8x + 1.
6

CHA
needed to sketch a linear
ID
π function graph.
Thus, y = 3 cos 2x + 2 and y = 8x + 1.
ND

π
For y = 8x + 1:
π y
PE

y=8
–x + 1
π
1  π y = 3 cos 2x + 2
x 0 5
4
AN

3
y 1 3 2
1
RI

( 14  π, 3)
x
Point (0, 1) 0 1
–π 1
–π 3
–π π
–1 4 2 4
TE

Hence, the number of solutions = 1.

EN

Self-Exercise 6.5
M

1. By using appropriate scales,

KE

(a) draw the following graphs for 0° < x < 360°.

(i) y = 1 sin 2x (ii) y = 2 – cos x (iii)
y = –tan 2x + 1
2
(b) draw the following graphs for 0 < x < 2π.
(i) y = 3 cos 2x (ii)
y = –3 sin x + 2 (iii) y =  tan x  – 1

2. Sketch the graph of the function y = –2  sin 2x  + 1 for 0 < x < 2π.

6.3.2 209
 3. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of function y = 3 cos 3x and y = x + 1 for 0 < x < π .
2 π 2
Then, state the number of solutions for 3 cos 3x = 2x + 2 for 0 < x < π .
π 2
4. Determine the number of solutions for x – 2π  cos 2x  = 0 for 0 < x < π by sketching two
suitable graphs.

SIA
AY
Formative Exercise 6.3 Quiz bit.ly/3nDPEWx

AL
1. Using a scale of 2 cm to 0.5 units on the x-axis and y-axis, draw the graph y = 2 cos π  x

M
2
for 0 < x < 4. From the graph obtained, estimate the values of x that satisfy the equation

AN
cos π x + 1 = 0 for 0 < x < 4.
2 4 IK
2. Using a scale of 2 cm to π rad on x-axis and 1 cm to 1 unit on y-axis, draw the graph
ID
6
3
y = 5 tan x for 0 < x <  π. On the same axes, draw a suitable straight line to solve the
2
ND

equation 30 tan x – 6x + 5π = 0 for 0 < x < 3  π. Then, find the value of x in radians.
2
PE

3. Sketch the graph y = 3 sin 2x for 0 < x < 2π. Then, on the same axes, draw a suitable
straight line to find the number of solutions for the equation 3π sin 2x + 2x = 3π. State the
AN

number of solutions.
4. Sketch the graph y =  cos 2x  for 0 < x < π. On the same axes, draw a straight line to find
RI

the number of solutions for the equation x – 2π  cos 2x  = 0. Then, state the number
TE

of solutions.
5. Using a scale of 2 cm to π rad on the x-axis and 2 cm to 1 unit on the y-axis, draw on the
EN

4
same axes, the graphs of the trigonometric functions y = 1 + sin 2x and y =  2 cos 2x  for
M

0 < x < 2π. Then, state the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs.
KE

6. By sketching the graph y = 3 +  cos x  for 0 < x < 2π, find the range of values of k such
that  cos x  = k – 3 has no real roots.

7. (a) Sketch the graph y = –2 cos 3x for 0 < x < 2π.

2
(b) Then, by using the same axes, draw a suitable graph to solve the equation
2 cos 3x + π = 0 for 0 < x < 2π. State the number of solutions.
2 2x

210 6.3.2
 Trigonometric Functions

6.4 Basic Identities

Derive the basic identities

Note the following three basic identities:

sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 1 + tan2 q = sec2 q 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q

     
A trigonometric identity is an equation that involves trigonometric functions and is valid

SIA
for any values of angle. Trigonometric identities that we have learnt are as follows:
tan q = sin q , cot q = 1 and cosec q = 1

AY
cos q tan q sin q
By using a unit circle and a right-angled triangle, three more basic identities which are

AL
also known as Pythagoras identities can be proven.

M
Discovery Activity Group 21st cl

AN
Aim: Derive the basic identities
Steps: IK R
PTE
1. Divide students into two groups.
6

CHA
ID
2. Group 1 will deal with Diagram 6.5 and Group 2 will deal with Diagram 6.6.
N y
ND

(cos θ, sin θ)

1
p sin θ
PE

m θ x
O cos θ
AN

q
M n P

Diagram 6.5 Diagram 6.6
RI

Group 1 Group 2
TE

(a) List the six trigonometric ratios in terms (a) Write x in terms of cos q and y in terms
of sin q.
EN

of n, m and p.
(b) Using the Pythagoras theorem m2 + n2 = p2, (b) Using the Pythagoras theorem x2 + y2 = 1,
M

derive the three basic identities. derive the three basic identities.
KE

3. Discuss in your groups and present your findings to the class.

From Discovery Activity 6, it is found that

all three basic identities can be derived by • sin A = a , cosec A = c
using a right-angled triangle ABC and all the c a
B b c
trigonometric ratios which have been learnt. • cos A = , sec A =
c a
c b
a
• tan A = , cot A = b
A C
  b a
b

6.4.1 211
By using Pythagoras theorem, it is known that a2 + b2 = c2. Divide the two sides of the equation
by a2, b2 and c2; we get:

÷ a2 ÷ b2 ÷ c2

a2 + b2 = c2 a2 + b2 = c2 a2 + b2 = c2
a2 a2 a2 b2 b2 b2 c2 c2 c2
1+ b =
a() ()
2 c 2
a ()
a 2+1=
b ()
c 2
b () ()
a 2+ b 2=1
c c
1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

SIA
AY
These three basic trigonometric identities can be used to solve problems involving
trigonometric ratios.

AL
Example 17 Excellent Tip

M
Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the
sin2A + cos2A
following.

AN
(a) sin2 (– 430°) + cos2 (– 430°) + +

3( )
(b) tan2 π – sec2 π
3 ( ) IK tan2A 1 cot2A

sec2A cosec2A
ID
Solution
(a) sin2 (– 430°) + cos (– 430°) = 1 sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
ND

3( )
(b) tan2 π – sec2 π = –1
3 ( ) 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A
PE
AN

Self-Exercise 6.6
1. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.
RI

(a) cos2 80° + sin2 80° (b) sec2 173° – tan2 173°
TE

(c) 1 – cos2 45° (d) cosec2 8  π – cot2 8  π

5 5
EN

2. Given cos q = m, determine the values of the following in terms of m.

(a) sec2 q
(b) sin2 q
M

(c) cot2 q
KE

3. It is given that 0 < q < π and tan q = 3. Without using a right-angled triangle, find the
2
values of sin q and cos q.
4. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle ABC. Write the B
following expressions in terms of p and/or q.
q
(a) 1 – cos2 A p
(b) cosec2 A – 1
(c) 1 – sec2 A A C

212 6.4.1
 Trigonometric Functions

Prove trigonometric identities by using the basic identities

Example 18
Excellent Tip
Prove each of the following trigonometric identities.
(a) 1 – 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1 To prove the trigonometric
(b) tan A + cot A = sec A cosec A identities:
(a) Prove from the more
Solution complex side.
(b) Convert to basic

SIA
(a) 1 – 2 sin2 A trigonometric ratios
Use the identity
= 1 – 2(1 – cos2 A) sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
form.
= 1 – 2 + 2 cos2 A

AY
(c) Multiply by a conjugate
if required.
= 2 cos2 A – 1

AL
Hence, it is proven that 1 – 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1
(b) tan A + cot A Use the identity QR Access

M
tan A = sin A and cot A = cos A
= sin A + cos A cos A sin A
cos A sin A Activities to verify the

AN
= sin A + cos A
2 2 basic identities using
Use the identity sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 clinometer
cos A sin A
= 1 Use the identity
IK PTE
R
cos A sin A
6
1 = cosec A and 1 = sec A

CHA
ID
= sec A cosec A sin A cos A

Hence, it is proven that tan A + cot A = sec A cosec A

bit.ly/2Rq1vIU
ND

Proofs can be done by simplifying the expressions on the left until they are similar to the
expressions on the right or vice versa. Proof is also possible by simplifying the expressions on
PE

the left and the expressions on the right until both expressions are the same. This method is
shown in the example below.
AN

Example 19
RI

Prove that tan2 x – sec2 x + 2 = cosec2 x – cot2 x.

TE

Solution
EN

Left-hand side: tan2 x – sec2 x + 2 = (–1) + 2

=1 Use the identity 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
M

Right-hand side: cosec2 x – cot2 x = 12 – cos2 x
2 Use the identity
KE

sin x sin x 1 = cosec x and 1 = cot x

sin x tan x
= 1 – cos x
2

sin x
2 Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

= sin2 x
2

sin x
=1
Hence, tan x – sec x + 2 = cosec x – cot2 x = 1.
2 2 2

6.4.2 213
Self-Exercise 6.7
1. Prove each of the following trigonometric identities.
(b) 1 + 2 tan2 A = 1 – sin A
4
(a) 3 sin2 A – 2 = 1 – 3 cos2 A
cos A
4

(d) cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – tan 2 A

2
(c) sec A cosec A – tan A = cot A
1 + tan A
(e) cot2 q – tan2 q = cosec2 q – sec2 q (f) sin2 q = 1 – cos q
1 + cos q
(h) 1 – 2 sin q = cos q + sin q
2
(g) tan q (cosec q – 1) = 1
2 2
cos q – sin q

SIA
AY
AL
Formative Exercise 6.4 Quiz bit.ly/3nHaLaI

M
1. Given sec2 q = p, find the value of each of the following, in terms of p.

AN
(a) tan2 q (b) cos2 q (c) sin2 q

2. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.

(a) sin2 100° + cos2 100°
IK
(b) tan2 3 rad – sec2 3 rad
ID
(c) 1 + tan 120°
2
(d) 1 + cot2 225°
ND

3. Prove each of the following.

(a) tan x2 = sin2 x
2
(b) 5 sec2 x + 4 = 9 sec2 x – 4 tan2 x
1 + tan x
PE

(c) sin q + 1 + cos q = 2 cosec q (d) sec4 q – sec2 q = tan4 q + tan2 q

1 + cos q sin q
AN

4. The following equation is true for all values of q.

1 1
RI

+ = 2 cosec2 q
1 + cos q 1 – cos q
TE

(a) Prove the equation.

EN

(b) Then, find the value of cosec2 q if cos q = 0.6.

M

5. Each of the following identities shows a relation with sec y. Prove each of the following
identities.
KE

(a) sec y = sin y tan y + cos y

tan y + cot y
(b) sec y =
cosec y
1 – sin y cos y
(c) sec y = +
2 cos y 2 – 2 sin y

214 6.4.2
 Trigonometric Functions

6.5 Addition Formulae and Double Angle Formulae

Proving trigonometric identities using addition formulae

Information Corner
Consider the following example:
sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1 • Angles in the form
However, sin 30° + sin 60° = 0.5 + 0.866 ≠ 1 (A + B) or (A – B) are

SIA
Hence, sin (30° + 60°) ≠ sin 30° + sin 60°. called addition angles.
• Angles in the form
In summary, sin (A + B) ≠ sin A + sin B. 2A, 3A ,… are known as

AY
double angles.
The formulae that are used to find trigonometry ratios of

AL
addition angles are as follows:

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

M
QR Access
sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

AN
To prove addition
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B formulae
tan (A + B) = tan A + tan B IK R
1 – tan A tan B PTE
tan (A – B) = tan A – tan B
6

CHA
ID
1 + tan A tan B
ND

bit.ly/32uSYLk
The above formulae are also known as addition formulae.
Calculator can be used to verify such formulae.
PE

Discovery Activity 7 Group 21st cl

AN

Aim: To verify the addition formulae

Steps:
RI

1. Copy and complete the table below by using a calculator. Besides 10° and 20°, you can select
TE

five more sets with any values.

A B sin (A + B) sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A cos B + cos A sin B
EN

10° 20°
M
KE

2. Then, compare the answers obtained in Column 3 with Column 6 in the table above.
3. Discuss your findings with other groups.

6.5.1 215
From Discovery Activity 7, it is found that one of the addition formulae can be verified, which
is sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B. The same method can be used to verify the other
addition formulae. Calculator can also be used to verify the examples below.

Example 20
Find the value of each of the following expressions using the addition formulae. Then, check
the answers obtained with a calculator.
(a) sin 63° cos 27° + cos 63° sin 27°
(b) cos 50° cos 20° + sin 50° sin 20°

SIA
(c) tan 70° – tan 10°
1 + tan 70° tan 10°

AY
Solution

AL
(a) sin (63° + 27°) (b) cos (50° – 20°) (c) tan (70° – 10°)
= sin 90° = cos 30° = tan 60°
=1

M
! 3 = ! 3
=
2

Prove other identities by using the addition formulae

AN
IK
The addition formulae can be used to prove the other trigonometric identities.
ID
ND

Example 21
Prove the following identities.
( ) ( )
(b) sin x + π – sin x – π = cos x
PE

(a) sin (90° + A) = cos A

6 6
AN

Solution
(a) sin (90° + A)
= sin 90° cos A + cos 90° sin A
RI

= (1) cos A + (0) sin A

TE

= cos A
( )
(b) sin x + π – sin x – π ( )
EN

6 6
( ) ( ) ( ( )
= sin x cos π + cos x sin π – sin x cos π – cos x sin
6 6 6 ( π6 ))
M

= sin x cos ( )
π + cos x sin ( )
π – sin x cos π
( )
+ cos x sin ( π6 )
KE

6 6 6
= 2 cos x sin π( )
6
= 2 cos x ( )
1
2
= cos x

216 6.5.1
 Trigonometric Functions

Use of addition formulae

Let's look at some examples of how to use addition formulae to solve problems involving
trigonometric ratios.
Example 22
Recall
Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. sin cos tan
(a) sin 105° (b) tan 15° 1 1
45° 1
Solution ! 2 ! 2
! 3
(a) sin 105° (b) tan 15° 1

SIA
60° ! 3
2 2
= sin (45° + 60°) = tan (60° – 45°)
= sin 45° cos 60° + cos 45° sin 60°
= tan 60° – tan 45°
( )( ) ( )( )

AY
1 1 + 1 ! 3 1 + tan 60° tan 45°
=
! 2 2 ! 3 – 1

( )( )
2

AL
! 2 =
1 + ! 3 ! 2 1 + (! 3 )(1)
= ×

M
2! 2 ! 2 ! 3 – 1
=
! 2 + ! 6 ! 3 + 1
=

AN
4 = 2 – ! 3

Example 23
IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
Given sin A = 3 , 0° , A , 90° and sin B = – 12 , 90° , B , 270°. F ind
5 13
ND

(a) sin (A + B) (b) tan (B – A)

Solution
PE

(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B Excellent Tip

( )( ) ( )( )
= 3 –5 + 4 –12 y
AN

Based on the diagram in

5 13 5 13 P

Example 23:
= –15 – 48 5
65 3 • sin A = 3 , sin B = –12
A
RI

5 13
63 x
= –    O 4 • cos A = 4 , cos B = –5
65 5 13
TE

(b) tan (B – A) = tan B – tan A • tan A = 3 , tan B = 12

4 5
1 + tan B tan A y
EN

( ) ( )
–12 – 3
B
= –5 4 Q –5
( )( )
x
M

1 + –12 3 –12
O
–5 4 13
( )
KE

48 – 15 P Flash Quiz
= 20
( )
Based on Example 23,
1 + 36 determine the values of
20
( ) ( )
the following:
= 33 × 20 33 ÷ 56 = 33 × 20
(a) cosec (A + B)
20 56 20 20 20 56
(b) sec (A – B)
= 33 (c) cot (B – A)
56

6.5.1 217
Self-Exercise 6.8
1. Prove each of the following trigonometric identities.
( )
(a) sin (x – y) – sin (x + y) = –2 cos x sin y (b) tan A + π = 1 + tan A
4 1 – tan A
cos (x – y) – cos (x + y) cot A cot B + 1
(c) = tan y (d) cot (A – B) =
sin (x + y) + sin (x – y) cot B – cot A
2. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.
(a) cos 75° (b) cosec 105° (c) cot 195°

SIA
3. Given cos x = –  5 for 0 , x , π and sin y = – 3 for π , y , 3  π, find the value of each
13 5 2 2
of the following.

AY
(a) sin (x + y) (b) cos (x – y) (c) cot (x + y)

AL
M
Deriving the double angle formulae

AN
The addition formulae can be used to derive double-angle formulae.
IK
• Given sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin 2A • If B is substituted with A,
ID
sin (A + A) = sin A cos A + cos A sin A
Hence, sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
ND

• Given cos (A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B

PE

cos 2A • If B is substituted with A,

cos (A + A) = cos A cos A − sin A sin A.
AN

Hence, cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A

• If we substitute sin2 A = 1 – cos2 A into cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A,
cos 2A = cos2 A – (1 – cos2 A)
RI

= 2 cos2 A – 1
TE

Hence, cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1

• If we substitute cos2 A = 1 – sin2 A into cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A,
EN

cos 2A = (1 – sin2 A) – sin2 A

= 1 – 2 sin2 A
M

Hence, cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A

KE

• Given tan (A + B) = tan A + tan B

tan 2A 1 – tan A tan B
• If B is substituted with A,
tan (A + A) = tan A + tan A
1 – tan A tan A
Hence, tan 2A = 2 tan 2A
1 – tan A

218 6.5.1 6.5.2

 Trigonometric Functions

Example 24
Find the value of each of the following expressions using the double-angle formulae. Then,
verify the answers obtained with a calculator.
(a) 2 sin 15° cos 15° (b) cos2 22.5° – sin2 22.5° (c) 2 tan 275°
1 – tan 75°
Solution

(a) 2 sin 15° cos 15° (b) cos2 22.5° – sin2 22.5° (c) 2 tan 275°
= cos 2(22.5°) 1 – tan 75°
= sin 2(15°)
= tan 2(75°)

SIA
= sin 30° = cos (45°)
= tan 150°
= 1 ! 2
2 = = –  1

AY
2
! 3

AL
M
Proving trigonometric identities using double-angle formulae

AN
Example 25 IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
Prove the following identities.
(a) cosec 2A = 1 sec A cosec A
ND

2
(b) cos q – sin q = cos 2q
cos q + sin q
PE

Solution

(a) Given cosec 2A = 1 sec A cosec A

AN

2
Prove: Left-hand side = cosec 2A
1
RI

= Use the identity cosec 2A = 1

sin 2A sin 2A
TE

= 1
2 sin A cos A
Use the identity
EN

= 1 sec A cosec A 1 = cosec A and 1 = sec A

2 sin A cos A
M

(b) Given cos q – sin q = cos 2q

cos q + sin q
KE

Prove: Right-hand side = cos 2q

cos q + sin q
(cos2 q – sin2 q) (cos q – sin q)
= ×
cos q + sin q (cos q – sin q)
Use the identity
(cos2 q – sin2 q) (cos q – sin q)
= cos 2q = cos2 q – sin2 q and
(cos2 q – sin2 q) multiply by its conjugate
= cos q – sin q

6.5.2 6.5.3 219

Other formulae involving double angles can be derived by
Information Corner
induction. For example if cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1, hence the
formula is cos 4A = 2 cos2 2A – 1. By using the similar method, • sin A = 2 sin A cos A
it is found that cos A = 2 cos2 A – 1. This relation can be used
2 2
2 • cos A = cos – sin2 A
2 A
2 2
to prove half-angle formulae where sin A , cos A and tan A are 2 A
2 2 2 = 2 cos – 1
2
expressed in terms of sin A and cos A as stated below. = 1 – 2 sin2 A
2
A
• sin A = ±  1 – cos A

SIA
2 tan
2 ! 2 • tan A =
1 – tan
2
2 A
2
• cos A = ±  1 + cos A
!

AY
2 2

• tan A = ±   sin A

AL
2 !1 + cos A

M
26

AN
Example DISCUSSION
Prove that tan x = 1 – cos x . Prove that:
2 sin x
IK • sin2 q = 1 – cos q
Solution 2 2
ID
Right-hand side = 1 – cos x • cos2 q = 1 + cos q
sin x 2 2
ND

(
1 – 1 – 2 sin2 x
2 ) 2 q
• tan = sin q
2 1 + cos q
= x x
PE

2 sin cos
2 2
2 sin2 x Use cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin2 x
2
AN

= hence, cos x = 1 – 2 sin2 x

2 sin x cos x 2
2 2
sin x
RI

= 2
cos x
TE

2
= tan x
EN

2
Hence, it is proven that tan x = 1 – cos x .
M

2 sin x
KE

Self-Exercise 6.9
1. Without using a calculator, determine the value of each of the following.
(c) 1 – tan 75°
2
(a) 2 sin 30° cos 30° (b) cos2 165° – sin2 165°
2 tan 75°
2. Prove that cosec 2A = 1 sec A cosec A.
2

220 6.5.3
 Trigonometric Functions

3. Prove each of the following identities.

(a) sin 2q (tan q + cot q) = 2 (b) sin 4x + sin 2x = tan 2x
cos 4x + cos 2x + 1
(c) cosec 2A + cot 2A = cot A (d) sec 2x = cot x + tan x
cot x – tan x
4. Given sin x = 4 where x is an acute angle and sin y = 5 where y is an obtuse angle, find
5 13
y
(a) cosec 2x (b) sec 2y (c) sin x (d) tan
2 2

SIA
AY
Formative Exercise 6.5 Quiz

AL
bit.ly/34MeLhn

M
1. Given tan (A + B) = 3 and tan B = 1 , find the value of tan A.
3

AN
2. Given that 3A = 2A + A, prove each of the following by using the suitable identities.
(a) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
(b) cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
3. Given that sin x = 24 for 0 < x < π and cos y = 8 for π < y < 2π, find
25 2 17
ND

(a) cos (x + y) (b) cosec (x – y) (c) tan (x – y)

y
(d) sec 2y (e) sin
PE

4. Prove each of the following identities.

AN

cot x cot y – 1
(a) cot (x + y) =
cot x + cot y
RI

cos (x – y) – cos (x + y)
(b) tan y =
sin (x – y) + sin (x + y)
TE

5. Given tan q = t for 0 < q < π. Express each of the following in terms of t.
EN

(a) sin 2q (b) cos 2q (c) tan 2q

2 q 2 q
(d) sin (e) cos
2 2
M
KE

6. Prove each of the following identities.

(a) tan 1 q = sin q (b) sec2 1 q = 2 (c) sin 2q = 2 tan q
2 1 + cos q 2 1 + cos q 1 + tan2 q

7. By using the addition identities, show that

( )
(a) tan q + π = – cot q
2 ( )
(b) cos q + π = – sin q
2 ( )
(c) sin q + π = cos q
2

6.5.3 221
6.6 Trigonometric Function Applications

Solving trigonometric equations

Consider the following question:

Given sin q = 0.5, what is the value of q ?

SIA
The value of q can be obtained by using the sin–1 0.5 function in the calculator,
that is, sin–1 0.5 = 30°.

AY
It is found that the values of sin 150°, sin 390°, sin 510°, … are also 0.5. Hence, the angles
150°, 390°, 510°, … are also the solutions of sin q = 0.5.

AL
If the range for the angles is not stated, then the number of solutions for a trigonometric
equation will be infinite.

M
To solve a trigonometric equation, knowledge of the trigonometric identities, the reference
angle and the sign of the trigonometric ratio in a quadrant are important.

AN
Example 27 IK Excellent Tip
Steps to solve a
Solve the following equations for 0° < q < 360°.
ID
trigonometric equation:
(a) sin q = – 0.5446 (b) cos 2q = 0.3420 1. Simplify the equation by
ND

using suitable identities

Solution y if needed.
2. Determine the reference
(a) sin q = – 0.5446
PE

angle, and use the value

Reference angle, a = sin–1 (0.5446) of the trigonometric
a = 33° α α x ratio without taking into
O
AN

consideration the signs.

3. Find the angles in
the quadrants that
sin q is negative, so q is in the quadrant III and IV for
RI

correspond to the signs

0° < q < 360°. of the trigonometric
TE

q = 180° + 33° and 360° – 33° ratio and range.

= 213° and 327° y 4. Write the solutions
EN

(b) cos 2q = 0.3420 obtained.

Reference angle, a = cos–1 (0.3420)

α
M

a = 70° x Recall
Oα Given a is the reference
KE

angle and q is the ange in

the quadrant.
cos 2q is positive, so 2q is in the quadrant I and IV for y
0° < 2q < 720° α = 180°−θ α =θ
2q = 70°, 360° – 70°, 360° + 70° and 360 + (360° – 70°)
α α
= 70°, 290°, 430° and 650° α α
x
q = 35°, 145°, 215° and 325°
α = θ −180° α = 360°−θ

222 6.6.1
 Trigonometric Functions

Example 28

( )
Solve the equation 3 sin A + π = 0.99 for 0 < A < π.
3 y
Solution

( 3 )
3 sin A + π = 0.99 α
O
α x

( )
sin A + π = 0.33
3
Change the calculator
Reference angle, a = sin–1 (0.33) to radian mode

SIA
= 0.3363 rad

( ) ( )
sin A + π is positive, so A + π are in quadrants I and II

AY
3 3
π π
for < A + < 4.189. Excellent Tip
3 3

AL
π
A + = 0.3363 and π – 0.3363 If using the calculator in
3 degree mode:
A = 0.3363 – π and 2.805 – π

M
sin–1 (0.33) = 19.27°
3 3 Change to radian mode:
= – 0.7109 and 1.758 19.27° × π

AN
180
= 0.3363 rad
Hence, A = 1.758 rad.
IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
ND

Example 29
Find the values of x that range from 0° to 360° that satisfy the
PE

following equations.
(a) sin 2x + cos x = 0 Flash Quiz
AN

(b) 2 cos 2x – 13 sin x + 10 = 0 Given 0° < x < 360°.

Complete the table below.
RI

Solution Ratio x
(a) sin 2x + cos x = 0 sin x = 0
TE

2 sin x cos x + cos x = 0 Use the identity cos x = 0

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos x (2 sin x + 1) = 0
EN

tan x = 0
So, cos x = 0 or 2 sin x + 1 = 0 sin x = 1
When cos x = 0,
M

cos x = 1
x = 90° and x = 270°
tan x = 1
KE

When 2 sin x + 1 = 0
sin x = – 0.5 sin x = –1
Reference angle, a = 30° cos x = –1
sin x is negative, so x is in the quadrant III and IV tan x = –1
x = 180° + 30° and 360° – 30°
= 210° and 330°
Hence, x = 90°, 210°, 270° and 330°.

6.6.1 223
 (b) 2 cos 2x – 13 sin x + 10 = 0
2(1 – 2 sin2 x) – 13 sin x + 10 = 0 cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin2 x
2 – 4 sin2 x – 13 sin x + 10 = 0
4 sin2 x + 13 sin x – 12 = 0
(4 sin x – 3)(sin x + 4) = 0
sin x = 0.75 or sin x = – 4 (ignore) 0 < sin x < 1
When sin x = 0.75, reference angle, a = 48.59°
sin x is positive, so x is in the quadrant I and II.
Hence, x = 48.59° and 131.41°.

SIA
AY
Self-Exercise 6.10

AL
1. Given that 0° < x < 360°, find all the values of x that satisfy each of the following equations.
(a) sin 2x = – 0.4321 (b) sec (2x + 40°) = 2
( )

M
(c) cot x = 0.4452 (d) 5 tan x = 7 sin x
3

AN
(e) sin2 x – 2 sin x = cos 2x (f) sin (x + 30°) = cos (x + 120°)
(g) 7 sin x + 3 cos 2x = 0 (h) sin x = 3 sin 2x
(i) cos (x – 60°) = 3 cos (x + 60°) IK
2. Find all the angles between 0 and 2π that satisfy the following equations.
ID

( )
(a) sin 2x + π = – 
! 3
(b) 3 sin y = 2 tan y
ND

6 2
(c) 3 cot2 z – 5 cosec z + 1 = 0 (d) sin 2A – cos 2A = 0
(e) cos B sin B = 1
PE

(f) 4 sin (x – π) cos (x – π) = 1

4
AN
RI

Solving problems involving trigonometric functions

TE

The knowledge of trigonometric functions is often used to solve problems in our daily lives as
well as in problems involving trigonometry.
EN
M

Example 30 MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS

KE

In the diagram on the right, AE represents the height A

of a building. The angles of elevation of A from
points B, C and D are q, 2q dan 3q respectively. The
points B, C, D and E lie on a horizontal straight
hm
line. Given BC = 11 m and CD = 5 m. If AE = h m
and DE = x m, find the height of the building, in
terms of x. θ 2θ 3θ
B E
11 m C 5m D xm

224 6.6.1 6.6.2

 Trigonometric Functions

Solution

1 . Understanding the problem 2 . Planning the strategy

Given BC = 11 m, CD = 5 m, Find tan q, tan 2q and tan 3q, in
DE = x m with angles q, 2q, terms of h and x.
and 3q. Use the identity tan 3q = tan (q + 2q).
Find the height of the building, Substitute the expressions for tan q,
AE = h m. tan 2q and tan 3q.

SIA
Simplify the equation to find h.

AY
AL
3 . Implementing the strategy
h

M
It is found: tan q =
16 + x
tan 2q = h

AN
5+x
tan 3q = h where tan 3q = tan (q + 2q).
x IK PTE
R

6
h = tan q + tan 2q
So, 1 = 21 + 2x

CHA
ID
x 1 – tan q tan 2q x 80 + 21x + x2 – h2

( h
) ( h
) 80 + 21x + x2 – h2 = x(21 + 2x)
ND

+
= 16 + x 5+x 80 + 21x + x2 – h2 = 21x + 2x2
1– ( h
)( h
16 + x 5 + x ) h2 = 80 – x2
PE

h = ±! 80 – x2
h(5 + x) + h(16 + x)
AN

(16 + x)(5 + x) Hence, the height of the building is ! 80 – x2 m.

=
(16 + x)(5 + x) – h2
(16 + x)(5 + x)
RI

h(5 + x) + h(16 + x)
TE

=
(16 + x)(5 + x) – h2
EN
M
KE

6.6.2 225
 4 . Check and reflect
Let x be 4 m. Then, h = ! 80 – 42
=8m

It is found: tan q = 8 tan 3q = tan q + tan 2q

20 1 – tan q tan 2q
= 2
5 ( 25 ) + ( 89 )
=
1 – ( 2 )( 8 )

SIA
tan 2q = 8
9 5 9
tan 3q = 8 ( 18 45+ 40 )

AY

4
=
=2
( 4545– 16 )

AL
= 58

M

29
=2

AN
IK
ID
ND

Self-Exercise 6.11
1. In planning a flight, a pilot is required to determine
PE

the ground speed, v kmh–1, together with the speed and

direction of the wind. The ground speed, in kmh–1, is
AN

expressed as
v = 770 sin 135°
sin q
RI

Without using a calculator, find the value of v, if tan q =  7

TE

and 0° , q , 180°.
EN

2. By using the identity sec2 A – tan2 A = 1, find the exact value of tan A
if sec2 A + tan2 A = 2.
M

3. Elly intends to paste the wallpaper by using a collage technique. A

KE

The diagram on the right shows a triangle ABC which is made

up of two types of coloured paper. The point D is on AC, where 7 cm
AD = 7 cm, DC = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm and ˙ACB = 90°. To avoid
wastage, Elly needs to get the accurate sizes of the coloured D
papers. Find the value of each of the following. 8 cm β
(a) tan (a + b) (b) tan a (c) tan b
α
Then, state the values of a, b, ˙BAC, ˙ADB and ˙BDC, C
10 cm
B
the length of BD and the length of AB.

226 6.6.2
 Trigonometric Functions

Formative Exercise 6.6 Quiz bit.ly/34S4BM2

1. Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0° < x < 360°.
(a) 2 cos (x – 10°) = –1 (b) tan2 x = sec x + 2 (c) 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 0

2. Given 0 < A < π, solve each of the following equations.

(a) sin 2A = sin 4A (b) 5 cot2 A – 4 cot A = 0

SIA
3. Show that tan q + cot q = sec q cosec q. Then, solve the equation sec q cosec q = 4 cot q
for 0° < x < 360°.

AY
4. If A, B and C are angles in the triangle ABC, prove that
(a) sin (B + C) = sin A, (b) cos (B + C) = – cos A.

AL
5. The diagram on the right shows a trapezium ABCD. The 10 cm

M
D C
side AB is parallel to DC and ˙BCD = q. Find the value
of each of the following. θ

AN
17 cm
(a) cos q 15 cm
(b) sin 2q
(c) tan 2q IK R
A B PTE
Then, determine the value of q. 18 cm

CHA
ID
6. An electric pole is reinforced by two cables as shown in the A
ND

diagram on the right. It is given that the height of the pole,

AB = 24 m, distance BC = 7 m, ∠BAC = q and ∠ADB = 30°. Cable
24 m θ
(a) Without finding ∠CAD, calculate the value of sin ∠CAD,
PE

Cable
cos ∠CAD and tan ∠CAD.
30°
(b) State the lengths of the two cables. B 7m D
AN

7. The diagram on the right shows a triangle PQR with sides

RI

P
p, q and r respectively and the corresponding opposite
angles q, b and a. Show that the area of the triangle is
TE

r θ
q
given by the following formula.
p2 sin b sin a
EN

L= β α
2 sin (b + a) Q p R
M

8. Given sec q = t, where 0 , q , π . Find the value of each of the following, in terms of t.
2
( )
KE

(a) sin q (b) cos π + q (c) tan (π – q)

2

9. Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 1 +  cos x  for the domain 0 < x < 2π.
(a) State the range that corresponds to the domain.
(b) Then, by sketching suitable graphs on the same axes, state the number of solutions for
x  cos x  = 1 – x.

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 REFLECTION CORNER

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SIA
Represent positive Determine the • Draw and Trigonometric
sketch graphs

AY
angles and trigonometric ratios identities
negative angles in of any angle: of trigonometric • Complementary
a Cartesian plane • Six trigonometric functions. angle formulae

AL
• Angles in functions • Effects of • Basic identities
degrees or • Reference angle changing a, b • Addition

M
radians. • Signs for the and c on the formulae
• Angle in a full trigonometric following graphs: • Double angle

AN
circle is 360°. ratios in the 4 y = a sin bx + c formulae
quadrants y = a cos bx + c
IK • Half angle
y y = a tan bx + c formulae
• Find the solutions
ID
sin
and determine
All
the number of
ND

+ + x
tan cos solutions.
+ +
PE
AN
RI

Applications
TE
EN
M

Journal Writing
KE

By using a suitable graphic illustration, produce a summary of all the concepts contained
in this chapter. Then, compare your summary with your friends and make improvements if
needed. Present your work to the class. Teacher and friends can ask you questions.

228
 Trigonometric Functions

Summative Exercise
1. Write the range of angles for each of the following in radians. PL 1
(a) 0° < x < 360° (b) −180° < x < 90° (c) 270° < x < 720°

2. Write the range of angles for each of the following angles in radians. PL 1
(a) Acute angle (b) Obtuse angle (c) Reflex angle

3. State all the angles for q between 0° and 360° with the following trigonometric ratios.

SIA
PL 2
(a) sin q is 0.66 and – 0.66 (b) sec q is 2.2727 and –2.2727
(c) cot q is 1.136 and –1.136

AY
4. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following. PL 2
(a) sin (–120°) (b) tan 480° (c) sec 750°

AL
(d) cosec 3π ( 9
)
(e) cot –  π
4 (
(f) cos –  8 π
3 )

M
5. Given sin A = 5 and sin B = 4 , find the value of cos (A – B) and tan (A + B) if PL 3
13 5

AN
(a) A and B are acute angles,
(b) A and B are obtuse angles, IK R
(c) cos A and cos B are negative. PTE

CHA
ID
6. The diagram on the right shows three graphs for y = a cos bx y
for 0 < x < 2π. Copy and complete the table below. PL 3
ND

1
I
Number Class II
Graph Equation Period
of cycles interval
PE

x
0 π π 3–π 2π
I –
2 2
AN

III
II –1
RI

III
TE

7. (a) State the period of the graph y = sin 2x.

(b) State the amplitude of the graph y = 1 + 2 cos 3x. Then, state the maximum value and the
EN

minimum value of y.
(c) On the same axes, sketch each of the following functions for 0 < x < π.
M

(i) y = sin 2x (ii) y = 1 + 2 cos 3x

KE

(d) State the number of solutions for sin 2x – 2 cos 3x – 1 = 0 for 0 < x < π. PL 3

8. Given a triangle ABC, show that sin (A – B) sin C = sin2 A – sin2 B. PL 4

9. Prove the following statement. PL 4

229
 10. Given: A = cos–1
( )
! 10 ( )
3 and B = sin–1 1 . If A and B are acute angles, show that
! 5
A + B = π. PL 4
4
11. The diagram on the right shows the graph y = sin 2x + sin x for y
0 < x < 2π. PL 4 2
(a) Find the x-intercept for the graph.
1
(b) By using the same axis, sketch the graph y = cos 2x + 1. State
x
the maximum value and the period of the graph. 0 π
– π 3π 2π
––
(c) Next, state the number of solutions to the equation –1 2 2

SIA
sin 2x + sin x = 2 cos2 x in 0 < x < 2π. –2

12. (a) Prove that 1 – tan 2 x = cos 2x. PL 4

AY
2

1 + tan x
(b) Sketch the graph of the function y = cos 2x for 0 < x < 3  π.

AL
2
(c) By using the same axes, draw a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions to

M
the equation 5π (1 – tan2 x) = x (1 + tan2 x) for 0 < x < 3 π.
2

AN
13. (a) Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0° < x < 360°. PL 5
(i) sin (x + 30°) = 2 cos x
(ii) 2 sec (x + 60°) = 5 sec (x – 20°)
IK
(iii) tan x + tan 15° = 2
ID
1 – tan x tan 15°
(b) Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0 < x < 2π.
( )
ND

(i) 3 sin x = 2 cos x + π

4
( )
(ii) 2 tan x + 3 tan x – π = 0
PE

4
(iii) tan 5x = tan 2x
AN

14. The gravitational acceleration is the acceleration due to the gravitational attraction on the
body to the centre of the earth. The acceleration, g is dependent on the latitude, q of the
place. The value g can be calculated by using the following formula. PL 5
RI
TE

g = 9.78039(1 + 0.005288 sin q − 0.000006 sin2 2q)

(a) Calculate the gravitational acceleration for Kuala Lumpur.

EN

(b) Determine the latitude when the gravitational acceleration is maximum and state
the value.
M

15. The diagram on the right shows the point P(cos B, sin B)
KE

y
and point Q(cos A, sin A) located at the circumference of a P
unit circle with centre O. By using two different methods, Q
find the area of the triangle OPQ. Then, show that
A 1
sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B. PL 6 1 B
x
x1 x2 x3 x1 O r=1
[Hint: Use 1   and 1  ab sin C]
2 y1 y2 y3 y1 2

230
 Trigonometric Functions

16. The table below shows three non-matching pairs of trigonometric identities. By using any
dynamic geometry software, plot each graph to find the matching pairs.
[Hint: Plot y = 1 , y = cos2 x – sin2 x etc]. PL 6
tan x + cot x
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
(a) 1 = cos2 x – sin2x
tan x + cot x
(b) (sin x – cos x)(tan x + cot x) = sin x cos x

SIA
(c) cot x – tan x = sec x – cosec x
cot x + tan x

AY
Then, prove each of the identity pairs obtained.

AL
M
AN
MATHEMATICAL EXPLORATION
IK PTE
R

CHA
ID
Diagram (a) shows the Magic Hexagon or Super Hexagon which can assist in
remembering the various trigonometric identities. Diagram (b) is an example of a
ND

reciprocal trigonometric function which is derived from the Magic Hexagon.

sin A cos A
PE

tan A 1 cot A
AN

sec A cosec A
RI

Diagram (a)
TE

Reciprocal Function
1 1
EN

sin A cos A sin A =— cosec A =—

cosec A sin A

tan A cot A cos A =— 1 sec A =— 1

1
M

sec A cos A
KE

tan A =— 1 cot A =— 1
sec A cosec A
cot A tan A

Diagram (b)

Browse through the Internet to know more about how to generate formulae from the
Magic Hexagon. Explain the method used to get these formulae and list all the
fomulae generated.

231