1

Electric Circuits I
(EELE 2310)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

2

Assad Abu-Jasser,
Assad Abu-Jasser, PhD
PhD
Electric Power
Electric Power Engineering
Engineering
site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser
site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser
[email protected]
[email protected]

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

3

Chapter Seven
Response of
Response of First-Order
First-Order
RL and
RL and RC
RC Circuits
Circuits

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 First-Order Response
4
Natural Response of RL and RC Circuits

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 First-Order Response
5
Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

Step Response of RL Circuit Step Response of RC Circuit

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit
6
Deriving The Expression For The Current

dx i (t ) R t
i (t 0 ) x
The independent current source generates
   dy
L tcurrent
a constant 0
Is and
the switch has been in a closed iposition
(t ) forRa long time
ln  t t0  0
i (0) L
i (t )  i (0)e  ( R L )t

di
iLp (t ) i Ri  ( R2 L )t
I 0pe0i R 2 t  0
p i (0 
)  i (0 
)  I0
dt R
First
p Iorder
iR
0
2
Re  I Re
2( R L )t
ordinary
0
 ( R L )t 
t  0
differential t 
equa 0 
tion i (t )  I 0e  ( R L )t
t 0
t t

 (0 )  0
Order
  (0 ) dx
2( R 
 
First pdx 
Res 2
ponse
I 0 Re L )x
 I 0R
0 0
di 1 R2
 dt   I 0idt R (1  e 2( R L )t )
dt 2(R L )L
di 1 R2
   dt e 2( R L )t ) t  0
LI 0 (1
i 2 L
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit
7
The Significance of The Time Constant

di  R
(0 )   I 0
dt L
di  I0
(0 )  
  time constant 
L dt 
R If i starts at I 0 and decreases
i (t )  I 0e t  t  0
t 
at constant rate of I 0  then
 (t )  I 0 Re t 0 

p  I 02 Re 2t  t  0
I0
i  I0  t
1 2 
  LI 0 (1  e 2t  ) t  0
2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-1
8
Natural Response of RL Circuit
The switch in the circuit shown has been closed for a long time before it is opened
at t=0. find:
a) iL(t) for t ≥ 0 i L (t )  I 0e t   20e 5t A
b) i0(t) for t ≥ 0+
10
c) Ʋ0(t) for t ≥ 0 i 0 (t )  i L  4e 5t t  0
d) The percentage of the total energy stored in the 2 H10  40 that is dissipated
inductor
in the 10 Ω resistor  (t )  40i  160e 5t V t  0
0 0

02
P10  (t )   2560e 10t W t  0
10

10  (t )   2560e 10t dt  256 J
0

1 2 1
 (0)  Li 0 (0)   2  400  400 J
Req=2+(40║10)=10 Ω
2 2
256
iL(0-)=iL(0+)=20 A ratio  100  64%
Ʋ0(0-)=0 400
=(L/Req)=(2/10)=0.2 s
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-2
9
Natural Response of RL Circuit/Parallel Inductors
In 1thet circuit shown, the initial currents in inductors L 1 and L2 have been
i   dx  i (0)
established
L 0 by sources not shown. The switch is opened at t=0.
a) Find
1 t i1,i22,xand i3 for t ≥ 0 2t
ib)
5 
1  Calculate
0
96e dx theinitial
8  1.6energy
 9.6e stored
A tin the
0 parallel inductors
c) Determine how much energy is stored in the inductors as t → ∞
d) 1 t that
Show the
i2  
96e 2 x dx  4total
 1.6energy
 2.4e 2delivered
t
A t  0to the resistive network equals the
difference
20 0 between the results obtained in (b) and R (c)
=((4+(15║10))║40)=8 Ω
Req=((4+(15║10))║40)=8 Ω
 (t ) 15 iLeq(0-)=iL(0+)=12 A
i3    5.76 e 2t A t  0
10 25 Ʋ0(0-)=0
1 1
 (0)  L1i 12 (0)  L 2i 22 (0)  320 J =(Leq/Req)=(4/8)=0.5 s
2 2 t 
i 1 ()  1.6 A i 2 ()  1.6 A i (t )  I 0e
1 1
( L1 & L2 ) ()  L1i 12 ()  L 2i 22 ()  32 J
2 2
i (t )  12e 2t A t 0
 
 (t )  8  i (t )
2
 
   pdt   dt   1152e 4t dt  288 J
0 0 R 0
eq

  320  32  288 J  (t )  96e 2t

V t 0 

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

10
The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit
11
Deriving The Expression For The Voltage
d 
C  0
dt R
di
L  Ri  0 comparing
dt
First order ordinary differential equation
First Order Response
 (t ) V 0 t 
i (t )   e t  0
 (t )   (0)e t RC
t 0 R R
V 02  2t 
 (0 )   (0)   (0  ) p  i 
R
e t 0
t

 (0 ) V g V 0
    pdx
0

V 02  2t 
t

  RC time constant 

0 R
e dx

1
 (t ) V 0e t RC
t 0   CV 02  1  e 2t   t  0
2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-3
12
Natural Response of an RC Circuit
The
C (t )  
switch t RC
in ethe
(0)  0 has been in position x for a long time. At t=0, the
circuit tshown
switch moves instantaneously to position y. find:
a)C (ʋt C)(t) for te≥25
 100 0t t 0
b) ʋ0(t) for t ≥ 0+
48t ≥ 0+
0 (t )  C (t )
c) i 0 (t) for
d) The total 80 energy dissipated in the 60 kΩ resistor
0 (t )  60e 25t V t  0 Req=32+(240║60)=80 kΩ
0 (t ) ƲC(0-)= ƲC(0)= ƲC (0+)=100 V
i 0 (t )  =(ReqC)=80(0.5×10-3)=40 ms
60  103
i 0 (t )  e 25t mA t  0
P60 k  (t )  i 02 (t )(60  103 )
P60 k  (t )  60e 50t mW

60 k  (t )   i 02 (t )(60  103 )dt
0

60 k  (t )  1.2 mJ
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-4
13
Natural Response of RC Circuit/Series Capacitors
The 1 initial
t voltages on capacitors C 1 and C2 in the circuit shown have been
 
established
C 0
idx   (0)
by sources not shown. The switch is closed at t=0.
a) Find6ʋ1t (t), ʋ2(t), and ʋ(t) for t ≥ 0 and i(t) for t ≥ 0 +
10
b)  106einitial
x
1 (t )  
Calculate 80 the  16e t  stored
dx  4energy 20 V t in0 the capacitors C 1 and C2
5 0
c) Determine how much energy is stored in the capacitors as t → ∞
d) Show 106 that
80  10the
6  x total energy
e dx  24  4e t  20delivered
V t  0 to the 250 kΩ resistor is the difference
t
2 (t )  
between 
20 0 the results obtained in (b) and (c)
1 1
 (0)  C 112 (0)  C 222 (0)
2 2
 (0)  40  5760  5800  J
1 ()  20 V 2 ()  20 V R=250 kΩ
1 1
ƲC(0-)= ƲC(0)= ƲC (0+)=20 V
(C1 &C 2 ) ()  C 112 ()  C 222 () =RC=250(4×10-3)=1 s
2 2
(C1 &C 2 ) ()  1000  4000  5000  J Ʋ(t)=20e-t V t ≥ 0
i(t)= Ʋ(t)/250000=80e-t µA t ≥ 0+
  2  400e
2t
250 k    pdt   dt   dt  800  J
0 0 R eq 0 250000
  5800  5000  800  J
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
14
The Step Response of RL Circuit
di dx to
if ii(t )continues  Rat 
thisR ratet
Vdy 
I 0 Lx  V  L R  LI 0 0 s  e t
 
Vdts  s  L   R 
i (t )  t
lni (V t )LV I sR Re 
t   R
V s 0
L V  t
i()V I0 tV
s
 s R
   s L
s eL R Rfor I 0  0
i (t )  V s R 
V Vdi
Vi (st ) Ri sL s e t 
 e  ( R L )t
I 0  V s R 
R Rdt
di VRis V ss 1R  VVs s Vs  V  (R
i ( )   e  0.6321 i   i (t )  I0  s e
L )t

dt RL R L  RR  R  R 
di RV  1V  V Vs   t 
di   s i  se tdt  s e t 
Vs
i (t )  I0  e
dt L R   R  L R  R 
di di V s  R dt V s V s t 
(0)  i (t )   e for I 0  0
idt V s RL L R R
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-5
15
Determining the Step Response of an RL Circuit
The switch in the circuit shown has been in yes, the initial
position a for current
a long is 8 AAt
time. counterclockwise
t=0, the switch
moves from position a to position b. the switch is a make-before-break type; that is, the
this makes a voltage drop of 2  8  16 V on 2
connection at position b is established before the connection at position a is broken, so there
the total voltage on inductor 24  16  40 V
is no interruption of current through the inductor.
a) Find the expression for i(t) for t ≥ 0
24  40
b) What is the initial voltage across the inductor e 10after
just
t
the switch has been moved to
position b? 1 40
c) How many milliseconds after the switch has t  been ln moved does the inductor voltage equal
24 V? 10 24
d) Does i(0the
-
)=initial
i(0)=voltage
i(0 )=Imake
+
0
=-8sense
A in terms
t of51.08
circuit
10 behavior?
3
 51.08 ms
e) Plot both i(t) and ʋ(t) versus t
For t ≥ 0, R=2 Ω
=L/R=200/2=100 ms
i(∞)=(Vs/R)=12 A
i(t)=12+(-8-12)e-t/0.1
i(t)=12-20e-10t A, t ≥ 0
di
 (t )  L  0.2  200e 10t
dt
 (t )  40e 10t V t  0 
 (0 )  40 V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 The Step Response of RL Circuit
16
Describing Voltage across the Inductor
dx
 (t ) R t
 (0) x   L  t0
dy

R
ln   (t )   ln   (0)    t
L
 (t )
V s  (t )
i (t )   differentiating ln   R L  t
R R  (0)
di 1 d
  (t )   (0)e  R L  t
dt R dt
di L d  (0) V s  I 0 R 
if i L (0 )  I 0
L  
dt R dt  (t )  V s  I 0 R  e  R L  t
t  0
d R
  0
dt L  (t ) V s e  R L  t if i L (0 )  0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
17
The Step Response of RC Circuit
for initial voltage of V 0 on Capacitor
C  I s R  V 0  I s R  e t RC
t 0
d C  V 
i C   I s  0  e t RC
dt  R 
di 1  V 0  t RC 
d C C   I
 s  e 
C   Is dt RC  R  
dt R di 1
d C C Is  i 0
  dt RC
dt RC C  V 
i   I s  0  e t RC t  0
d C 1  R 
  C  RI s  for zero initial voltage on Capacitor
dt RC
d C 1 C  I s R  1  e t RC
 t 0
 dt
 C  RI s  RC i  I s e t RC
t  0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-6
18
Determining the Step Response of an RC Circuit

The switch in the circuit shown has been in position 1 V

for a long time. At t=0, the
switch moves to position 2. find: i   I s  0  e t RC t  0
a) Ʋ0(t) for t ≥ 0  R 
b) i0(t) for t ≥ 0+
I s  1.5 mA
applying source
40 transformation V0 30
C (0 )   60  30 V   0.75 mA
75 20  60 R 40  10 3

I C(040
  1.875
)  C (0)   mA(0  )  30 V
C
i 0   1.5  0.75  e 100t t  0 
RC  40 103  0.25  106  10 ms
40160
R eq   32 kΩ t RC i 0  2.25e 100t mA t  0 
0  I 4s R V 0  I s R  e
0 160
d
60  30
V0 1.875 32(60 60) Ve 100t check i 0  C
dt
R0eq3260890  e40 kΩ t  0
100t

i 0   0.25  106   9000e 100t 

check 60at t  0 0  30 V
Is   1.5 mA i   2.25 e 100t
mA t  0 
check 40a t t    0   6 0 V 0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Step and Natural Responses dx x
19  K
A General Solution dt 
dx
di  0 i as t  
dt  0 natural response
dt L R
x f  K  final value
di i Vs
dx 
 K
x  step response
dt
dt L R L
d C Unknown
dx ( x x f )
dt   = 0
C
natural response
dtdx RCvalue]e
final value+[initial value-final 1
-(t-switching time)/time constant

d   dtI
Cx ) C 
(x  f  s step response
dt
x (t ) RC
du 1
Ct

xdx
 
(u xx f )  t 0
d
(t 0 )
 K natural/step response
(t )  xf   x (t 0 )  x f  e  (t t 0 )
xdt 

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 Example 7-7
20
General Solution Method of RC Step Response
90  ( 30)
The switch in the circuit shown has been in position a for a long time. At t=0, the switch is
moved to position b. 
i (0 )   300  A
a) What is the initial value of ʋC? 400
b) What is the final value of ʋC?
i ( )  0
c) What is the time constant of the circuit when the switch in position b?
d) What is the expression for of ʋC when t ≥ 0 ? 6
e) What is the expression for of i(t) when t ≥ 0+ ? RC  400  10  0.5  10
3
 0.2 s
f) How long after the switch in position b does the capacitor voltage equal zero?
g) Plot ʋC and i(t) versus time. i (t )  i   i (t )  i e
(t t 0 ) 
40 f 0 f
 (0 )  
C

 60  30 V i (t )  0   300  0 e
5t
20  60
C ()  90 V i (t )  300e 5t  A, t  0
RC  400 103  0.5 10 6  0.2 s C (t )  90  120e 5t  0
C (t )  C f   C (t 0 )  C f  e (t t 0 )  5t
120e  90 e  5t 120
90
C (t )  90   30  90  e 5t 1 4
t  ln    57.54 ms
C (t )  90  120e 5t V, t  0 5 3
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-8
21
General Solution Method with Zero Initial Condition
The switch in the circuit shown has beenopen(0 ) a for
(7.5a long
3) time.
20  The
90 initial
V charge
on the capacitor is zero. At t=0, the switch is closed. Find the expression for
a) i(t) for t ≥ 0+  ()  7.5  20  150 V
b) Ʋ(t) for t ≥ 0 +

  RC  5 ms
 (t )  f   (0 )  f  e t 
 20
i (0 )  7.5  3 mA
20  30  (t )  150   90  150 e 200t
i f  i ( )  0  (t )  150  60e 200t V, t  0
  RC  (20  30)  103  0.1 10 6  (t )  C (t )  30i (t )
  5 ms C (0 )  0 C ()  150 V
i (t )  i f  i (0  )  i f  e t  C (t )  150   0  150  e 200t V, t  0
i (t )  0   3  0  e t 5103
 (t )  150  150e 200t  30  3e 200t
i (t )  3e 200t mA, t  0   (t )  150  60e 200t V, t  0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-9
22
General Solution Method for RL Step Response
(0 )for
The switch in the circuit shown has been iopen  5a A, i f  iAt
long time. (t=0,
)  20
the switch
A is
closed. Find the expression for
a) Ʋ(t) when t ≥ 0+ L
b) i(t) when t ≥ 0    80 ms
R
i (t )  i f  i (0  )  i f  e t 
i (t )  20   5  20 e 12.5t
 (0 )  15 V i (t )  20  15e 12.5t A, t  0
f   ( )  0 check
L 80  103 di
   80 ms  (t )  L
R 1 dt
 (t )  f   (0 )  f  e t  di
 (15)(12.5)e 12.5t  187.5e 12.5t
dt
 (t )  0   15  0  e t 80103
 (t )  80 103 187.5e 12.5t
 (t )  15e 12.5t V, t  0  (t )  15e 12.5t V, t  0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-10
23
Step Response of Magnetically Coupled Coils
 is no energy stored in the circuit shown at the time the switch
5t is closed. 
iThere
0 (0 )  0, i 0 f  i 0 (  )  16 A i t(≥t )0  16  16e A, t  0
a) Find the solutions for i , ʋ , i , and i for
0 0 1 2
0
L 1.5
b) Show that the solutions obtained in (a) make sense in terms of known circuit
   0.2 s 5t
0 (t )  120e 
behavior
R 7.5 V, t  0
(t 1)  i 0dif 2 i 0 (0
i 0di di 1 )  i 0 fdi22e
 t 
check
check
3 L L M
6 6  15
L   
dt dt 1 2dt 5t dt
t )  16di 0  16 e
idi0 (eq 0 
d 1 d 2

L  L  2M
1
 3 2
idt0 (t )  16dt116e 5t 2 A, t  0
di
0  3dt 1  6 dtdi 2  360e 5t  240e 5t
1  3i 1dt 6i 2 dt2  6i 1  15i 2
di 0 di 1 di 2 0  120e 5t
45  36
i 0  i1  i 2
dt

dt

dt 1  2  24  24e 5t Wb-turn
L 
800 eeq  1.5 H
(t)5t120 
di7.5i t 1 ()  2 ()  24 Wb-turn
18  12

2 2 0i 2   40e 5 x dx

dt  
di 1
i 10()  24 A
6  15
di 2
 720 5t
i 2 (e) 600e 5t
8 A
0 (t )  120 5t7.5 16  16e 
0 5t dt dt
i 2  8  8e t 0 1  3120
  24
e 
5t 6  8  24 Wb-turn
0
i 10 (t )24120 5t
24ee 5t

 0 t  0 2  6  24  15  8  24
tV, Wb-turn
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
24
Sequential Switching

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 Example 7-11
25
RL Circuit with Sequential Switching

for 0  tt  35
for t
The ttwo
for t 

 35
35
0 ms
ms
35 ms
switches
ms
in the circuit shown have been closed for a long time. At t=0, switch 1 is
opened. Then, 35 ms later, switch 2 is opened.
a) Find iL(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 35 ms 3
isource
(35 ms) transformation
403510
 6e
b) Find iL(t) for t ≥ 35 ms yields
 40t
) )6e6 6
L
iii L((35
t )(
(0
tms) ) 1.48
Aee6A A AA
c) What percentage
1.4 of60(
thet initial
0.035) energy stored in the 150 mH inductor is dissipated in the 18

LL (0
Ω resistor?
d) Repeat (c) for the 3 Ω resistor
e) Repeat (c) for the 6 Ωresistor
R eq 39L618
  L9 di
L36e 40t

p 33  3563.51
i 32  354.73
1.482e120( 618.24
t 0.035) mJ
W
3eq
R L  18   3  6dt 

L 99150 18 3
% 3 
618.24

0.035)
t  240e 
18 L 150 10ms3 40t 100
150 0  t 35 ms 3  6.5712
0.5  150e  36
 

 3 R 129e 40t 25
40
V, ms 120( t
dt
18  R  36 2 6e V, 0  t  35 ms 618.24

i L (0 )  31.48 A,  i  i (  )  0 A %   0.035
 100  22.9%
p
i L3(0  )  2  48e

186 A, i Lf80
80 t
Lf
W L
i L ( )  0 A 3 
2700 e 120(t 0.035)
ipL18(t)  i Lf318 i L72
t
(0e )  i Lf W

 e t 
 ( t  0.035) 
3  6.5712  
i L (t ) 0.035 i Lf  i L (0 )  i Lf  e
48   2  120
0.035

i LL183(t)) 00 72
 
0.035 80t
48ee 80tdt t 
72 80t 0.035
ee 80t 00.035
 3  6 3

 ( t  0.035) (150 9)10
  6  0 e 80
1.48  0 dt e 0.025
6571.2

0
0
0
40t 60(t  0.035)
80
   1236.48
 54.73 mJ mJ
3
iL183(t))563.51
 1.48
6e e mJ
845.27 AmJ A0  t  35
35 ms
ms 6  120
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
 Example 7-12
26
RC Circuit with Sequential Switching
The uncharged capacitor in the circuit shown is initially switch to terminal
Position (a) a of the three-
position switch. At t=0, the switch is moved to position b, where it remains for 15 ms. After
the 15 ms delay, the switch is moved to position c, whereƲ(0
-
)= Ʋ(0)=
it remains Ʋ(0+)=0 V
indefinitely.
Ʋ(∞)=400 V
a) Derive the numerical expression for the voltage across the capacitor
b) Plot the capacitor voltage versus time
c) When will the voltage on the capacitor equal 200 V?=RC=100(0.1)10-3=10 ms
Ʋ(t)=400+(0-400)e-t/0.01
Ʋ(t)=400-400e-100t V, 0 ≤ t ≤ 15 ms

 (15ms)  400  400e 1.5

 (15ms)  310.75 V
 f   ( )  0
  RC  50  0.1103  5 ms
 (t )  f    (15 ms)  f  e  (t  0.015) 
200  400  400e 100t
 (t )  0   310.75  0 e  (t  0.015) 5103
200  310.75e 200(t  0.015)
 (t )  310.75e 200(t 0.015) V, t  15 ms t 1  6.93 ms t 2  17.20 ms
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
27
Unbound Response

The response of circuit containing

dependent sources may grow rather
than decay exponentially with time
This type of response is called
Unbound Response
The use of final value is confusing and
the differential equation is employed

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)

 Example 7-13
28
Unbound Response of RC Circuit
a) When the switch is closed in the circuit shown, the voltage on the capacitor is
10 V. Find expression for ʋ0 for t ≥ 0
b) Assume that the capacitor short-circuits when its terminal voltage reaches 150
V. How many milliseconds elapse before the capacitor short-circuits?

using the d 0 0 method

test-source
for t  0 C  0
dt R
T d  0 0 (t )  10e 40t
V, t  0
i 5 106  0  mA 0
20 dt 5 10 3

d 0   d 0 150  10e 40t

 40   0  T 40dt
iTdt   7   0 mA
T 0 T


10t  20  20 40t  ln  15 
0
dx 0
10 x 0T40dy ln 10  40t t  67.70 ms
RTh   5 kΩ
0 (t )  10iT e 40t V, t  0
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)
29

End of
Chapter Seven

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE Department-IUGAZA Electric Circuits I (EELE 2310)