EE340A: Electromagnetic Theory

Tutorial #5 12th March 2021

1. Plot the following on the Smith chart. Assume reference impedance to be 50 ohms wherever
necessary.
a. 1+ j 1
b. 0.6− j 0.1
c. 1000 ohms
d. 10 ohms
e. j 3
f. − j 300 ohms
g. Γ L =0.6 ∠ 2400
h. SWR¿ 3, angle of reflection coefficient ∠ 600

2. A uniform lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 75 ohms is terminated in a load

of (3+ j2)Z 0 ohms. Determine the impedance at a distance of (i) λ /8, (ii) 10.25 λ, and (iii) λ /2
from the load. Comment on your results.

3. Determine the admittances corresponding to the impedances in problem 1.

4. A uniform lossless transmission line of Z 0=300 Ω and length 2 m is terminated in 50 ohm

0m

lumped resistor load. At 0.5 m from the load, a 5 pF lumped capacitor is connected in shunt.
Find (i) admittance just to the left of capacitor, (ii) input impedance of the circuit, and (iii) VSWR
at 1 m from the load. Assume the source is sinusoidal with a frequency of 100 MHz. Use Smith
chart and show your work.
C=5 pF

Fig.5.1 Transmission Line

5. Determine the input impedance of the given transmission line circuit. Assume that the line
characteristic impedance is 31.6 ohms and λ corresponds to frequency of 1 GHz. Use Smith
chart.
R=50 Ω

5 V rms 2.53 nH
6. For the circuit of problem 5, plot the average power delivered to the load by the source over the
frequency range 100 MHz to 5000 MHz. The load consists of transmission line, 2.53 nH inductor,
10 pF capacitor, and 20 ohm resistor. Can you explain the graph?
 SOLUTIONS

1. Plot the following on the Smith chart. Assume reference impedance to be 50 ohms
wherever necessary.
a. 1+ j 1
b. 0.6− j 0.1
c. 1000 ohms
d. 10 ohms
e. j 3
f. − j 300 ohms
g. Γ L =0.6 ∠ 2400
h. SWR¿ 3, angle of reflection coefficient ∠ 600

Solution: Points A to H are marked on the Smith chart representing the normalized impedances.
For g and h first draw constant SWR/¿ Γ L ∨¿ circles and then mark the angles mentioned.
Extend the line from center of chart to cut the SWR circle and note the impedances. The
approximate normalized impedances corresponding to g and h are 0.32− j 0.58 and 0.85+ j1.1.

Fig.5.3 Smith Chart

 2. A uniform lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance 75 ohms is terminated
in a load of (3+ j2) Z 0 ohms. Determine the impedance at a distance of (i) λ /8, (ii)
10.25 λ, and (iii) λ /2 from the load. Comment on your results.

Solution:
Characteristic impedance ¿ 75 Ω
Load impedance ¿ ( 3+ j2 ) Z 0 Ω
Normalized load impedance,
Z L ( 3+ j2 ) Z0
Z L= = =( 3+ j 2 )
Z0 Z0
Locate point P on chart and note the reading on WTG scale at point P’ which is at
0.224 λ. Draw the constant SWR circle with O as center and OP as radius.

i) Impedance at a distance of λ /8 from the load: From P, move on the constant

SWR circle a distance of 0.125 λ along WTG scale. Reach point Q’ located at
( 0.224 λ +0.125 λ )=0.349 λ. Join OQ’ which cuts the SWR circle at point Q whose
coordinates 0.6− j 1.2
Hence,
Z¿ =Z 0 z ¿ =75 ( 0.6− j1.2 ) =( 45− j 90 ) Ω

ii) Impedance at a distance of 10.25 λ from the load:

Since only movements up to 0.5 λ are meaningful on Smith chart for lossless line,
10.25 λ is equivalent to movement of 0.25 λ. Starting at P move 0.25 λ on WTG
scale to reach 0.474λ marked R’. Joining OR’ and noting its intersection with SWR
circle at R we find0.22− j 0.16 from which
Z¿ =Z 0 z ¿ =75 ( 0.22− j 0.16 )= (16.5− j 12 ) Ω

iii) Impedance at a distance of λ /2 from the load: Movement of λ /2 gives one

complete rotation on chart which is same as point P. Hence,
Z¿ =Z 0 z ¿ =75 ( 3+ j 2 )=( 225+ j150 ) Ω
 3. Determine the admittances corresponding to the impedances in problem 1.

Solution:

a) z L =1+ j1 located at X on the chart. Draw constant SWR circle with OX as radius. Extend OX
and locate X' opposite to X. At X', we obtain normalized impedance of 0.5 – j 0.5. The
admittance is given by Y = ( 0.5 – j 0.5 ) ×0.02=10 – j 10 mS
b) z L =0.6− j 0.1 is located at P on the chart. Following similar procedure as above we obtain,
normalized admittance of 1.62+ j 0.27 and admittance of 32.4+ j5.4 mS

Figure 5.5 :For (a) and (b)

Remaining are left as exercise.

4. A uniform lossless transmission line of Z 0=300 Ω and length 2 m is terminated in 50 ohm

0m
lumped resistor load. At 0.5 m from the load, a 5 pF lumped capacitor is connected in shunt.
Find (i) admittance just to the left of capacitor, (ii) input impedance of the circuit, and (iii) VSWR
at 1 m from the load. Assume the source is sinusoidal with a frequency of 100 MHz. Use Smith
chart and show your work.

C=5 pF

Fig.5.1 Transmission Line

Solution:
'
i. Let admittance just to the left of capacitor be Y L=Y C +Y L.
R=50 Ω

R=50 Ω

Y 'L
Figure 5.8: TL of 0.5 m length
'
We will use smith chart to determine Y L. The normalized load admittance is

'' Y 'L' Z 0
y L= = =6+0 j
Y0 R

We locate this at point P on the Smith chart of Figure 5.10. Draw SWR circle with radius OP . Assuming
u=c ,
c
λ= =3 m
f
 λ
The length of the line of Figure 5.8 is 0.5 m= =0.166 λ . This means we move away from the load
6
(towards generator or in clockwise direction) 0.166 λ distance from point P to point G . At G , we obtain

y 'L=0.2 4− j 0.68

Y 'L=Y 0 y 'L=0.73−1.83 j mS
Hence, the admittance just to the left of the capacitor is

Y L=Y C +Y 'L =−2 π∗108∗5∗10−12 j+ ( 0.73−1.83 j )∗10−3=0.73−4.97 jmS

ii. We will now consider the given transmission line as shown in Figure 5.9
0m

YL

Figure 5.9: TL with load admittance Y L. Y L is determined in (i).

We will use smith chart to determine Z¿ . We know Y L. The normalized load admittance is

YL
y L= =0.22−1.5 j
Y0
We locate this at point X on the Smith chart of Figure 5.10. At X, we obtain

OX 6.7 cm
|Γ|= = =0.881
OY 7.6 cm
θ Γ =angle XOW=−67 °

Draw a circle with radius OX . This is a constant standing wave ratio s circle. Locate point W where the
s circle meets the Γ r -axis. Therefore,
s=16.00
To obtain Z L, extend XO to XO X ' and note point X ' where the constant s circle meets XO X ' . At X ' ,
obtain

z L =0.1+0.65 j

The load impedance is

Z L =Z 0 z L =30+195 j Ω
 λ
The length of the line of Figure 5.10 1.5 m= =0.5 λ . This means we move away from the load
2
(towards generator or in clockwise direction) 0.5 λ distance from point X ' . We arrive at the same point
X ' . Therefore, the input impedance will be the same as Z L.
Z¿ =30+195 j Ω
iii. VSWR at 1 m from the load means 0.5 m from the load admittance of Figure 5.9. The constant s-
circle is drawn in (ii). Therefore,
s=16.00
Figure 5.10. Smith Chart
 5. Determine the input impedance of the given transmission line circuit. Assume that the line
characteristic impedance is 31.6 ohms and λ corresponds to frequency of 1 GHz. Use Smith
chart.

5 V rms 2.53 nH

Solution:

Effective Load Impedance consists of 20 ohm resistor, 10 pF capacitor, and 2.53 nH inductor in parallel.
Evaluating the reactances of inductor and capacitor at 1 GHz, we obtain effective load impedance of
Z L =20+0.030095 j Ω ≅ 20 Ω

Z L 20
Normalized Load impedance Ź L = = =0.6329
Z 0 31.6
Marking this impedance as point A on Smith Chart and VSWR curve corresponding to this load
impedance is shown in Fig 5.11. Movement of 0.25 λ on constant SWR circle gives 1.68 as normalized
impedance. Thus, impedance seen by load ¿ 1.68 × Z 0=1.68 ×31.6=53.08Ω
Fig. 5.11 Smith Chart
 6. Plot the average power delivered to the load consisting of Tline +2.53 nH inductor +10 pF
capacitor +20 ohm resistor by the source over the frequency range 100 MHz to 5000 MHz. Can
you explain the graph?

Solution:

5 V rms 2.53 nH

Fig. 5.12

1 1
Y eq =
Z eq ( ) is the equivalent admittance which becomes the load to the
=Y L +Y c +
R
1
transmission line. Y =(
jωL )
∧Y = jωC are frequency-dependent with L=2.53nH and C=10
L c

pF. The impedance seen by the source is the impedance transformed by the transmission line.
The line has a characteristic impedance of 31.6 ohms and its physical length equals 7.5 cm
corresponding to 1 GHz design frequency. The impedance seen by source is
Z eq + j Z 0 tan β l
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z eq tan β l

with Z eq=1/Y eq and β=2 π / λ varying with frequency. Note that length l is constant at 7.5 cm.
The power delivered to Z¿ is
2
|V g| Z ¿
P0=ℜ
{ ¿ Z ¿ + R g |2 }
Which is plotted in figure below (black curve).
Maximum power is being transferred at 1GHz according to the maximum power transfer
theorem. Hence there is a peak at 1GHz.