Aim:

To determine the boiling point of organic compounds like Benzene and Benzaldehyde.

Materials Required:
Benzene, Benzaldehyde, the aluminum block, fusion tube, stand with clamp, capillary
tube, tripod, thermometer, and kerosene burner

Experimental setup:
Procedure to determine the boiling point of Benzene:
1. Take a capillary tube and close its one end by holding the end in the
flame and rotate it for 2-3 minutes.
2. Transfer a few mL of benzene in the fusion tube.
3. Dip the capillary tube into the liquid in the fusion tube keeping the
sealed end up.
4. Insert the tube in one of the holes of aluminum block and insert the
thermometer in the other hole.
5. Make sure that the liquid is visible in the fusion tube after it is put in the
hole.
6. Place the Aluminium block on the tripod.
7. Start heating the block with the help of kerosene burner.
8. Note down the temperature soon as the regular streams of bubbles are
seen out of liquid in the fusion tube.

Procedure to determine the boiling point of

Benzaldehyde:
1. Close one end of the capillary tube by holding one end in the flame and
rotate it for 2-3 minutes.
2. Transfer a few drops of Benzaldehyde in the fusion tube.
3. Dip the capillary tube into the Benzaldehyde liquid filled in the fusion
tube keeping the sealed end up.
4. Insert the thermometer in one hole of aluminum block and insert the
tube in one of the holes.
5. Make sure that the Benzaldehyde liquid is visible in the fusion tube after
it is put in the hole.
6. Place the Aluminium block on the tripod and begin heating of the block
with the help of kerosene burner.
7. Note down the temperature soon as the regular streams of bubbles are
seen out of liquid in the fusion tube.

Precautions to be taken during the experiment:

 Ensure that the capillary tube is properly sealed.
 The seal point of the capillary tube should be well within the liquid.
Aim:
To know the basic techniques of boring a cork and fitting the glass tubes.

Materials Required:
 Cork
 Borer
 Glass tube

Procedure:
 Take the cork and place it on the table
 Mark the rubber cork on both sides where you exactly want to drill the
hole
 Select a cork borer of a smaller size than the diameter of the tube that
has to be inserted in the cork.
 Place the cork as shown in the figure. Keep the smaller end on the table
and bigger end facing up.
 Hold the cork firmly in the left hand and place the cork borer on the
marked area of the bore.
 Note: dip the borer in water or glycerine before placing on the cork
 Push the borer vertically in the downward direction.
 Apply gentle pressure and drill the hole by rotating the borer
simultaneously and moving downwards.
 After boring one side of the cork halfway, drill out the other side of the
cork too. Start to bore the other side until a hole is drilled.
 Now the cork is ready to be inserted with the glass tube.

Precautions to be taken during the experiment:

 Make a mark on both sides of the cork exactly since it cannot be
adjusted after the process is done.
 To obtain a smooth hole, drill half the hole from one side and a half from
another side of the cork.
Aim:
To know the basic techniques of drawing a glass tube into a jet shape.

Materials Required:
 20-25 cm long glass tube
 Triangular file
 Bunsen Burner
 Sandpaper

Procedure:
 Select a glass tube of your desire with appropriate diameter for drawing
into a jet.
 Cut the glass tube to the required length with the help of a triangular file.
 Using the hottest portion of the Bunsen burner flame heat the tube by
holding it at both the ends as shown in the figure above.
 Gently rotate the tube until the portion which is in contact with the flame
becomes red hot and softens.
 Remove the glass tube from the flame and pull the ends apart slowly
and smoothly until it becomes narrow in the middle and then stretches
into a fine jet.
 Cut the tube in the middle as shown in the figure and rub the ends using
sandpaper and by fire polishing till the end are smooth.

Precautions to be taken during the experiment:

 Gently pull the soften part of the glass tube so that it is evenly thin.
 Do not touch the red hot portion of the tube since it will be too hot and
might cause injury.

Aim
To prepare the 250 cm3 of N/10 standard solution of sodium carbonate.
Theory
Sodium carbonate is essentially insoluble in nearly saturated sodium hydroxide. The
insoluble sodium carbonate will settle to the bottom of the container after the saturated
NaOH has equilibrated for a couple of days. The supernatant can be withdrawn
carefully to prepare diluted NaOH solution free of sodium carbonate. The water for
preparing NaOH standard solution should be boiled to remove any dissolved CO 2,
because dissolved CO2 can cause a titration error. To prepare the standard solution of
sodium carbonate, The equivalent weight of sodium carbonate
= Molecular weight2=1062=53 !000cm3 of normal sodium carbonate solution requires
53g of sodium carbonate. Therefore, 250cm 3 of N10 sodium carbonate
requires 531000×25010=1.325g

Materials Required
1. Chemical balance
2. Watch glass
3. Weight box
4. 250ml beaker
5. Glass rod
6. 250ml measuring flask
7. Wash bottle
8. Weighing tube
9. Sodium Carbonate
10. Funnel
11. Funnel stand
12. Distilled water

Apparatus Setup

Procedure
1. Take a watch glass, wash it with distilled water and dry it.
2. Weigh the exact amount of clean and dried watch glass and record its
weight in the notebook.
3. Weigh correctly on the watch glass 1.325 g of sodium carbonate and
record this weight in the notebook.
4. Using a funnel, transfer sodium carbonate softly and carefully from the
watch glass into a clean and dry measuring flask.
 5. Wash the watch glass with distilled water to move the particles that stick
to it into the foam with the assistance of a wash bottle.
6. For this purpose, the volume of distilled water should not exceed 50 ml.
7. Wash funnels several times with distilled water to move the sticking
particles into the measuring flask using a wash bottle. Add water in tiny
quantities while washing the funnel. The distilled water quantity used for
this purpose should not exceed 50 mL.
8. Using a wash bottle, wash the funnel carefully with distilled water to
pass the solution attached to the funnel into the measuring flask
9. Turn the flask of measurement until the sodium carbonate dissolves.
10. Using a wash bottle, thoroughly add enough distilled water to the
measuring flask just below the etched mark on it.
11. Add the last few mL of distilled water drop into the measuring
flask until the reduced meniscus level just touches the mark.
12. Put the stopper on the mouth of the flask and shake softly to
make the entire solution uniform. Calculate it as a solution of sodium
carbonate N/10.

Results and Discussion

250cm3 of decimolar or N/10 standard solution of sodium carbonate is prepared.

Precautions
1. While weighing do not spill the substance on balance pan
2. While preparing the laboratory reagent apron should be used.
3. Bases are highly corrosive so it should be handled with extreme care.

Aim
Determination of strength of a given solution of dilute Hydrochloric acid by titrating it
against standard solution of Sodium Carbonate solution (M/10).

Theory
Hydrochloric acid solution may be titrated against sodium carbonate solution using
methyl orange indicator. When weak base is titrated with a strong acid solution is
slightly acidic at end point. If a weak acid is titrated with a strong base the solution is
slightly basic because the salt formed will be hydrolysed to a certain extent.
The chemical reactions involved in this titration is given below.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
In acid base titrations at the end point the amount of the acid becomes chemically
equivalent to the amount of base present. In case of a strong acid and a strong base
titration at the end point of solution the solution becomes neutral.

Materials Required
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. Burette stand
5. Funnel
6. Stirrer
7. White glazed tile
8. Measuring flask
9. Hydrochloric acid
10. Sodium carbonate
11. Methyl orange
12. Watch glass

Apparatus Setup

Procedure

(a) Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate

1. Molecular weight of sodium carbonate = 106
2. Amount of sodium carbonate required to prepare solution of 250ml =
1.325g
3. Dissolve 1.325g of sodium carbonate in distilled water and prepare the
standard solution in 250ml of measuring flask by adding the required
amount of water.

(b) Titration of hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate

solution
1. Wash, rinse and fill the burette with M/10 Na2CO3 solution. Note the
initial reading.
 2. Take 10cm3 of HCl solution with the help of a pipette and transfer it into
a clean washed titration flask.
3. Add 2 drops of methyl orange into the titration flask.
4. Add M/10 sodium carbonate solution to the titration flask till the colour
changes to the light pink.
5. Note the final reading and find out the volume of sodium carbonate
solution used to neutralize HCl solution.
6. Repeat the experiment till you get concordant readings.

Results and Discussion

The strength of hydrochloric acid solution is ________ g/L.

Precautions
1. While weighing do not spill the substance on balance pan.
2. Rotate the knob of balance gently.
3. Keep the weights in weights box at proper places after weighing
4. Wash the watch glass carefully so that even a single crystal is not left
on the watch glass.