Scribd
Upload
107 views

Connected Space

This document defines and provides examples of connected and disconnected topological spaces. It defines a separation as a pair of disjoint non-empty open sets whose union is the entire space. A space is connected if it has no separation, and disconnected if it does. Examples given include a disconnected discrete space with more than one point, an infinite set with the co-finite topology being connected, and the real line being connected. It also assigns the task of showing that each singleton set is connected.

Uploaded by

Masood Ahmad, BS Mathematics Student, UoP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
107 views

Connected Space

This document defines and provides examples of connected and disconnected topological spaces. It defines a separation as a pair of disjoint non-empty open sets whose union is the entire space. A space is connected if it has no separation, and disconnected if it does. Examples given include a disconnected discrete space with more than one point, an infinite set with the co-finite topology being connected, and the real line being connected. It also assigns the task of showing that each singleton set is connected.

Uploaded by

Masood Ahmad, BS Mathematics Student, UoP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

BS Topology-I 154

{ }
This shows that Bn is nested sequence so by cantor’s intersection theorem,

we have ∩B
n
n ≠∅ and ∩B
n
n
is singleton set.

L et ∩B
n
n = {z }

Note that z ∈ X , but z ∉ cn ∀n (B ∩c


n n =∅ )
So z ∉ ∪ c n
n

i.e. X ≠ ∪c n
n

Hence X cannot be expressed as a countable union of nowhere dense sets and thus X must be
of the second category. This completes the proof of the theorem.
************************************************************************

Connectedness

Separation
Connected and disconnected
Components
Path wise connected
Arc wise connected
Locally connected
Definition:
Let X be a topological space. A separation (or disconnection) of X is a pair A, B of
disjoint non-empty open sets in X such that X = A∪B
The space X is said to be connected if there does not exist a separation of X.
Equivalently X is connected if it is not the union of two disjoint non-empty open
subsets of X
X is disconnected if it is not connected.
Note that we can replace ”open” in this definition by “closed”.
Examples:
(1) Let X = {a, b, c, d , e} and τ = {∅, {a} , {c, d } , {a, c, d } , {b, c, d , e} , X } be a topology on X.

Let A = {a} and B = {b, c, d , e}


BS Topology-I 155

Then A, B are both non-empty, disjoint and open subsets of X such that X = A∪B

Hence A, B are separation of X. Therefore ( X, τ ) is disconnected.

(2) Let X = {a, b, c} with two topologies τ 1 = {∅, {a} , {b, c} , X }

and τ 2 = {∅, {a} , {b} , {a, b} , X }

Then we can easily check that the topological space ( X, τ1 ) is disconnected, while the

topological space ( X, τ2 ) is connected.

(3) Every indiscrete space is connected.


Since in indiscrete space the only non-empty set is the entire set X so that
X ∩ X = X ≠∅ and X ∪ X = X
(4) Every discrete space with more than one point is disconnected.
Since we know that in discrete space every subset of X is open as well as closed.
Let A be any non-empty, open subset of X, then Ac is also open
Also A∪ Ac = X and A∩ Ac =∅

Thus A and Ac are separation of X.


Therefore discrete space with more than one point is disconnected.
(5) An infinite set with co-finite topology is connected.
If X is disconnected then by definition there exist a separation of X such that
A∪B = X and A∩B =∅
where A, B are both non-empty, disjoint and open subsets of X.
Since A∩ B = ∅
c
⇒ ( A∩B) =∅c
⇒ Ac ∪Bc = X
Since A, B are open and X is co-finite topological space, so Ac and B c are finite which
shows that X is finite, but X is infinite. Thus an infinite set with co-finite topology is
connected.
(6) The real line ℝ with usual topology is connected.
(7) The Sierpinski space is connected.
(8) ∅ is connected.
Assignment: Show that each singleton set is connected.

You might also like