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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Week 11: Derivative of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

I. Introduction

[22]In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are equivalents of the usual trigonometric functions defined
for the hyperbola rather than on the circle: just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius,
the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola.

II. Objectives

After completion of this course, you should be able to:

1. Compute the derivative of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions using basic rules,
chain rule, and implicit differentiation.
2. Apply basic algebraic concepts, hyperbolic identities and properties of logarithm in
simplifying derivatives of the functions

III. Lecture-Discussion

[22]Exponential Functions Definition

Hyperbolic sine: the odd part of the exponential function, that is

Hyperbolic cosine: the even part of the exponential function, that is

Hyperbolic tangent:

Hyperbolic cotangent: for x ≠ 0,

Hyperbolic secant:

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Hyperbolic cosecant: for x ≠ 0,

[22]Hyperbolic Function Identities

Odd and Even Functions

[22]Hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy:

the last of which is similar to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity. One also has

[22]Sums of arguments

Particularly

[22]Subtraction formulas

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[22]Inverse Functions as Logarithms

[22]Derivatives

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[23]Examples (Use the formulas from the list above and the chain rule)

Example 11.1

Differentiate the function y  tanh x 2  3 x  

Solution

dy d

dx dx
    
tanh x 2  3 x  sec h 2 x 2  3 x 2 x  3  Apply Chain Rule

Example 11.2

1
Differentiate the function y 
sinh x 2
Solution

dy d  1  d
    sinh x  2
2 
Simplify by getting the reciprocal
dx dx  sinh x   dx
 2sinh x  cosh x
3
Apply Chain Rule and derivative of sinh

Example 11.3

 x
Differentiate the function y  sinh 1  
3
Solution
d   x  1
y ' x   sinh 1    
dx   3  x2
3 1 Simplify radicand by adding terms
9
1
y ' x  
9  x2 Extract the square root of 1/9
3
9
1
y ' x  
3
9  x2 Divide common factor
3
1
y ' x  
9  x2

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Example 11.4

Differentiate the function w  arcsin htan x 

Solution

dw 1
 tan x ' Use the formula from the list
dx tan 2 x  1
dw
dx

1
sec x 
2
1
tan x  1
2
sec x 
Apply identities for 1  tan x  sec x and
2 2
cos x
dw 1 1
 2
dx tan 2 x  1 cos x
dw 1 1
 2
dx sec x cos x
2

dw 1 1
 2
dx 1 cos x
cos 2 x
dw 1 1

dx 1 cos 2 x
cos x
dw 1
  sec x
dx cos x

IV. Learning Activity 11.1

INSTRUCTION: Determine the derivative of the function.

1.  
w  tanh t 2

2. q  r sinh r  cosh r

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3. w  sinh 2 t

4. q  arctan hcos t 

5. w  arctan htanh r 

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V. Exercises 11.1

INSTRUCTION: Determine the derivative of the function. Use a test booklet for your solution.

1. y  arctan hsin x 

2. y  cosh x

3. f ( x)  tan(4 x)

4. f ( x)  sinh x tanh x

5. f ( x)  x 2 sinh 1 2 x 

6. f ( x)  tanh 1 ( x )

7. f ( x)  sec h 1 ( 1  x )

a
8. y  arccos h
x

9. y  csc h 2 3x

10. y  sec h ln x
2

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Week 12: Polynomial Curves

VI. Introduction

[24]A polynomial function is a function such as a quadratic, a cubic, a quartic, and so on, containing only
non-negative integer powers of x. We can give a general definition of a polynomial, and define its
degree.

A polynomial is a function of the form

f x  an x n  an1 xn1  ...  a2 x 2  a1x  a0

The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of x in its expression. Constant (non-zero) polynomials,
linear polynomials, quadratics, cubic and quartic are polynomials of degree 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is also a polynomial, but we say that its degree is ‘undefined’.

[25]This unit explains how differentiation can be used to compute the equations of the tangent and
normal to a curve. The tangent is a straight line which just touches the curve at a given point. The
normal is a straight line which is perpendicular to the tangent. To determine the equations of these lines
we shall make use of the fact that the equation of a straight line passing through the point with
coordinates (x1, y1) and having gradient m is given by

y  y1
m
x  x1

We also make use of the fact that if two lines with gradients m 1 and m2 respectively are perpendicular,
then 𝑚1𝑚2 = −1. In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake
plenty of practice exercises so that they become second nature.

VII. Objectives

After completion of this course, you should be able to:

1. Use derivative to find the slope of the curve.

2. Determine the equation of the tangent line to the curve and the normal line.

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VIII. Lecture-Discussion

[25]Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) such as that shown in Figure 10.1. When we calculate the derivative, f ′, of
the function at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 say, we are finding the gradient of the tangent to the graph of that
function at that point. Figure 10.1 shows the tangent drawn at 𝑥 = 𝑎. The gradient of this tangent is
𝑓 ′ (𝑎).
[26]At a given point on a curve, the gradient of the curve is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the
curve.

Figure 12.1The tangent drawn at x = a has gradient 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) [25]

Figure 12.2The Tangent and Normal Line [26]

We will use this information to calculate the equation of the tangent to a curve at a particular point, and
then the equation of the normal to a curve at a point.

[26]The derivative (or gradient function) describes the gradient of a curve at any point on the curve.
Similarly, it also describes the gradient of a tangent to a curve at any point on the curve.

[26]To determine the equation of a tangent to a curve:

1. Find the derivative using the rules of differentiation.
2. Substitute the x-coordinate of the given point into the derivative to calculate the gradient of the
tangent.
3. Substitute the gradient of the tangent and the coordinates of the given point into an
appropriate form of the straight line equation.
4. Make y the subject of the formula.

The normal to a curve is the line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at a given point.

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[27]Examples

Example 12.1

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y  x at the point (1, 1).

Solution

Figure 12.3 Graph of y  x

Step 1: Find the first derivative
dy d

dx dx
  d  12 
x   x 
dx  
Change radical to exponent

dy 1 12 1 Apply power formula

 x
dx 2
dy 1 Take the reciprocal and change
 exponent to radical
dx 2 x

Step 2: Using point (1, 1), let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 and substitute 𝑥 = 1 to the first derivative
1
f '  x0   f ' 1 
2

Step 3: Using these three values

1
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 and f '  x0  
2

Substitute into the point-slope form equation of the line:

y  y0  f '  x0 x  x0 

This yields the equation of the tangent line:

1
y 1  x  1
2
2 y  2  x 1
x  2 y 1  0
Answer

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Example 12.2
Find a point on the curve y  w  2w  3 at which the tangent is parallel to the x - axis.
2

Solution
Since the tangent is parallel to the x−axis, the derivative is equal to zero at this point. Hence,
dy

dw dw
d
 
w2  2w  3  2w  2

We find that 0  2w  2
w 1
Then solve for y by substituting 𝑤 = 1
y  w2  2 w  3
y  12  21  3
y  4
Thus, the point on the curve at which the tangent line is parallel to x – axis is (1, -4).

Example 12.3

Find the equation of the normal line to the curve y  t  e at t0 = 0.

3 t

Solution
Determine the value of the y0 at 𝑡 = 0.
y0  03  e0  1

The derivative is given by

dy d 3 t

dt dt

x e 
dy
 3t 2  et
dt

At the point x0 = 0, it equals

dy
 3  02  e0  1
dt

Thus, the equation of the normal is written as follows:

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1
y  y0  x  x0  Note: The slope of the normal line is
f ' x0  the negative reciprocal of the slope of
1 the tangent line (slopes of two lines
y 1    x  0 that are perpendicular)
1
y 1  x
x  y 1  0
Example 12.4

The equation of the tangent line to the graph of a function is 2 x  y  4  0 at 𝑥 = 1. Find the
equation of the normal line passing through the same point.

Solution.
We rewrite the equation of the tangent in slope intercept form as y  2 x  4 and determine the slope
and y−coordinate of the point of tangency.

The slope of the tangent line is −2.

Find y0 using point of tangency at 𝑥 = 1: y0  21  4  2

Then the slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent line, we get that
the slope of the normal is equal to 1/2. So the equation of the normal can be written as
y  y0  m x  x0 
y  y0  f '  x0 x  x0 
1
y2  x  1
2
2 y  4  x 1
x  2y  3  0
Answer

IX. Learning Activity 12.1

Problem Solving

1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1.

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x 1
2. Find the equation of the normal to the graph of the function y  at the point where x = 2.
x 1

3. Find the equations of the tangent line and normal line to the parabola y=2x 2 at the point (2, 8).

4. Write equations of the tangent line to the graph of the function y  x x  1 at x=2.

5. Find the equation of the normal line to the curve x  y  2 x  6  0 at the point (−1, 3).
3 2

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X. Exercises 12.1

1. Determine the equation of the normal line to the curve 𝑦 = arccot at 𝑡 = 1.

2. As shown in figure 12.4, a tangent line is drawn to the function 𝑦 = at the point (1, 1).
Compute the length of the tangent line segment AB in the first quadrant.

Figure 12.4

3. As shown in figure 12.5, the tangent and normal lines are drawn to the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 at the
point 𝑥 = 2. Determine the length of the line segment AB between the points of intersection of
the lines with the x−axis.

Figure 12.5

4. Refer to figure 12.6, compute the area of the triangle formed by the tangent line to the function
𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 drawn at the point (1, 2) and the coordinate axes.

Figure 12.6

5. Determine the equation of the tangent line drawn to the curve 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0 at the
point of tangency P (1, 2).

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Week 13: Semi-final Exam

Week 14: Increasing and Decreasing Functions

XI. Introduction

Before we can describe how functions behave, we can identify intervals over which the function is
changing either increasing or decreasing in definite ways. We can say that if the interval of the function
is increasing then it is going up and if it is decreasing it is going down. Similarly, when the graph is going
up, its slope is positive. While when the graph is going down, the slope is negative. Since slope and
derivative are the same, we can tell whether the function is increasing or decreasing with the derivative
of a function.

XII. Objectives

After completion of this course, you should be able to:

1. Use the first derivative test to find the relative maxima and relative minima of the function.
2. Apply the second derivative tests to solve relative extrema and concavity of the function.

XIII. Lecture-Discussion

One way to determine whether the function is increasing, decreasing or, constant on any intervals in its
domain is by graphing. An easier way is by using the derivative of the function. If > 0, then the
function is increasing on the interval, and if < 0, then the function is decreasing on the interval.
The behavior of the curve on any interval whether it is increasing or decreasing is known as
monotonicity of the function.

Figure 14.1 Monotonicity of the Curve

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Table 14.1 Monotonicity of Figure 14.1

The First Derivative Test

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on an open interval containing critical values. If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable on
the interval, except probably at the critical values, then 𝑓(𝑥) at the critical values can be classified as
follows:
a) Relative/local Maximum (maximum point) if 𝑓(𝑥) changes from positive to negative at m.
b) Relative/local Minimum (minimum point) if 𝑓(𝑥) changes from negative to positive at n.
c) If there is no sign change, then the critical value is not a relative minimum or maximum.

Figure 14.2 Curve with Critical Values within Intervals

Table 14.2 Relative Extrema of Figure 14.2

Note: First derivative is positive if the graph is increasing and negative if it is decreasing.

The Second Derivative Test

The second derivative test is used to determine the concavity of the function. Concavity refers to the
curvature of the curve. The point on the graph where the concavity changes is the point of inflection
(poi). It can be determined by setting the second derivative equal to zero(𝑓 (𝑥) = 0).

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Figure 14.3 Point of Inflection Table 14.3 Concavity of Figure 14.3

The graph of a twice-differentiable function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is:

1. Concave up on any interval where 𝑓’’(𝑥) > 0, and
2. Concave down on any interval where 𝑓’’(𝑥) < 0.

Figure 14.4 Critical Points Table 14.4 Concavity and Extrema of Figure 14.4

Note: Second derivative is positive if the graph opens upward and negative if it opens downward.

Example 14.1
Find the maximum and minimum point of the function y  x  6 x  9 using the first derivative test.
3 2

Solution
Step 1: Find the first derivative of the function y  x  6 x  9
3 2

y'  3x 2  12x
Step 2: Set the first derivative to zero and solve for x (critical numbers).
y '  3x 2  12 x
0  3x 2  12 x Factor out the GCF
0  3 x  x  4 Set the factors to zero
x  0,x  4

Step 3: Use number line to identify intervals by plotting the critical numbers. Choose a value of x in
every interval and substitute it to the first derivative y '  3 x 2  12 x .

y + - +

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0 4

y '  1  3 1  12 1  15

2
Positive (15) when x = -1 first interval
y ' 1  31  121  9
2
Negative (-9) when x = 1, middle
interval
y ' 5  35  125  15
2
Positive (15) when x = 5, last interval

According to the result of the first derivative test, (a) from positive to negative at zero, thus x = 0 is
maximum, and (b) from negative to positive at 4, thus x = 4 is minimum.

Step 4: Solve for y using the function y  x  6 x  9

3 2

y  03  60   9  9
2
When x = 0
y  43  64   9  23 When x = 4
2

Step 5: Therefore the maximum point occurs at P (0, 9) and minimum point occurs at P (4, -23).

Example 14.2
Find the maximum and minimum point of the function y  x  6 x  9 and point of inflection using the
3 2

second derivative test.

Solution
Step 1: Find the first derivative of the function y  x  6 x  9
3 2

y'  3x 2  12x
Step 2: Set the first derivative to zero and solve for x (critical numbers).
y '  3x 2  12 x
0  3x 2  12 x Factor out the GCF
0  3 x  x  4 Set the factors to zero
x  0,x  4
Step 3: Solve the second derivative of the function y  x  6 x  9
3 2

y'  3x 2  12x
y ' '  6 x  12
Step 4: Substitute the critical numbers to the second derivative.

y ' ' 0  60  12  12 Y’’ is negative thus the curve opens downward
y ' ' 4  64  12  12 Y’’ is positive thus the curve opens upward

Step 5: Compute for y using the function y  x  6 x  9

3 2

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y  03  60   9  9
2
When x = 0
y  43  64   9  23 When x = 4
2

Step 6: According to Table 14.4, when the concavity of the curve is downward, the relative extrema is
maximum and if the curve opens upward the relative extrema is minimum. Therefore the maximum
point occurs at P (0, 9) and minimum point occurs at P (4, -23).

Step 7: Point of Inflection

Let the second derivative equal to zero and solve for x
y ' '  6 x  12
0  6 x  12
x2
Find y by substituting x = 2 to the equation y  x  6 x  9
3 2

y  2  62  9  7
3 2

Thus the point of inflection is at P (2, -7).

XIV. Learning Activity 14.1

Problem Solving

1. Given the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 – 12𝑡 + 7 determine the critical numbers.

2. Make a number line to identify intervals by plotting the critical numbers obtained from
problem#1 of the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 – 12𝑡 + 7. Choose a value of x in every
interval and substitute it to the first derivative. Identify the increasing and decreasing intervals.

3. Solve for the maximum and minimum point of the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 – 12𝑡 + 7
using the data gathered from problems 1 and 2.

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4. Determine the concavity of the curve at each critical number of the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 +
3𝑡 – 12𝑡 + 7.

5. Find the point of inflection of the function 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 – 12𝑡 + 7.

XV. Exercises 14.1

Problem Solving

1. Given the function f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  1 determine the critical numbers.

2. Make a number line to identify intervals by plotting the critical numbers obtained from
problem#1 of the function f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  1 . Choose a value of x in every interval and
substitute it to the first derivative. Identify the increasing and decreasing intervals.
3. Solve for the maximum and minimum point of the function f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  1 using the
data gathered from problems 1 and 2.
4. Determine the concavity of the curve at each critical number of the function
f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  1 .
5. Find the point of inflection of the function f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  1 .

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Week 15: Related Rates

XVI. Introduction

Related rates problems are about the relationships of at least two changing quantities and how the rate
of change of one affects the rate of change of another. Usually, it is a problem in which we know one of
the rates of change at a given instant.

XVII. Objectives

After completion of this course, you should be able to:

1. Create an equation (or several equations) relating the variables defined.

2. Use implicit differentiation in solving rate of change problems.

XVIII. Lecture-Discussion

[28]Here are the important steps in planning and solving related rates problems

1. Sketch a figure or else create a mathematical model of the situation.

2. Determine the constant and variable quantities in your figure.
3. Classify the independent variable in the problem. This is typically time but it need not be.
4. Identify which rates are given and which rate you need to find.
5. Apply the mathematical model to write down an equation among the variable quantities.
6. Differentiate this equation with respect to the independent variable quantity, typically making
use of implicit differentiation.
7. Compute the quantity asked.

Examples [29]

Problem 15.1 [29]

A man placed a ladder 20 ft. in length against a wall. On the floor, the foot of the ladder starts to slide
away from the wall at the rate of 1 , how fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the
foot of the ladder is 12 feet from the wall?

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dy dy
1
Given: dt Find: dt when 𝑥 = 12

Figure 15.1 Triangle

Solution

x 2  y 2  202 Differentiate with respect to time

dx dy Divide both sides by two to simplify
2x  2y 0
dt dt
dx dy
x y 0
dt dt

Solving for y when 𝑥 = 12: Thus

x 2  y 2  202 dy
121  16 0 Substitute x and y
12 2  y 2  202 dt
dy
144  y 2  400 16  12 Solve for 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
dt
y 2  256 dy 3
y  16 
dt 4

The negative derivative means that distance y is decreasing. Therefore the rate at which the top of
ladder is sliding down is ¾ .

Problem 15.2 [29]

Given a rectangle with dimensions that are continuously changing. The measurement of the width
increases at the rate of 3 while the length decreases at the rate of 2 . At an instant, the rectangle
is a 20-inch square. How fast is its area changing 3 seconds later?

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dx
3
dt
dA
dy
Given:  2 Find dt 3 seconds later
dt
Figure 15.2 Rectangle

Solution ‘x’ and ‘y’ 3 seconds later

A  xy x  20  33  29
dA dy
x y
dx y  20  3 2  14
dt dt dt
dA
 29 2   143  16 3 seconds later
dt

Since is negative, the area is decreasing at the rate of 16 inches/sec.

Problem 15.3 [29]

A long and narrow container full with water is 2m in length and has a cross section in the shape of an
isosceles trapezoid 30 cm wide at the bottom, 60 cm wide at the top, and a height of 50 cm. If the
container leaks water at the rate of 2000 cm 3/min, how fast is the water level falling when the water is
20 cm deep?

Given Find

dV dh
 2000  ? when ℎ = 20
dt dt
Note: Volume of the water is 𝑉 = 𝐴 𝑙

where A = area of the trapezoid and I = length of the trough

The area of the trapezoid is (

, a and b are the base
)

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Figure 15.3

h
A x  30 Area of the trapezoid based from the
dimensions of figure 15.3
2

Solution

V  Al
h
V l x  30 When 𝑙 = 200
2
V  100h x  30 

Figure 15.4 Triangle ABC is similar to triangle ADE since their

corresponding sides are proportional

By similar triangle: From figure 15.4 x  2 y  30 eqn. 2

y h

15 50
3
y h eqn. 1
10
Substitute eqn. 1 to eqn. 2

3 
x  2 h   30
 10 
3
x  h  30
5
Substitute x to the volume equation:

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V  100h x  30
3 
V  100h h  60 
5 
V  60h  6000h
2

dV dh
 120h  6000  When substitute = −2000 and ℎ = 20
dt dt
dh
 2000  8400
dt
dh 2000

dt 8400
dh 5
  cm/min
dt 21

The negative sign indicate that the water level is decreasing at a rate of cm/min

XIX. Learning Activity 15.1 [30]

Problem Solving

1. A conical tank 20 feet high and a radius of 5 feet is used to store water. How fast is the water
level rising if the water is being pumped into the tank at the rate of 100 ft 3/min when the water
height is 10 feet?

2. A water tank in the shape of an inverted cone is 8 feet high and 4 feet radius. is being emptied
at the rate of 2 cubic feet per second. The height of the cone is 8 feet and the radius is 4 feet.
Find the rate of change of the water level if the tank is being emptied at the rate of 2 ft 3/sec
when the depth is 6 feet.

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3. Ben 6 feet tall walks away at a rate from the light at the top of the 16 feet pole. Determine
the rate at which the tip of his shadow is moving when he is 20 feet from the pole.

4. The volume of a cube is growing at a rate of 2 in3/min. Determine the rate at which the surface
of the cube is growing when the side is 8 inches.

XX.Exercises 15.1

Problem Solving

1. A ladder 10 feet long is standing against the side of a house. The foot of the ladder is moved
away from the side of the house at the rate of 1 ft/sec. Determine the rate at which the top of
the ladder is falling down the side of the house 1 second after the foot begins being pulled away
from the house after 8 seconds. Ans. -1.333 ft/sec

2. Determine the rate of change of the radius of a sphere if the volume is increasing at the rate of
8π ft3/sec when the radius is 6 feet. Ans. 1/8 ft/sec

3. The area of the rectangle is changing with the width of a rectangle that is increasing at a rate of
2 cm/sec, while the length is increasing at 3 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the area is increasing
when the width is 4 cm and the length is 5 cm. Ans. 22 cm2/sec

4. Two trains leave from the same station at the same time. Train X travels due North at 30 mph,
while train Y travels due East at 40 mph. Find the rate at which the distance between the cars
changing after 1 hour. Ans. 50 mph

5. The rate at which the spherical red balloon is inflated is 100 cm 3 /sec. Determine the rate at
which the radius is changing when the diameter of the balloon is 50 cm? Ans. 1/25π

6. Car A and B are traveling, car A is going due East at a rate of 90 km/hr and car B is going due
South at a rate of 60 km/hr. The two cars are traveling toward the intersection of the two roads.
Determine the rate at which the cars approaching each other at the instant when car A is 0.2 km
and car B is 0.15 km from the intersection. Ans. 108 km/hr
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7. A big yellow balloon is rising at a rate of 20 feet per second. It is 10 feet above the ground at the
time that the back end of a blue car is directly below the bottom of the balloon. The blue car is
traveling at 40 feet per second. Determine the rate of change at which the distance between the
bottom of the balloon and the point on the ground directly below the back of the blue car one
second after the back of the car is directly below the balloon? Ans. 44 ft/sec

Week 16: Applied Maxima and Minima

XXI. Introduction

Optimization is one of the most essential applications of differential calculus. When we are looking for
the best way to perform a given task whether looking for the maximum volume to construct from a
given material or the minimum/least cost of material required to create an object, we used
optimization.

XXII. Objectives

After completion of this course, you should be able to:

1. Solve optimization problems using differentiation.

2. Apply differential calculus to solve real world problems.

XXIII. Lecture-Discussion

Here are the important steps in planning and solving optimization problems

1. Sketch a figure or else create a mathematical model of the situation.

2. Determine the constant and variable quantities in your figure.
3. Create an equation signifying the quantity to be maximized or minimized. This variable quantity
will normally be characterized in terms of two or more variables.
4. Determine any constraints or relations between the variables to eliminate all but one
independent variable. This changes the equation obtained in step 3 into a function defined by
two variables. Identify the domain of this function appropriate to the problem.

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5. (a) When the function is continuous on a closed interval, apply the closed interval method to
calculate its absolute maximum or minimum values.
(b) But when there is only one critical value within the interval, apply either the first or second
derivative test to calculate whether it is a relative maximum or relative minimum. The computed
value will be the absolute maximum value or absolute minimum value, respectively.

Example 16.1 [29]

Calculate the maximum and minimum combined area of a square and/or a rectangle whose length is
three times its width, formed from a 24-inch long piece of wire.

Given
Let: x = side of a square
y = width of the rectangle

Figure 16.1

4 x  8 y  24 The sum of the perimeter of the

x  2y  6 square and rectangle is equal to the
length of the wire

Solution
For the critical number
Total area in terms of x and y

Total area in terms of y only

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A  x2  3y2
A y   6  2 y   3 y 2
2

A'  y   26  2 y  2   6 y Apply chain rule

A'  y   24  8 y  6 y Distribute and combine like terms
A'  y   24  14 y
0  24  14 y
Set the first derivative to zero
24 12
y  Solve for y (critical number)
14 7

Compute 𝐴(𝑦) at the critical number and at the endpoints of the interval.

(a) When 𝑦 = 0 (all the wire is used to form a square)

A y   6  2 y   3 y 2
2

A0  36

(b) When 𝑦 = , the critical number

2 2
 12   24   12 
A    6    3 
7  7  7
2 2
 12   18   12 
A      3 
7 7 7
 12  108
A    15.43
7 7

(c) When all wire is used to form a rectangle (𝑥 = 0)

when x  0
x  2y  6 A y   6  2 y   3 y 2
2

2y  6 A3  27
y 3

Therefore:
The maximum area happens when all the wire is used to form a square and the minimum area occurs
when 𝑦 = at critical number.

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Example 16.2 [29]

A 24-inch by 15-inch piece of sheet metal is used to create an open box by cutting squares of equal size
from the corners and folding up the sides. Find the dimension of the cutout that maximizes the volume
of the box.

Given
Let: x = dimension of the cutout

Figure 16.2

Dimensions of the box in terms of x

l  24  2 x
w  15  2 x
hx
Solution
Volume of the box
V  lwh
V  x   24  2 x 15  2 x  x  Volume in terms of x

V  x   4 x 3  78 x 2  360 x Multiply and combine like terms

V '  x   12 x 2  156 x  360 Solve for the first derivative


V '  x   12 x 2  13 x  30  Factor out the GCF and the other factor

V '  x   12 x  10  x  3 Use trial and error to factor out trinomials

x  10; x  3 Set the factors to zero and solve for x

There are two values of x. When 𝑥 = 10, the volume is negative, thus the value was rejected. When
𝑥 = 3 the volume is positive. Use 2nd derivative test to ensure that 𝑥 = 3 is relative maximum.

V '  x   12 x 2  156 x  360 Solve for the second derivative

V ' '  x   24 x  156 And substitute x = 3
when x  3
When the second derivative is negative it means that the curve
V ' ' 3  243  156  84 opens downward and the relative extreme is maximum (refer to
2nd derivative test).

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Thus, maximum volume of 486 in3 occurs when 𝑥 = 3.

Example 16.3 [29]

Determine the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that can be inscribed in an equilateral triangle
whose side measures 20 units.

Given
Let: w = width of the rectangle and y = length of the rectangle
w = 2x

Figure 16.3
Find h (refer to figure 16.3)
h 2  10 2  20 2 Apply Pythagorean Theorem and solve for h
h  10  400
2 2

h 2  300
h  300  10 3
Solution
By similar triangle:
y 10  x

10 3 10
 10  x  By similar triangle solve for y
y  10 3  
 10 
y  3 10  x  Equation 1

Area of the rectangle = 2𝑥𝑦

Express the area in terms of x (use eqn.1)

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A x   2 x 3 10  x 

A x   2 3 10 x  x 2 
A' x  2 3 10  2 x  Solve the first derivative

0  2 3 10  2 x  Set the first derivative to zero

2 x  10 Solve for x
x5

Second derivative test

A' x  2 3 10  2 x  When the second derivative is negative it means that the curve
opens downward and the relative extreme is maximum (refer to
A' ' x  2 3 0  2 
2nd derivative test).
A' ' x  4 3

Solve for y (use eqn.1)

y  3 10  x 
y  3 10  5
y5 3

Thus, the dimensions of the rectangle inscribed in an equilateral triangle are 𝑤 = 2𝑥 = 10 (width)
and y  5 3 (length).

XXIV. Learning Activity 16.1 [31]

1. Determine the two nonnegative numbers whose totality is 9 and the product of first number
and the square of the second number is a maximum.

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2. A rectangular enclosure with three parallel partitions using 500 feet of fencing. Determine the
dimensions that will maximize the total area of the enclosure.

3. An open rectangular box with square base is to be created from 48 square feet of material. Find
the dimensions of the open rectangular box that will maximizes the possible volume.

4. An open top container in the form of a right circular cylinder has surface area 3𝜋 square feet.
Determine the height and base radius that will maximize the volume of the open top container.

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XXV. Exercises 16.1 [32]

1. Determine the dimensions of a most economical cylindrical can (r and h) that can hold up to
20𝜋 cubic meters of water when the material for the top and bottom costs P10/m 2 and material
for the side costs P8/m2. Ans. 2 m, 5 m

2. Determine the largest area of a rectangle with a base on the x-axis and upper vertices on the
parabola 𝑦 = 12 – 𝑥 . Ans. 32 sq. unit

3. A rectangular enclosure with a divider in the middle is to be constructed using 120 meters of
fencing. What are the dimensions that should be used in order to maximize the bounded area?
Ans. 30 m, 20 m

4. A closed box is to be created from a piece of paper with size of 8 cm by 15 cm by cutting four
squares on each corners and folding up the sides. What is the dimension of the square that
maximizes the volume of the box? Ans. 5/3 cm

5. An open top rectangular box with a square base and a volume of 216 cubic inches is to be
created. Determine the minimum surface area of the box. Ans. Ans. 108√4in2

Week 17: Summative Test/Review Week

Week 18: Final Exam

Works Cited

[1] [Online]. Available: https://byjus.com/maths/relations-and-functions/.

[2] [Online]. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/yayang0130/relations-and-functions-66540774.

[3] [Online]. Available:

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/U17_L2_T3_t
ext_final.html.

[4] [Online]. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/njit-ronbrown/lecture-4-the-limit-of-a-function.

[5] [Online]. Available: https://www.powershow.com/search/presentations/ppt/derivative.

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 34

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[6] [Online]. Available:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/defderdirectory/DefDer.html#PROBLEM%201.

[7] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative.

[8] [Online]. Available: https://www.slideserve.com/abrial/section-2-3-the-product-and-quotient-rules-and-

higher-order-derivatives.

[9] [Online]. Available: https://www.matheno.com/calculus-1/calculating-derivatives-problems-solutions/.

[10] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule.

[11] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Calculus/Higher_Order_Derivatives.

[12] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_of_trigonometric_functions.

[13] [Online]. Available: https://www.math24.net/derivatives-trigonometric-functions.

[14] [Online]. Available:

https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/Differentiation/derivatives_of_inverse_trigonometric_functions.ht
ml.

[15] [Online]. Available: https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-differentiate-with-

logarithmic-functions.php.

[16] [Online]. Available:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm#:~:text=The%20natural%20logarithm%20of%20a,is%20im
plicit%2C%20simply%20log%20x..

[17] [Online]. Available: https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/derivative-ln.html.

[18] [Online]. Available:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/logdiffdirectory/LogDiff.html.

[19] [Online]. Available: https://www.intmath.com/differentiation-transcendental/5-derivative-logarithm.php.

[20] [Online]. Available: https://www.math24.net/derivatives-logarithmic-functions/.

[21] [Online]. Available: https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/exponential-derivative.html.

[22] [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_functions.

[23] [Online]. Available:

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_211_Calculus_II/Chapter_6%3A_A
pplications_of_Integration/6.9%3A_Calculus_of_the_Hyperbolic_Functions.

[24] [Online]. Available: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-polynomial-2009-1.pdf.

[25] [Online]. Available: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-tannorm-2009-1.pdf.

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[26] [Online]. Available: https://www.siyavula.com/read/maths/grade-12/differential-calculus/06-differential-

calculus-04.

[27] [Online]. Available: https://www.math24.net/tangent-normal-lines.

[28] [Online]. Available: https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/mth251/cq/Stage9/Lesson/relatedRates.html.

[29] E. D. a. B. Don, "How to Solve Word Problems in Calculus," in How to Solve Word Problems in Calculus,
McGraw-Hill.

[30] [Online]. Available: https://www.math24.net/related-rates/.

[31] [Online]. Available:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/maxminsol2directory/MaxMinSol2.html#SOLU
TION%208.

[32] [Online]. Available: https://web.auburn.edu/holmerr/1617/Textbook/optimization-print.pdf.

APPENDIX

XXVI. The solution to Learning Activities

 Learning Activity 1.1

1.

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f '  x   lim
4  
xh3  4 x3 
h 0 h
x3  xh3 x3  xh3
f '  x   lim
h 0 h x3  xh3
f '  x   lim
 x  3    x  h  3
h 0 h  x3 xh3 
h
f '  x   lim
h 0 h  x3 xh3 
 1 
f '  x   lim  
h 0
 x3  xh3
1
f ' x   
x3  x03
1
f ' x   
2 x3

2.

x  h  1  x  1
2  x  h  2  x
f '  x   lim
h 0 h
1  x  h  1 x  1 
f '  x   lim  
h 0 h 2   x  h 
 2  x 
1   x  h  12  x   x  12  x  h 
f '  x   lim  
h 0 h
 2  x  h 2  x  
1 3h 
f '  x   lim 
h0 h 2  x  h 2  x  
 
3
f '  x   lim
h0 2  x  h 2  x 

3
f ' x  
2  x  02  x 
3
f ' x  
2  x 2

3.

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

2 2

f ' x   lim
x  h  3 x 3

h 0 h

x  h   x 
1 1
2 3 2 3
f ' x   lim
h 0 h

x  h   x  x  h   x  h  x   x 

1 1 2 1 1 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
f ' x   lim
x  h   x  h  x   x 
2 1 1 2
h 0 h 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

f ' x   lim
x  h 2  x 2

   x  h   x   x  
h 0 2 1 1 2
h x  h 
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

 
x  2 xh  h  x
2 2 2
f ' x   lim

   x  h   x   x  
h 0 2 1 1 2
h x  h 
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

 
2 xh  h 2
f ' x   lim

   x  h   x   x  
h 0 2 1 1 2
h x  h 
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

 
2x  h
f ' x   lim
x  h   x  h  x   x 
h 0 2 1 1 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

2x  0
f ' x  
x  0   x  0  x   x 
2 1 1 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

2x
f ' x  
x   x  x   x 
2 1 1 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

2x
f ' x   4 4 4
x  x3  x3
3

2x
f ' x   4
3x 3
2
f ' x   1
3x 3

4.

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 38

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

cos 3 x  h   cos 3 x
f '  x   lim
h0 h
cos3 x  3h   cos 3 x
f '  x   lim
h0 h
cos 3x cos 3h  sin 3x sin 3h  cos 3x
f '  x   lim
h0 h
cos 3xcos 3h  1  sin 3 x sin 3h
f '  x   lim Use squeeze theorem
h0 h
cos 3h  1
 cos 3xcos 3h  1 sin 3 x sin 3h  f '  x   lim 0
f '  x   lim    h 0 3h
h0
 h h 
sin 3h
 3 cos 3 xcos 3h  1 3 sin 3 x sin 3h  f '  x   lim 1
f '  x   lim   
h 0 3h
h0
 3h 3h 
f '  x   lim 3 sin 3 x 
h0

f '  x   3 sin 3x

5.

x  h   1  x  1
f ' x   lim
x  h 2  3x  h  x 2  3x
h 0 h

f ' x   lim 
  
1  x  h  1 x 2  3 x  x  1 x 2  2 xh  h 2  3 x  3h  
h 0 h
 
x 2  2 xh  h 2  3 x  3h x 2  3x  

1   x 2 h  xh 2  2 xh  h 2  3h 
f ' x   lim  2
h 0 h 
 x  2 xh  h  3x  3h x  3x 
2 2   
1
f ' x   lim  2

h  x 2  xh  2 x  h  3  
h 0 h 
 x  2 xh  h  3x  3h x  3x 
2 2   
 x 2  xh  2 x  h  3
f ' x   lim 2

h0 x  2 xh  h 2  3 x  3h x 2  3 x  
 x2  2 x  3
f ' x  
x 2  3x x 2  3x  
x  2x  3
2
f ' x   
x 2
 3x 
2

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 39

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

 Learning Activity 2.1

1.

f ' x   0

2.

d 2 9 2
f ' w    w   9 w  6 x
9 1 8

dw  3  3

3.

 t   dtd  t  1  12
1
d 1
f ' t   2  t 
 2
dt   2 t

4.

d  3 1  d  3  
1 1 2 3
1 3 1 2
f ' g   g   2 
g g  g  g
dg  g  dg   3 2

5.

f ' (k ) 
d
dk
    
k 2  2k k  2  k 2  2k  k  22k  2  k 2  2k  2k 2  2k  4k  4

f ' (k )  3k 2  8k  4

6.

d  h  2  h  1  h  2 3
f ' ( h)    
dh  h  1  h  1 2
h  12

 Learning Activity 3.1

1. 
f ' ( w)  8 3w 2  5w  2  6w  5
7

2.

 
1
f ' (h)  5h 2  3h  1 2

 
1
1 2
5h  3h  1 2 10h  3

f ' ( h) 
2
10h  3
f 'h 
2 5h 2  3h  1

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 40

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

3.


f ' k   5k k 2  3 2k  
4


f ' k   10k k 2  3  4

4.

f ' z  
d 
 
3
2
 d


dz  z  3  dz
2

 3

3 z 2  3  6 z 2  3 2 x   
2

12 x
z2  3
3
 
 

5.

f ' t  
d
dt
       
2t  15 t 3  t  1 4  2t  15 4 t 3  t  1 3 3t 2  1  t 3  t  1 4 52t  14 2

f ' t   22t  1 t 3  t  1 22t  13t  1  5t  t  1
4 3 2 3

f ' t   22t  1 t  t  1 26t  2t  3t 1  5t  5t  5

4 3 3 3 2 3

f ' t   22t  1 t  t  1 12t  4t  6t 2  5t  5t  5

4 3 3 3 2 3

f ' t   22t  1 t  t  1 17t  6t 9t  3

4 3 3 3 2

 Learning Activity 4.1

1.

f ' w  21w6  24 w3  24 w 2  12

f ' ' w   126 w5  72 w 2  48w
f ' ' ' w   630 w 4  144 w  48
f 4 w   2520 w3  144

2.

g ' (k )  3k 2  2k  1
g ' ' ( k )  6k  2
g ' ' ' (k )  6
g 4 k   0

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 41

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

3.

1
f (t )  4 5 t 3   t
8t 2
3 1
1
f t   4t 5  t  2  t 2
8
3 1
3 1 1 1 1
f ' t   4 t 5  2 t  3  t 2
5 8 2
2 1
12  5 1 3 1  2
f ' t   t  t  t
5 4 2
7 3
24  3 1 
f ' ' t    t 5  t  4  t 2
25 4 4
12 5
168  5 3 2
f ' ' ' t   t  3t  t5

125 4
17
2016  5 15  7
f 4 t    t  15t  6  t 2
625 16

4.
2w3  y 2  1  4 y 3w
y' 
6 w 2  2 yy '  4 y ' y2

y ' 2 y  4   6 w 2  3w 
3 y  6  3w 
6w  y  2 3  3wy '  y  2 
y'   y''  
2y  4  y  22  y  22
6w y'' 
3 y  6  y  2   3w3w 3 y 2  6 y  6 y  12  3w 2

y'  
2 y  2   y  23  y  23
y' 
3w
y''  

3 y 2  12 y  12  3w 2 3 y 2  6 y  6  w 2 
y2  y  23  y  23

5.
6 y  xy 2  1
6 y ' x2 yy'  y 2  0
y ' 2 xy  6  y 2
y2
y' 
2 xy  6

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 42

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

y2
y' 
2 xy  6

y' ' 
2 xy  62 yy'  y 2 2 xy'2 y   4 xy 2 y'12 yy'2 xy 2 y'2 y 3
2 xy  62 2 xy  62
y2
2 y xy  6  2 y 3
y' ' 
2 xy y '12 yy'2 y
2 3

 2

y ' 2 xy  12 y  2 y 3

2 xy  6
2 xy  62
2 xy  62
2 xy  62
2 y 3  xy  6
 2 y3
2 xy  6 2 y 3  xy  6  2 y 3 2 xy  6 2 y 3 xy  6  2 xy  6 2 xy 4
y' '     
2 xy  62 2 xy  63 2 xy  63 2 xy  63

 Learning Activity 6.1

1.

dw  1  12 
 2 sin t cos t  t 
dt 2 
dw  1  Use double-angle formula/identity to
 2 sin t cos t  
dt 2 t  simplify
dw
dt
   1 
 sin 2 t  
2 t 
dw sin 2 t 

dt 2 t
2.

dh
dk
1
1
  sin  k  2  2 sin
k k
1
k
3.

dq
 3 sin 2 r cos r  3 cos2 r  sin r 
dr
dq
 3 sin 2 r cos r  3 sin r cos 2 r  3 sin r cos r sin r  cos r 
dr
dq  2  3
 3  sin r cos r sin r  cos r   sin 2r sin r  cos r 
dr 2 2

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 43

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

4.

dw d 2

dt dt
 
t sin t  2t cos t  2 sin t  t 2 cos t  sin t 2t    2t sin t  2 cos t   2 cos t

dw 2
 t cos t  2t sin t  2t sin t  2 cos t  2 cos t  t 2 cos t
dt
5.

 y y
2 sin 2  cos2 
dz 1 2 y 1 2 y 1 1 2 2 21
 sec  csc     
dy 2 2 2 2 2 cos2 y y y y  y y
2
2 sin 2 4 sin 2 cos2  2 sin cos 
2 2 2 2  2 2
dz 2
 2  2 csc2 y
dy sin y

 Learning Activity 7.1

1.

1
f ' ( x) 
1  15 x 
2

1
 15
1  225 x 2
15

1  225 x 2
2.
1 1
1 2 1
f ' ( x)  x Arc tan 9 x  x 2 9
1  9 x 
2
2
1 1
1  9
 x 2 Arc tan 9 x  x 2
2 1  81x 2
1
1 2  18 x 
 x  Arc tan 9 x  
2  1  81x 2 
1  18 x 
 1  Arc tan 9 x  
 1  81x 2 
2x 2

1  18 x 
  Arc tan 9 x  
2 x 1  81x 2 
CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 44
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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

3.

4
f ' ( x)  3 x 2 Arc csc 4 x  x 3
4x 4 x 2  1
4x3
 3 x 2 Arc csc 4 x 
4 x 16 x 2  1
x3
 3 x 2 Arc csc 4 x 
x 16 x 2  1

4.
dy d

dx dx
sin 1 x
1


  sin 1 x 
2 d

dx

sin 1 x 
1

 2

sin 1 x 1  x 2
5.
1
1 1 2
f  x   tan 1
xx x
1  x2
2
x
 tan 1 x 
21  x 

 Learning Activity 8.1

1.

dq d 1
 lnsin r   cos r  cot r
dr dr sin r

2.

dw d   3 3  1  1  1 3t  1   1  3 t 
 log 3      3  2   3  2     2   3 2    2   1
dt dt   t t  3
ln 3  t   t  3 ln 3  t   t  t  3 ln 3 
t
dw 3  t  3 ln 3  t  3 ln 3
 2  2
dt t  3 ln 3  t ln 3

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 45

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UUNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

3.

dz d

dy dy

ln y  y 2  a 2  
1
y  y2  a2

1  2y
 2 y2  a2

 1
 y  y2  a2
 y2  a2 

 y2  a2
y 

   
dz y2  a2  y 1
dy

 
y  y 2  a2 y 2  a2

y2  a2

4.

dh d   1  k  d  1  1  k  1 1  1  k  1  1  k  
 ln   ln    
dk dh   1  k  dh  2  1  k  2 1  k  1  k 2 
1 k
dh 1  1  k   1  k  1  k  1  k  2  1 1 1
       2
dk 2  1  k  1  k   21  k 1  k  1  k 1  k  k  1k  1 k  1
2

5.

 
2t 3
dw d  log 2 t  t 2 ln 2
2  2t log 2 t 2   
2t 3  2tt 2 ln 2 log 2 t 2   
2t 3 1  ln 2 log 2 t 2
   
dt dt  t 2  t4 t 4t 2 ln 2 t 4t 2 ln 2
   
dw 2 1  log 2 t 2 ln 2

dt t 3 ln 2

 Learning Activity 10.1

1.

dw
dt
 
 3 ln 10 103t

2.

dq 2
 2tet
dt

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3.

dh
dk
  
 cos e3k 3e3k

dh
dk
 3e3k cos e3k  

4.

dw d  ln 2t 
e 12t

t
 ln 2t 2e 
2 2t

  
dt dt  e  2 
2t
e  2 2t 2

dw e  2   t ln 2t 2e  e  2   2te
2t 2t 2t 2t
ln 2t
 
t e  2  t e  2 
2 2
dt 2t 2t

5.

dq d

dt dt
        
cos 2t et 1  cos 2t et 1 2t   et 1  2 sin 2t   et 1 cos 2t 2t   2 sin 2t 
2 2 2 2

dq
dt
 
 2 et 1 t cos 2t  sin 2t 
2

 Learning Activity 11.1

1.

dw d

dt dt
   
tanh t 2  sec h 2t 2 2t 
2t

cosh 2 t 2

2.

dq d
 r sinh r  cosh r   r cosh r  sinh  sinh r  r cosh r
dr dr

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3.

dw d

dt dt
 
sinh 2 t  2 sinh t cosh t  sinh 2t

4.

dq d 1
 arctan hcosh t    sin t    sin2t   1   csc t
dt dt 1  cos t
2
sin t sin t

5.
dw d 1 1
 arctan htanh r   sec h2t 
dr dr 1  tanh t
2
 sinh t 
2
1  2 
 cosh2 t
 cosh t 
dw 1 1
   sec ht
dr  cosh t  sinh t 
2 2
cosh 2t
  cosh t
2

 cosh2 t 

 Learning Activity 12.1

1.

dy dy
 31  3
2
 3x 2 at x1 = 1
dx dx

For y: y1  1  1
3

dy
y  y1  x  x1 
dx
y  1  3 x  1
3x  y  2  0

2.

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dy x  1   x  1 2
 
dx x  12
x  12
At point x1  2
2 1
y1  3
2 1
dy 2
  2
dx 2  12
So the equation of the normal line is
1
y  y1  
dy
x  x1 
dx
1
y 3 x  2
2
x  2y  4  0

3.

dy dy
 4 x at x1  2 8
dx dx
egn of tangent line is
dy
y  y1  x  x1 
dx
y  8  8 x  2 
8x  y  8  0

So the equation of the normal line is

1
y  y1  
dy
x  x1 
dx
1
y 8   x  2
8
x  8 y  66  0

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4.

dy x 2 x-1  x 3 x  2
 x 1   
dx 2 x-1 2 x-1 2 x-1
dy 32  2
at x1  2  2
dx 2 2-1
y1  2
egn of tangent line is
dy
y  y1  x  x1 
dx
y  2  2 x  2
2x  y  2  0

5.

3 x 2  2 yy '2  0
2 yy '  3 x 2  2
3x 2  2
y' 
2y
at point of tangency
3 1  2
2
5
y'  
23 6
The normal line equation
1
y  y1  
dy
x  x1 
dx
1
y 3 
5
x   1

6
6
y  3   x  1
5
6 x  5 y  21  0

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 Learning Activity 14.1

Solution

1. Critical Numbers
f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  7
f ' t   6t 2  6t  12
0  6t 2  6t  12

0  6 t2  t  2 
0  6t  1t  2
t  1, t  2
2.
𝑓’(𝑡) + - +

-2 1

f '  3  6 3  6 3  12  24 Positive (24) when t = -3 first interval

2

Negative (-12) when t = 0, middle

f ' 0  60  60  12  12
2

interval (24) when t = 2, last interval

Positive
f ' 2  62  62  12  24
2

3. According to the result of the first derivative test, (a) from positive to negative at zero, thus 𝑡 =
−2 is maximum, and (b) from negative to positive at 4, thus 𝑡 = 1 is minimum.
Solve for 𝑓(𝑡) using the function f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  7

f  2   2 2   3 2   12 2   7  3

3 2
When x = -2
f 1  21  31  121  7  0 When x = 1
3 2

Therefore the maximum point occurs at P (-2, 3) and minimum point occurs at P (1, 0).

4. Substitute the critical numbers to the second derivative f ' ' t   12t  6

f ' '  2  12 2  6  18 Y’’ is negative thus the curve opens downward
f ' ' 1  121  6  18 Y’’ is positive thus the curve opens upward

5. Point of Inflection
f ' ' t   12t  6

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0  12t  6
1
t
2
Find 𝑓(𝑡) by substituting 𝑡 = − to the equation f t   2t 3  3t 2  12t  7
3 2
 1  1  1  1 27
f     2    3    12    7 
 2  2  2  2 2
Thus the point of inflection is at P (-1/2, 27/2).

 Learning Activity 15.1

1.

dV dh
Given:  100 Find:  100 when ℎ = 10
dt dt

Figure LA 15.1 Figure LA 15.2


V r 2 h Volume formula
3
By similar triangle method using figure LA 15.2 Replacing r in the volume formula using eqn. 1

eqn. 1 eqn. 2

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Differentiating both sides of eqn. 2 with respect to time

When = 100 and ℎ = 10


100  102 dh
16 dt
100 dh
100 
16 dt
dh
1600  100
dt
dh 16

dt 

2.

Figure LA 15.3 Figure LA 15.4


V r 2 h Volume formula
3
By similar triangle method

r 4 1
 
h 8 2
h
r eqn. 1
2

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Use eqn. 1 to express the volume in terms of h


V r 2h
3
2
 h
V   h
3 2

V h3 eqn. 2
12
Differentiating both sides of eqn. 2 with respect to time


V h3
12
dV  2 dh
 3h
dt 12 dt
dV h dh
2

dt 4 dt
dV
when h  6 and 2
dt
 62  dh
2
4 dt
dh 8 2
 
dt 36 9
3.

By ratio and proportion (similar triangle)

L 16
Figure LA 15.5 
Lx 6
Solving for L

6 L  16L  x 
16 x  16 L  6 L
8
L x
5
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Differentiating both sides with respect to time

8
L x
5
dL 8 dx

dt 5 dt
dx
at 5
dt
dL 8 dx

dt 5 dt
dx
at 5
dt
dL 8
 5
dt 5
dL
8
dt

4.

The volume of the cube with side x

V  x3
Differentiating both sides with respect to time

𝑉=𝑥
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑉
=
𝑑𝑡 3𝑥 𝑑𝑡
eqn. 1

Surface of the cube

A  6x 2
Differentiating both sides with respect to time

dA dx
 12 x eqn. 2
dt dt

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dV
Substituting eqn. 1 to eqn. 2 with 2
dt

dA 1 dV
 12 x 2
dt 3x dt
dA 1 8
 12 x 2 2 
dt 3x x
at x  8
dA 8
 1
dt 8

 Learning Activity 16.1

1. 9 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 eqn.1

𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 eqn. 2

Substitute for y (eqn. 1 to 2)

𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 ( 9 − 𝑥)

Differentiating both sides

𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥 (2)( 9 − 𝑥)(−1) + (1)( 9 − 𝑥)

0 = ( 9 − 𝑥)[ −2𝑥 + ( 9 − 𝑥)]

0= ( 9 − 𝑥)[ 9 − 3𝑥 ]

0= ( 9 − 𝑥)(3)[ 3 − 𝑥 ]

= 𝑥 = 9, 𝑥 = 3 two non-negative numbers

Thus the largest is P=108

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2.

500 = 5𝑥 + 2𝑦

2𝑦 = 500 − 5𝑥

𝑦 = 250 – 𝑥 eqn. 1

Area of the enclosure

𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦

Substitute for y (eqn. 1 to 2)

𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦

5
= 𝑥 250 − 𝑥
2

5
= 250𝑥 − 𝑥
2

Differentiating both sides

5
𝐴 (𝑥) = 250 − 2𝑥
2

0 = 250 − 5𝑥

0 = 5 (50 − 𝑥 )

𝑥 = 50; 𝑦 = 125

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3.

Total surface area of the box

48 = 𝑥 + 4 (𝑥𝑦)

4𝑥𝑦 = 48 – 𝑥

48 − 𝑥 48 𝑥 12 𝑥
𝑦= = − = − eqn. 1
4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 𝑥 4

Total volume of the box

𝑉 = (𝑥)(𝑥)(𝑦) = 𝑥eqn.
𝑦 2

Substitute for y (eqn. 1 to 2)

𝑉 = (𝑥)(𝑥)(𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦

12 1
𝑉=𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥 4

1
𝑉 = 12𝑥 − 𝑥
4

Differentiating both sides

1
𝑉 (𝑥) = 12 − 3𝑥
4

3
0 = 12 − 𝑥
4

3
0= (16 − 𝑥 )
4

3
0= (4 − 𝑥)(4 + 𝑥)
4

𝑥 = 4; 𝑥 = −4

𝑥 = 4 𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2 𝑓𝑡

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4.

Total surface area

3𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 + (2𝜋𝑟)ℎ

2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 3𝜋 − 𝜋𝑟

3𝜋 − 𝜋𝑟
ℎ=
2𝜋𝑟

3 1
ℎ= − 𝑟 eqn. 1
2𝑟 2

Total volume of the cylinder

𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟 )ℎ eqn. 2

Substitute for y (eqn. 1 to 2)

𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟 )ℎ

3 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 − 𝑟
2𝑟 2

3 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟
2 2

Differentiating both sides

3 1
𝑉′(𝑟) = 𝜋 − 𝜋3𝑟
2 2

3
𝑉′(𝑟) = 𝜋(1 − 𝑟 )
2

3
𝑉′(𝑟) = 𝜋(1 − 𝑟)(1 + 𝑟)
2

3
0 = 𝜋(1 − 𝑟)(1 + 𝑟)
2

𝑟 = 1, 𝑟 = −1

𝑟 = 1, ℎ = 1

CALCULUS 1 v.1.0 by JOANNE MICHELLE B. AGUILAR, REE 59