PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW SYLLABUS

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. Definition Public International Law

2. Theories in the Study of International Law
3. Basis of International Law
4. Public International Law distinguished from Private International Law and
Other Concepts
5. International Law as True Law
6. Public International Law vs. Municipal Law
a. Monist v. Dualist
b. Doctrine of Incorporation v. Doctrine of Transformation
c. Conflict between International Law and Municipal Law
7. Sources of International Law
a. Primary Sources- Article 38 (Statute of the International Court of Justice)
i. International Treaties and Conventions
ii. International Customs
- Opinio Juris Sive Necessitates
- Treaties v. Customs (Principle of Jus Cogens)
- U.N. General Resolution 2625, October 24, 1970
iii. General Principles of Law
b. Secondary Sources
i. Judicial Decisions
ii. Writings of Publicists
- Functions of Equity and Principle of Ex aequo et bono
- Other Supplementary Evidence
- Hard Law v. Soft Law

Cases:
1) Kuroda v. Jalandoni, G.R. No. L-2662, March 26, 1949
2) Co Kim Chan v. Valdez Tan Keh, G.R. No. L-5, September 17, 1945
3) Ichong v. Hernandez, G.R. No. L-7995, May 31, 1957
4) Gonzalez v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897, October 22, 1963
5) Mejoff v. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70
6) Paquete v. Habana, 175 U.S. 677
7) Mijares v. Ranada, G.R. No. 139325, April 12, 200 5 (455 SCRA 397)
8) Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association v. Duque, G.R. No. 173034,
October 19, 2007
 9) Columbia v. Peru, ICJ Rep. 266, (1950)
10) Reagan v. CIR, 30 SCRA 968
11) Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195
12) Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 407 SCRA 10
13) Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
14) Bayan Muna v. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244
15) Vinuya v. Romulo, 619 SCRA 533

II. SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. Distinction between Subject and Object of International Law

2. Subjects of International Law
A. State
1. Concept of State
2. Creation and Extinction of State
a. Obligation Erga Omnes and Remedies
b. Principle of State Continuity
3. Succession of States and Government
a. Classification, Modes and Consequences
b. Doctrines of Succession

B. Vatican City and the Holy See

Case: The Holy See v. Rosario, 238 SCRA 524

C. Colonies and Dependencies

D. Mandates and Trust Territories
E. United Nations
Historical Development of the United Nations
The UN Charter
a. Purpose, Principles and Amendment
b. Principle of Charter Supremacy (Article 103, UN Charter)
c. Domestic Jurisdiction Clause
Membership
a. Classes, Qualifications, Admission, Suspension, Expulsion
and Withdrawal
Principal Organs
a. Functions, Composition and Jurisdiction
b. Distinguish between Procedural and Non-
 Procedural/Substantive Matter
c. Optional Jurisdiction Clause
d. Other Subsidiary Organs
F. Belligerent Communities
G. International Administrative Bodies
H. Individuals

III. RECOGNITION

1. Kinds of Recognition
a. Theories of Recognition
2. Recognition of States
3. Recognition of Government
a. Kinds of De Facto Government
b. Principles/Doctrines of Recognition
c. Requirements for Recognition of Government
d. Recognition De Jure v. Recognition De Facto
4. Effects of Recognition of States and Government

Cases:
1) Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic v. Cibrario, New York Court
of Appeals, 1923, 235 NY 255
2) Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabatino, 376 US 398
3) Oetjen v. Central Leather Co., 246 US. 297

a. Doctrine of State Immunity

Cases:
1) Underhill v. Hernandez, 168 U.S. 250
2) PCGG v. Sandiganbayan, 530 SCRA 13
3) Baer v. Tizon, 57 SCRA 1
4) Syquia v. Almeda Lopez, 84 Phil. 312
5) U.S.A. v. Guinto, G.R. No. 76607
6) U.S.A. v. Rodrigo, G.R. No. 79470
7) U.S.A. v. Ceballos, G.R. No. 80018
8) U.S.A. v. Vergara, 182 SCRA 644
9) U.S.A. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
10) U.S.A. v. Reyes, 219 SCRA 192
5. Recognition of Belligerency, Conditions
a. Distinguish between Insurgency and Belligerency
6. Consequences of Recognition of Belligerency

IV. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE STATE

1. The Right of Existence and Self-Defense

a. Requisites of Exercise of the Right of Self Defense

Article 51 of the UN Charter
b. Aggression
Definition and Acts of Aggression

2. The Right to Sovereignty and Independence

a. Sovereignty and Independence

b. Intervention
Grounds for Intervention
International Declarations Against Intervention
Drago Doctrine and its antecedents, Porter Resolution and other
doctrines

3. The Right of Equality

a. Article 2, UN Charter
b. International Agreements which recognize Right of Equality
c. Rule of Par in Parem Non Habet Imperium

4. Right to Territorial Integrity and Jurisdiction

V. TERRITORY OF STATES

1. Definition
2. National Territory of the Philippines (Section 1, Article 1, Constitution)
3. Modes of Acquisition and Loss of Territory
a. Requisites of Valid Discovery and Occupation
b. Terra Nullius and Animus Occupandi
c. Inchoate Title of Discovery
4. Components of Territory
a. Terrestrial
 b. Maritime and Fluvial Domain
i. Thalweg Doctrine
ii. UN Conference on the Law of the Sea
1. Baselines
2. Archipelagic States
a. Straight archipelagic baselines
b. archipelagic waters
c. archipelagic sea lanes passage
d. regime of islands
3. Internal waters
4. Territorial sea
5. Contiguous zone
6. Exclusive economic zone
7. Continental shelf
8. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
iii. R.A. No. 5446
iv. R.A. No. 9522

Cases:
1) Magallona v. Ermita, 655 SCRA 476
2) Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports (1951) 116
3) In the matter of the South China Sea Arbitration [P.C.A. 2013-19]
c. Aerial Domain

VI. JURISDICTION

1. International Jurisdiction
2. Types of Jurisdiction
3. Bases of Jurisdiction
a. Territoriality
b. Nationality
c. Protective Principle
d. Universality
e. Jurisdiction based on agreement

4. Territorial Jurisdiction
Case:

Underhill v. Hernandez, 168 US 250.

 A. Land Jurisdiction
B. Maritime and Fluvial Jurisdiction
a. English and French Rules on Criminal Jurisdiction over Merchant
Vessels
b. The Contiguous Zone and the Continental Shelf
c. The Patrimonial Sea/Economic Zone
d. The Open Seas
- Res Communes
- Instances when State may exercise Jurisdiction

Case: Lotus Case, PICJ, Ser. A. No. 10, 1927, Hudson, World Ct. Rep 20

- Doctrine of Hot Pursuit

C. Aerial Jurisdiction
a. Five Air Freedoms
b. Convention of Offenses and Certain Acts Committed on Board
Aircraft
c. Outer Space
d. Other Territories
e. Distinction of exterritoriality from extraterritoriality

5. Generally Recognized Principles of Criminal Jurisdiction

a. Territorial Principle
b. Nationality Principle
c. Protective Principle
d. Universality Principle
e. Passive Personality Principle

VII: THE RIGHT OF LEGATION

1. Agents of Diplomatic Intercourse

2. Commencement of Diplomatic Mission
a. Letter of Credence
3. Diplomatic Functions
4. Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges
a. Personal Inviolability
b. Immunity from Jurisdiction, Exceptions to Civil and Administrative
 Jurisdiction
i. R.A 75
c. Inviolability of Diplomatic Premises
d. Inviolability of Archives
e. Inviolability of Communication
f. Exemption from Testimonial Duties
g. Exemption from Taxation
h. Other Privileges
5. Duration and Termination of Diplomatic Mission
a. Persona non grata

Cases:
1) Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005
2) WHO v. Aquino, 48 SCRA 1242
3) Holy See v. Rosario, 238 SCRA 524
4) DFA v. NLRC, 262 SCRA 39
5) Reyes v. Bagatsing, 125 SCRA 553
6) Bayan v. Zamora, 342 SCRA 449
7) Lasco v. U.N. Revolving Fund, 241 SCRA 681
8) China Machinery v. Santa Maria, 665 SCRA 189
9) GTZ v. CA, G.R. No. 152318, April 16, 2009
10) Jusmag v. NLRC, 239 SCRA 224
11) DFA v. NLRC, 262 SCRA 39
12) ICMC v. Calleja, 190 SCRA 130
13) Liang v. People, 355 SCRA 125

6. Consuls
a. Kinds and Grades
b. Appointment
Letter of Patent, Exequatur
c. Immunities and Privileges
d. Termination of Consular Mission

VIII. TREATIES

1. Executive Order No. 459

2. Treaty v. Executive Agreements
3. Functions
4. Essential Requisites of a Valid Treaty
5. Treaty-making Process
a. Accession
b. Alternat
5. Binding Effect of Treaties
a. Reservation, When Allowed
b. Most-Favored Nation Clause
6. Observance of Treaties
a. Pacta Tertiis Nec Nocent Nec Prosunt
b. Pacta Sunt Servanda
c. Doctrine of Rebus Sic Stantibus, Requisities and Limitations
7. Treaty Interpretation
8. Termination of Treaties
a. Grounds for Invalidating a State’s Consent to be bound by a Treaty

Cases:
1) Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA 351
2) Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005
3) Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
4) Inchong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1156
5) Deutsche Bank v. CIR, August 19, 2013
6) Reagan v. CIR, G.R. No. L-226379, December 27, 1969
7) Guerrero Transport v. Blaylock, 71 SCRA 621
8) U.S.A. v. Purganan, G.R. No. 148571, December 17, 2002
9) Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. No. L-21897, October 22, 1963
10) USAFFE v. Treasurer of the Philippines, G.R. No. L- 10500, June 30,
1959
11) Abaya v. Ebane, 515 SCRA 720
12) Bayan Muna v. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244
13) DBM v. Kolonwel Trading, 524 SCRA 591
14) Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association v. Duque, G.R. No.
173034, October 19, 2007
15) Bayan v. Zamora, 342 SCRA 449
16) Philip Morris v. CA, 224 SCRA 756
17) Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, 568 SCRA 402
18) Abaya v. Ebdane, 515 SCRA 720
19) Santos v. Northwest Airlines, G.R. No. 101538, June 23, 1992
20) Adolfo v. CFI, 34 SCRA 166

IX. NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS

1. Nationality v. Citizenship
2. Acquisition of Nationality
a. Jus Sanguinis v. Jus Soli
b. Kinds of Naturalization
3. Multiple Nationality, Examples
a. Doctrine of Indelible Allegiance
4. Loss of Nationality
5. Conflict of Nationality Laws
a. Rules on Multiple Nationalities
b. Doctrine of Effective Nationality
6. Statelessness
a. Definition and Consequences
b. Steps Undertaken to Avoid Condition of Statelessness (Hague Convention
of 1930)
c. Rights of Stateless Person (Covenant Relating to the Status of Stateless
Person)
d. Asylum, Principles
e. Refugees, Rights

X. TREATMENT OF ALIENS

1. Doctrine of State Responsibility, Conditions

2. International Standard of Justice
a. Doctrine of Equality of Treatment

Chattin Case: US Chattin v. Mexico, General Claims Commission, 1927

3. Failure of Protection of Redress

Cases:
1) Noyes Case: US v. Panama, General Claims Commission, 1933
2) Youmans Case: US v. Mexico, Opinions of the Commission, 1927
3) Galvan Case, Mexico v US, Opinions of the Commissioners, 1926.
4) Jane Case: US v. Mexico, Opinions of the Commissioners, 1927.

a. Direct v. Indirect State Responsibility

4. Exhaustion of Local Remedies

5. Resort to Diplomatic Protection
6. Enforcement of Claim
a. Reparation, Restitution, Satisfaction or Compensation
7. Avoidance of State Responsibility
a. Calvo Clause
8. Exclusion of Aliens

Case: Harvey v. Santiago, 162 SCRA 840.

9. Extradition
a. Distinguished from Deportation
b. Basis of Extradition
10. Fundamental Principles of Extradition
a. Principle of Specialty
b. Attentat Clause
c. Genocide
d. Rule of Double Criminality
11. Procedure for Extradition

Cases:
1) Savarcar Case, Oppenheim-Lauterpacht, 703
2) Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, 322 SCRA 160
3) Belgium v. Senegal, ICJ Judgment of July 20, 2012
4) Chirskoff v. Commission of Immigration, 90 Phil. 256 (1951)
5) Cuevas v. Muñoz, G.R. No. 140520, December 18, 2000 (348 SCRA 542)
6) Government of Hongkong Special Administrative Region v. Olalia, Jr.,
G.R. No. 153675, April 19, 2007 (521 SCRA 470)
7) Government of the United States of America v. Purganan, G.R. No.
148571, September 24, 2002 (389 SCRA 623)
8) Mejoff v. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70 (1951)
9) Rodriguez v. Presiding Judge, RTC Manila, Br. 17, G.R. No. 157977,
February 27, 2006 (483 SCRA 290)
10) Government of Hongkong – SAR vs. Muñoz [G.R. No. 207342, 16
August 2016
11) Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, 343 SCRA 377

XI. SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

1. Definition and Classification

2. Methods of Settling Disputes
3. Amicable and Non Hostile Methods
a. Mediation v. Conciliation
b. Arbitration v. Judicial Settlement
c. Limitations on Jurisdiction of ICJ
d. Compromissary Clause
e. Optional Jurisdiction Clause (Article 36, Statute), Applicability
f. Retorsion v. Reprisal, Forms or Examples

4. United Nations
a. Disputes over which the Security Council has Jurisdiction, Parties
b. Preventive and Enforcement Action c. Uniting for Peace Resolution

XII. WAR

1. Definition, Commencement and Laws of War

2. Outlawry of War
3. Effects of Outbreak of War
a. Tests to Determine Enemy Character of Individual/Corporation
4. Combatants and non-combatants,
a. Levee En Masse
b. Rights When Captured
c. Spies and Mercenaries
5. Conduct of the Hostilities
a. Basic Principles Underlying the Laws of War (ie. Military Necessity,
Humanity and Chivalry)
6. Kinds of Warfare
a. Theater of War v. Region of War
7. Belligerent Occupation
8. Right of Postliminium
9. Non-Hostile Intercourse
10. Suspension of Hostilities
a. Armistice v. Suspension of Arms
11. Termination of War
a. Principle of Uti Possidetis v. Status Quo Ante
12. Aftermath of War
a. Principles of the Nuremberg Charter and Judgment
b. Crimes punishable under International Law

Cases:
1) People v. Alvero, 86 Phil. 58
 2) Laurel v. Misa, 77 Phil. 856
3) Yamashita v. Styer, 75 Phil. 563
4) People v. Agoncillo, 80 Phil. 33
5) Gibbs v. Rodriguez, 84 Phil. 230
6) Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, 75 Phil. 113
7) People v. Godinez, 79 Phil. 775
8) Wilson v. Berkenkotter, G.R. L-4476, April 20, 1953
9) Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 83 Phil. 171
10) Raquiza v. Bradford, 75 Phil. 50

XIII. NEUTRALITY

1. Distinguish Neutrality and Neutralization

2. Rules of Neutrality
a. Mutual Rights and Duties of Neutral and Belligerent States
b. Requisites of Valid Blockade
c. Use of Neutral Territories, Facilities and Services
d. Prize
e. Visit and Search, Rules Laid Down by the Declaration of Paris of 1856
regarding treatment of sea-borne goods in time of War
f. Definition and Classifications of Contraband
g. Doctrine of Ultimate Consumption
h. Doctrine of Infection
i. Doctrine of Ultimate Destination
j. Doctrine of Continuous Voyage/Transport
k. Instances when a Vessel is liable to condemnation for unneutral service
l. Right of Angary, Requisites

3. Termination of Neutrality

XIV. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
4. International Criminal Court

Cases:
1) Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 104678, July 21, 2003
2) Marcos vs. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 15 September 1989 Dissenting
 Opinions

XV. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

1. Section 16, Article II, 1987 Constitution

2. Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration
3. Precautionary principle

Cases:
1) J. Leonen, Social Justice Society (SJS) Officers vs. Lim, G.R. No. 187836,
November 25, 2014
1) Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait, G.R.
No. 180771, April 21, 2015

References:
1. Public International Law
Ruben E. Agpalo

2. Outline Introduction to Public International Law

Antonio E.B. Nachra
Jemy Gatdula