1.1 Fluid 1.

2 Fluid Properties
Fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing or Any measurable characteristic is a property.
deforming, under the action of shear force
1.2.1 Density/Mass density ():
[However small the shear force may be]. This
definition of a fluid is also known as ‘Classical It is a defined as ratio of mass of fluid to its
definition of a fluid’. volume. It actually represents the quantity of
matter present in a given volume. Its unit is
F  t1 t2 t3 kg/m3 and it dimensional formula is [ML3].
2 2 2 The density of water for all calculation purpose
d is taken as 1000 kg/m3.
1 11
1 Density depends on temperature and pressure
d
2
0
t1 < t2 < t3
As long as there is a shear force, fluid flows or 1.2.2 Specific weight /Weight density (w)
deforms continuously.
It is defined as the ratio of weight of the fluid to
Ex: Liquids, gases, vapors etc. its volume, its unit is N/m3 and its dimensional
Difference between solids and fluids: formula [ML2T2].
In case of solids - under the action of shear Weight of the fluid
force, there is a deformation and this w
Vol.
deformation does not change with time.
mg
Therefore deformation (d) is important is w
solids. When this shear force is removed, solids V
will try to come back to the original position.
 m
In case of fluids - the deformation is continuous w = g  
 V
as long as there is a shear force and this
deformation changes with time, therefore in P
fluids rate of deformation (d/dt) is important 
than deformation (d). After the removal of w T
shear force, fluid will never come back to its g  location
original position.
“For a static fluid, the shear force is zero.” w = F (P, T, Location)
Note:
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 Specific weight of water dv


wH 2 0  g  1000  9.81  v
dp
= 9810 N/m3
We know that
 Density is an absolute quantity, whereas T 
specific weight is not an absolute quantity 
because it varies from location to location. P  
Mass = density  volume
1.2.3 Specific gravity (s.g.)
v = mass = constant
It is defined as the ratio of density of fluid to
the density of standard fluid. dv + vd = 0
In case of liquid, the standard fluid is water, dv d 
 
and in case of gases the standard fluid is either v 
hydrogen or air at a given temperature and 1 d
pressure. It is unitless and dimensionless. 
 dp
Specific gravity (s.g.) of water is 1. If
If d = 0;  = 0 (incompressible fluid)
specific gravity of liquid is less than 1, it is
lighter than water. If specific gravity of liquid Liquids are generally treated as incompressible
is greater than 1, it is heavier than water. and gases are treated as compressible.
A fluid is treated as incompressible fluid, if
Note:
there is no variation of density with respect to
Though terms relative density and specific
pressure.
gravity are used interchangeably, but there a
 d 
difference between these two.
  0
“All specific gravities are relative density, but  dP 
all relative density need not be specific (i) Isothermal compressibility of ideal gas: -
gravity.” PV = mRT
1.2.4 Compressibility ():  P = RT { T = constant }
It is the measure of change of volume or dP
 RT
change of density with respect to pressure, on a d
given mass of fluid. Mathematically, it is
dP
defined as reciprocal of bulk modulus. K   RT P  RT
d
1
i.e.,   {k = bulk modulus} KT = P
k
Isothermal bulk modulus is equal to pressure.
dp
k 1

dv 
v P

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m2 Need to define viscosity:

Unit of compressibility  or pascal 1
N Though the densities of water and oil almost
(ii) Adiabatic bulk modulus of an ideal gas: - same, their flow behavior is not same. Hence, a
property is required to define the flow behavior
PV = C1
of fluid and this property is known as viscosity.

m Definition: Internal resistance offered by one layer
P    C1
 of fluid to the adjacent layer is known as
P  P C viscosity.

m  C1    1  C
  m
Area(A) (u+du)dt
P=C  F v
dP
 C 1 dy d
d u+du
dP dy
K  u udt
d
K =.C -1 u = 0 (No slip at the boundary)

K =  C 
dt = time
Ka = P
du
1 Velocity gradient =
 dy
P
dudt
Note: tan d =
dy
As  > 1, adiabatic bulk modulus is greater than
If d is small tan d = d
isothermal bulk modulus.
dudt dθ du
adiabatic dθ  , 
 dy dt dy
F
 A  constant
isothermal A
d d
F  
 dt dt
d 
Bulk modulus is not constant. It increases with  
dt d
increase in pressure, because at higher pressure
dt
the fluid offer’s more resistance for further
compression.
1.3 Viscosity d d
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the flow also increases. “Therefore, viscosity of

gas increase with increase in temperature”.
dθ dθ
is large is 
dt dt
less (small) liquid
gas
Flow is easy Flow is
not easy
 is less, resistance is less.  is more,
resistance is more. Temperature
Unit of viscosity:
 ‘’ represents the internal resistance offered
du
by one layer of fluid to the adjacent layer. 
dy
Hence ‘’ is known as coefficient of viscosity
N m 1
or absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity or
2
 . .
simply viscosity. m s m

d   d  du N s
    = Pascal-sec. (SI unit)
dy  dt dy m2
 In MKS system:
du
 m
dy kg. .s
N s s 2  kg
d 
Here is known as rate or angular deformation m2 m2 ms
dt Dimensional formula
du
or rate of shear strain and is known as  = [M1L1T1]
dy
velocity gradient.
Variation of viscosity with temperature:  In cgs system:
kg gm
In case of liquids, the intermolecular distance is 1  1 poise
small and hence cohesive forces are large. With ms cm  sec
increase in temperature, cohesive forces kg 103 gm 10 gm
1  2   10 poise
decrease and the resistance of the flow is also m  s 10 cm  sec cm.sec
decreases. Therefore, “viscosity of a liquid N S
decreases with increase in temperature”. 1  10 poise
m2
In case of gases, intermolecular distance is
N S
large and hence cohesive forces are negligible. 1 poise  0.1  0.1 pascal  sec
m2
With increase in temperature, molecular
disturbance increases and hence resistance to
1.4 Classification of fluid
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dθ
Fluids

dt
dθ
Ideal Real  {  = constant
dt
y=mx
Newtonian Non - Newtonian
m =  = slope = constant
If slope   
Time independent Time dependent
Examples of Newtonian fluid:
Air, water, petrol, diesel, kerosene, oil, mercury
Dilatent Pseudo Bingham Thixotropic Rheopectic etc.
plastic plastic
Note:
1.4.1 Newtonian Fluid: For a Newton fluid viscosity does not change
Fluids which obey Newton’s law of viscosity with rate of deformation.
are known as Newtonian fluid. According to 1.4.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Newton’s low of viscosity, shear stress is Fluids which do not obey Newton’ law of
directly proportional to rate of shear strain. viscosity are known as non – Newtonian fluid.
That is, The general relationship between shear stress
dθ  du 
 () and velocity gradient   is
dt  dy 
du
 n
dy  du 
  A   B
du  dy 

dy Case-1: B = 0; n > 1 Dilatant fluids (non –
This equation is Valid for Newtonian fluid. colloidal)
A fluid is said to be dilatant fluid for which the
 apparent (similar) viscosity increases with rate
oil
 water of deformation.
n
air  du 
  A   0
 dy 
dθ n 1
 du   du 
dt   A   . 
oil > water > air  dy   dy 
We know that  app

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 du  the flow of fluid, below this shear stress there is

   app   no flow therefore it acts like a solid, after that it
 dy 
behaves like a fluid. Such substance which
 Dilatant fluid
behaves both fluids and solids are known as
Rheological substances and study of these
2 substances is known as rheology.
1 2 > 1 1.4.3 Ideal Fluid:
du A fluid which is non – viscous and
dy incompressible is known as an ideal fluid.
Ex: Rice starch, sugar in water. Though there is no ideal fluid it is introduced
for bringing simplicity in the analysis.
“As the app is increasing with deformation,
these fluids is also known as shear thickening 
fluid.
Ideal solid

Case2: B =0; n < 1 pseudo plastic fluids Ideal fluid

(Colloidal) du
dy
For a pseudo plastic fluid, apparent viscosity
decreases with rate of deformation. du
 {  = 0 for ideal fluid }
Ex: Milk, blood, colloidal solution. dy
“As the app is decreases with deformation, =0
these fluids is also known as shear thinning
1.4.4 Shear stress-strain diagram for various
fluid.
fluids:

2  Bingham
plastic Newtonian Fluid
1 1 > 2
Ideal Pseudo plastic
du dθ
or solid Dilatent
dy dt
Fluid
Case-3: Bingham plastic fluid.
du dθ
B  0; n = 1 or
Ideal fluid dy dt
Ex: Toothpaste
“Such fluids are comes under rheology”.
Note: In case of Bingham plastic fluid certain
minimum shear stress is required for causing

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vdt dudt du V
    
y dy dy y
Rheopectic () du V
  
Time independent dy y
F
Thixotropic () 
A
Time AV
F
y
Remember: 1.6 Kinematic viscosity ():
  H 2O at 20oC  1 Centipoise (CP) 
In fluid mechanics the term ‘ ’ appears

 1  102 Poise
frequently, and for convenience this term is
kg
 102 101  103 kg / m  s . known as kinematic viscosity.
m.s

 Hg at 200C = 1.55 CP 

 Water is 50 – 55 times more viscous than air.
Unit of kinematic viscosity:
In MKS system:
1.5 Equation for a linear velocity profile:
kg  m
2
The velocity profile can be approximated as a sec  m   M o L2T 1 
linear velocity profile if the gap between plates kg s  
is very small (narrow passages). ms
In CGS system:
vdt dudt
F,v In CGS system the unit of kinematic viscosity
cm2 cm2
 u+du is and is equal to stoke.
y dy  sec sec
y  u
1cm 2 m2
1 stoke   104
sec sec
=0
Physical significance of :
vdt Kinematic viscosity represent the ability of
tan θ  fluid to resist momentum. Therefore, it is a
y
measure of momentum diffusivity.
dudt
From triangle tan θ 
dy
1.7 Surface Tension ():

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Dimension Formula of surface tension:

Air F N 1MLT 2
Liquid air interface      M 1L0T 2 
L m L
B
liquid
Pressure in liquid drop in excess of atmospheric
Sphere of influence
A pressure:

Consider the molecule A, which is below the 

surface of liquid and this molecule is
surrounded by various corresponding
molecules. Hence under the influence of
various cohesive forces, it will be in
equilibrium. Now consider molecule B, which
is on the surface of liquid and this molecule is Fs F
 
under the influence of net downward force. L A
Because of this, there seems to be a layer Fs  L F = A
formed which can resist small tensile stress and
In equilibrium conditions, surface tension force
this phenomenon is known as surface tension.
is equal to pressure force.
It is a line force i.e., it acts normal to the line
drawn on the surface and it lies in the plane of Fs = FP
surface. As surface tension is basically due to L = A
unbalanced cohesive force and with increase in   4
temperature, cohesive force is decreased.   d   P  d 2   P 
4  d
Therefore, “Surface tension decreases with
increases in temperature, and at critical Note:
point surface tension is zero”. 1. In case of soap bubble there are two surfaces
and hence.
Not
8
 This force is very small force and hence it is P 
neglected in further fluid mechanics analysis. d
 The surface tension for water-air interface at 2
2. In case of liquid jet P 
20oC is 0.0706 N/m. d
 While washing cloths warm water is used 3. The pressure force tries to separate the droplet,
because warm water reduces surface tension whereas surface tension force tries the contract
and help in cleaning. the droplet i.e., surface tension force tries to
 Liquid drops assume spherical shape due to minimize the surface area and hence droplets
surface tension.

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take spherical shape(Because sphere has

 
minimum surface area for a given volume).
Fs cos
1.8 Capillarity:  h Fs  Fs
Capillarity is the effect of surface tension and it
is not a property. h
(a) Wetting liquid
Adhesion is large.
Weight of liquid = vertical component of surface
Water tension force.
Solid surface
   weight
w. d 2 h  F4 cos   w 
 < 90 (acute angle)
0 4  volume
(b) Non – wetting liquid Fs =   L
Cohesion is large. Fs =   d
Mercury Weight = Specific weight x volume
 
Glass/Plastic w. d 2h   cos 
4
 > 900 (obtuse angle) 4 cos 
h w  g
The rise or fall of a liquid, when a small wd
diameter tube is introduced in it is known as 4 cos 
h
capillarity. gd
The capillary rise is due to adhesion. Ex: Water
The capillary fall is due to cohesion. Ex: Expression for capillary rise in the annulus of
mercury. Therefore, capillarity is due to both two concentric tubes:
adhesion and cohesion.
Meniscus 
r0
 h
rise
fall

Water Mercury
Adhesion is large Cohesion is large Weight of the fluid = vertical Component of
surface tension force
 2
Expression far capillary rise/Fall in a glass tube: w.
4
 d0  d12  h    d0  di  cos 
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4 cos  2 cos 
 h 
w( d 0  d i ) w( r0  ri )

Expression for capillary rise between two

parallel plates:
Where t  distance between plates Work = Force  distance
t
F=L =Lx
b = Work =   (increase in surface area)
b+b=2b
(2b)
Note:
Weight  The angle of contact between water and glass is
w h
Volume 22o.
weight = w  hbt  The angle of contact between pure water and
Fs = ( b + b) clean glass tube – 0o.
 The angle of contact between mercury and glass
Fs = 2b is 130o.
Weight of the fluid = vertical Component of  If height of capillary tube is insufficient for the
surface tension force possible rise, the liquid will rise up to the top
w  hbt = 2b cos and stops. Because for further rise, as there are
no glass molecules to stop at the top.
2 cos 
h  If the top of the capillary tube is closed, then the
wt
capillary rise will decrease. Because the air
Note: trapped at the top exerts pressure in the
When a liquid surface support another liquid of downward direction.
density  0 then rise in capillary is given as 1.9 Vapor Pressure:

4 cos 
h
(  0 ) gd Air

Work done is stretching the surface:

Liquid
Work = Force  distance
=Lx
L F = L
Let us consider a closed container, with liquid
Work =   (increase in
surface area) partially filled in it. The surface molecules due
to additional energy overcome cohesive force

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Increase in
surface
Properties of Fluid 11 Kulkarni Academy

of fluid below the surface, this process occurs (D) 6250 N/m 2
until the space above the liquid is saturated.
Under equilibrium conditions, the number of
molecules leaving the surfaces is equal to 1.3 A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a
number of molecules joining the surface. Under volume of 0.04m3 at 50kg/cm 2 and a
these conditions, the pressure exerted by vapor volume of 0.039 m3 at 150kg/cm2 . The
on the surface of liquid is known as vapor bulk modulus of liquid is
pressure. Vapor pressure increases with
(A) 400 kg/cm 2
increase in temperature, because at higher
temperatures the molecular activity is high. (B) 4000 kg/cm2
Note: (C) 40 106 kg/cm2
Highly volatile liquid (Ex: petrol) have more (D) 40 105kg/cm 2
vapor pressure, mercury has least vapor
pressure and because of this it is used in
manometers. 1.4 The saturation vapor pressure of three
liquids at 200 C is as given below
P Practice Questions Methyl Alcohol 12,500 P a
1.1 A fluid is one which can be defined as a Ethyl Alcohol 5900Pa
substance that Benzene 10,000 P a
(A) Has the same shear stress at all points Select the correct statement from the
(B) Can deform indefinitely under the following
action of the smallest shear force (A) Benzene vaporizes faster than methyl
(C) Has the same shear stress in all alcohol at the same temperature
directions (B) Methyl alcohol vaporizes faster than
(D) is practically incompressible ethyl alcohol at the same temperature
(C) Ethyl alcohol vaporizes faster than
1.2 The equation of a state for a is liquid benzene at the same temperature
P = (3500 1/2 +2500) N/m2 . (D) Benzene vaporizes faster than both
methyl and ethyl alcohols at the same
The Bulk modulus of liquid at a pressure of
temperature
100 kPa is
(A) 3500 N/m 2
1.5 Kinematic viscosity of air at 200 C
(B) 2500 N/m 2 is 1.6 105 m 2 /s , its kinematic viscosity
(C) 48750 N/m2 at 700 C will be approximately
(A) 2.2 105 m 2 /s
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Properties of Fluid 12 Kulkarni Academy

(B) 1.6 105 m 2 /s 1.9 A Bingham fluid of viscosity

  10 Pa s, and yield stress 0  10 k Pa , is
(C) 1.2 105 m 2 /s
sheared between flat parallel plates
(D) 105 m 2 /s
separated by a distance 103 m . The top
plate is moving with a velocity of 1 m/s.
1.6 With increase in temperature, while The shear stress on the plate is
keeping the pressure constant, the dynamic
(A) 10 kPa (B) 20 kPa
viscosity  , and the kinematic viscosity  ,
behave in the following manner for gases. (C) 30 kPa (D) 40 kPa

(A) Both  &  increases at the same rate

1.10 A fluid obeying the constitutive equation
(B) Both  &  decreases at the same rate
 du 
(C)  Increases, while  increases faster   0  K   is held between two
 dy 
(D)  Decreases, while  increases faster
parallel plates a distance 'd' apart. If the
stress applied to the top plate is 30 , then
1.7 A 20 cm Cubical box slides on oil (mass the velocity with which the top plate moves
3
density = 800kg/m ), over a large plane relative to the bottom plate would be
surface with a steady state velocity of
   
2 2

0.4 m/s .The plane surface is inclined at an (A) 2  0  d (B) 4  0  d

K K
angle of 300 with the horizontal plane. The
   
2 2
oil film between the block and the plane (C) 3  0  d (D) 9  0  d
surface is 0.4 mm thick. The weight of the K K
box is 64 N . The kinematic viscosity of the
oil is 1.11 Consider a fluid of viscosity  between two
(A) 0.8Pa.s (B) 0.001m2 /s circular parallel plates of radii R separated
by a distance h. The upper plate is rotated at
(C) 1.6 Pa.s (D) 0.002 m 2 /s an angular velocity  . Whereas the bottom
plate is held stationary. The velocity profile
1.8 Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is between the two plates is linear. The torque
proportional to experienced by the bottom plate is
(A) Pressure (A)   R 4 / 2h
(B) Strain (B)   R 4 / 4h
(C) Strain Rate
(C)   2 R3 / 3h
(D) The inverse of the viscosity
(D)   R3 / h

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(R) Newtonian Fluid

1.12 A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of (S) Pseudo Plastic Fluid
40 mm and length 40 mm .The shaft is Group - II
rotating at 20 rad/sec and the viscosity of 1) Is the one for which shear stress is
lubricant is 20 mPa-S . The clearance is linearly proportional to the rate of
0.02 mm .The loss of torque due to the deformation
viscosity of lubricant is approximately 2) Is the one for which there is no
(A) 0.04 Nm (B) 0.252 Nm resistance to shear
3) Is the one for which apparent
(C) 0.4 Nm (D) 0.652 Nm
viscosity increases with increasing
deformation rate
1.13 Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are 4) Is the one for which the apparent
separated by a small gap ( d  20 mm ) as viscosity decreases with the
shown in figure. The bottom plate is fixed increasing deformation rate.
and the gap between the plates is filled with (A) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
oil having density of 890kg/m3 and (B) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3
2
kinematic viscosity of 0.00033m /s . A (C) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2
shear flow is induced by moving the upper (D) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2
plate with a velocity of 5m/s . Assume,
linear velocity profile between the plates
1.15 Match List - I (Description) with List - II
and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid. The
(Property of fluid) and select the correct
shear stress ( N/m 2 ) at the upper plate
answer using codes given below
is____
List - I
(P) Property which explains the spherical
shape of the liquid drop
(Q) Property which explain the
phenomenon of cavitation in a fluid
flow
(R) Property which explains rise of sap in a
tree
1.14 Match the items between the two groups.
(S) Property which explains the flow of jet
Choose the correct matching
of oil in a unbroken stream
Group - I
List - II
(P) Ideal fluid
1) Viscosity
(Q) Dilatant fluid

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Properties of Fluid 14 Kulkarni Academy

2) Surface Tension
3) Compressibility 1.18 A skater weighing 800 N skates at a speed of
4) Vapour pressure 15m/s on ice at 0 0 C . The average skating
5) Capillarity area supporting him is 10cm2 and the
P Q R S coefficient of friction between skates and
(A) 1 2 4 5 ice is 0.02, if there is actually a thin film of
(B) 2 4 5 1 water between skates and ice, then its
(C) 4 2 5 1 thickness is (  103 N s/ m2 )

(D) 1 2 3 4 (A) 9.375 104 m

1.16 Match list I with list II and select the correct (B) 9.375 105 m
answer using codes given below the list
(C) 9.375 106 m
List - I List - II
2
(D) 9.375 107 m
(A) Specific Weight 1) L/T
(B) Density 2) F/L3
1.19 Consider a soap film bubble of diameter D. If
(C) Shear Stress 3) F/L2
the external pressure is P0 and the surface
(D)Viscosity 4) FT/L2
tension of the soap film is  , the expression
5) FT2/L4 for the pressure inside the bubble is
A B C D 2
(A) P0 (B) P0 
(A) 4 4 1 2 D
(B) 4 3 2 5 4 8
(C) P0  (D) P0 
(C) 4 3 5 2 D D
(D) 2 5 3 4
1.20 A small drop of water at 200 C in contact with
1.17 A piston of 60mm diameter moves inside air has a diameter of 0.05mm . If the
cylinder of 60.1mm diameter. The pressure within the droplet is 0.6 kPa
percentage decrease in force necessary to higher that of the atmosphere, the surface
move the piston when the lubricant warms tension is
up from 0 0 C to 1200 C .
(A) 7.5 103 N/m
(00 C  0.0182 NS/ m ) 2

(B) 7.5 102 N/m

(1200 C  0.00206 NS/ m2 )
(C) 7.5 101 N/m
(A) 11.32 (B) 88.68 (D) 7.5 10 N/m
(C) 66.67 (D) 33.33

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Properties of Fluid 15 Kulkarni Academy

1.21 If the diameter of tube is 1mm then the  13 

capillary rise is 3cm . What will be the (B) 4   R  n  1
2

 
capillary rise when diameter changes 1
to 0.2 mm ? (C) 4  r R 2 n 3
(A) 3cm (B) 0.6 cm
 2 
(C) 15cm (D) 7.5cm (D) 4   R 2  n 3  1
 

1.22 An open glass capillary tube of 2 mm bore is

lowered into a cistern containing mercury
(density = 13600 kg/m3 ) as shown in the
figure. Given that the contact angle between
mercury and glass = 1400 , surface tension
coefficient = 0.484 N/m and gravitational
acceleration 9.81m/s2 , the depression of
mercury in the capillary tube below the free
surface in the cistern, in mm, is______ A Answer Key

1.1 (B) 1.2 (C) 1.3 (B)

1.4 (B) 1.5 (A) 1.6 (C)
1.7 (B) 1.8 (C) 1.9 (B)
1.10 (B) 1.11 (A) 1.12 (A)
1.13 73.425 1.14 (A) 1.15 (B)
1.16 (D) 1.17 (B) 1.18 (D)
1.19 (D) 1.20 (A) 1.21 (C)
1.22 5.558 1.23 (B)

1.23 A spherical water drop of radius 'R' splits

up in air into 'n' smaller drops of equal size E Explanation
the work required in splitting up the drop
(   Surface tension of water) is 1.1 (B)
(A) 4r 2 n
1.2 (C)

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Properties of Fluid 16 Kulkarni Academy

150  50 100
K   4000 kg / cm 2
Given that  0.039  0.04  0.025
 
1
N  0.04 
P  3500  2500
2
m2 1.4 (B)
P = 100 kPa
We know that 1.5 (A)
dP
Bulk modulus K  
d
1 With increase in temperature, kinematic
P  3500  2500
2
viscosity of air increases. So, kinematic
viscosity of air at 70oC is more than
1.6  10-5 m2/s.
dP 1  12 1750
 3500    1
d 2
2 1.6 (C)
1
1750
K  . 1
 1750 2

 2
1.7 (B)
 P  2500 
 1750.  
 3500 
Given data:
1750(100 10  2500) 3
oil = 800 kg/m3
K
3500
V = 0.4 m/s
K = 48750 N/m2
 = 30

1.3 (B)
0.4mm
Given data wsin
3 wcos
V1 = 0.04 m o
w 30o
30 =
P1 = 50 kg/cm2
V2 = 0.039 m3
P2 = 150 kg/cm2 AV
F  w sin 
We know that y
dP   (20  20 104 )  0.4
Bulk modulus (k) =   64  sin 30
 dV  0.4 103
 
 V 

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Properties of Fluid 17 Kulkarni Academy

N s du
   0.8   0  k
m2 dy
We know that kinematic viscosity
du
 0.8 m2 30  0  k
   0.001 dy
 800 s
 du 
 20   k2  
2

 dy 
1.8 (C)
02
du  4 2 .dy
d k
From Newton’s law of viscosity   .
dt
 
2

Shear stress is directly proportional to rate of u  4  0  .d

k 
deformation or stain rate.

1.11 (A)
1.9 (B)

n
 du 
  A   B
 dy  R

For Bingham plastic fluid n = 1; B  0

h
 du 
  A   B
 dy 
 1   du V
  10   3   10  103 Pascal  
 10   dy y
r
  10 103  10 103 Pascal dr

  20 103 Pascal
 = 20 kPa
AV
F
h
1.10 (B)
u  2rdr  r
dF 
h
30 Torque dT = dF  r
d u. 2rdr  r .r
dF 
h

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Properties of Fluid 18 Kulkarni Academy

R
u  2rdr  r r R 4 V (.)V
T    
0
h 2h y y
(0.00033  890)  5
  73.425 Pascal
20 103
1.12 (A)

20rad/s 1.14 (A)

+
40mm
+ 40mm

Journal 1.15 (B)

AV
F
h 1.16 (D)
V  dA
dF 
h
weight F
Torque = dF  r Specific weight = 
volume L3
mass
  r dl   r density 
T volume
h
F /a F FT 2
  
L3 L 3 L4
20 102   20 103  20   40  40 106   20 102 T2
.L

0.02 102 Force F

Shear stress =  2
area L
T = 0.0402 N – m
 F FT
Viscosity =   2
 du  2 T 
L
L
 dy  L  L 
1.13 (73.425)    

Given: 1.17 (B)

d = 20  103 m
0o C  0.0182 Ns / m2
oil = 890 kg/m2
120o C  0.00206 Ns / m2
 = 0.00033 m2/s
v = 5m/s AV
F
y

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Properties of Fluid 19 Kulkarni Academy

F
F1 = k 1; F2 = k2 1.19 (D)
F1  F2
Percentage decrease in force = 100
F1
In case of soap bubble:
 k  k 2  8
 1  100 P  Pi  P0 
 k1  D
0.0182  0.00206 8
 100 Pi  P0 
0.0182 D
 88.68%
1.20 (A)
1.18 (D)
4
P 
Given that D
4
W = 800 N 0.6 103 
0.05 103
V = 15 m/s
A = 10 cm2   7.5  103 N / m

(Friction coefficient) = 0.02

(viscosity) = 103 Ns/m2 1.21 (C)

4 cos 
h
Fs=N wd
1
N y h
d
ice
k
h or hd = constant
N = weight of skater = 800 N d
Fs = 0.02  800 N h1d1 = h2d2
 'VA 3cm  1 mm = h2  0.2 mm
Fs 
y h2 = 15 cm

103 15 10 103

0.02  800 
y
1.22 (5.558MM)
y = 9.375  107 m

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Properties of Fluid 20 Kulkarni Academy

Work =   [4 r2 n  4R2]

4 cos  = 4R2[n-2/3. n  1]
h
wd Work = 4R2(n1/3  1)
4  0.484  cos140o
h  5.558 103 m
13600  9.81 2 103
=  5.558 mm
Note: Negative sign shows that the depression of
mercury in the capillary tube.

1.23 (B)

Work done =   increase in surface area

r
R
r
r

4 3 4
R  n  r 3
3 3
R
r 1
3
n

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