Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics

Lecture 1: Introduction

ELC 657 – Spring 2017

Department of Electronics and Communications

Engineering
Faculty of Engineering – Cairo University
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Outline

1 CEM Techniques
Classification
Comparison and Limitations
Challenges and Recent Advances

2 The Surface Equivalence Principle

Historical Background
Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

3 The Green's Function Method

Typical Solution Procedure
Known Green’s Functions

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 3

Outline

1 CEM Techniques
Classification
Comparison and Limitations
Challenges and Recent Advances

2 The Surface Equivalence Principle

Historical Background
Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

3 The Green's Function Method

Typical Solution Procedure
Known Green’s Functions

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 4

Classification
Classification Tree of CEM Techniques

Computational
Electromagnetics

High-
Numerical
Frequency
Methods
Methods

Integral- Differential-
Current
Equation Equation Field Based
Based
Based Based

Frequency Frequency
Time Domain Time Domain ? ?
Domain Domain

? ? ? ?

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 5

Comparison and Limitations

Domain Discretization and Truncation and Memory Requirements

Partial Domain Discretization Complete Domain Discretization

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 6

Comparison and Limitations

Time vs. Frequency Domain

Time Domain Frequency Domain

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 7

Challenges and Recent Advances

Some Challenges in CEM

Large objects

Distant objects

Adaptive meshing/ Sub-meshing

Modeling new/artificial media

Using GPU cards

Optimization techniques

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 8

This Course
Course Topics

Introduction to CEM
Using the MoM! (2D PEC Electrostatic Problem)
Background Theory (Projection Theorem)
The MoM Procedure
The MoM applied to 2D Electromagnetic Scattering Problem
(EFIE – MFIE – CFIE)
-------------------
Introduction to Finite Differences
Using the FD Technique!
Applications to Electrostatic Problems, Transmission Lines… etc.

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 9

This Course
Grade Distribution

Assignments/Presentations/…etc: 40%

Projects: 20%
Project 1: General 2D PEC Electrostatic Problem
Project 2: General 2D PEC Electromagnetic Problem
Project 3: FD Solver

Final: 40%

* The projects should be written in Matlab, C, or Fortran.

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 10

This Course
References

R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by Moment Methods.

IEEE Press, 1993.

A. W. Glisson and Atef Elsherbeni, Lecture Notes of ELE 528

and 628. The University of Mississippi, 2002-2003.

C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. John

Wiley and Sons, 1989.

Selected papers.

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 11

Outline

1 CEM Techniques
Classification
Comparison and Limitations
Challenges and Recent Advances

2 The Surface Equivalence Principle

Historical Background
Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

3 The Green's Function Method

Typical Solution Procedure
Known Green’s Functions

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 12

Historical Background
Huygens’s Principle

Each point on the wavefront of an advancing wave

(produced by some primary source) is the source of
a new, secondary spherical wave.

Christiaan Huygens
(1629-1695)

Refraction in the manner Diffraction in the manner

of Huygens’ of Huygens’
© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011
CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 13

Historical Background
Fresnel Zones
Only a specific part of the wavefront has a
significant contribution to the advancing wave,
viz. the first Fresnel zone.

Augustin-Jean Fresnel
(1788-1827)

Transmitter Receiver

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 14

Historical Background
Balanced Maxwell’s Equations

  E   jωμH   E   jωμH  M
  H   jωεE  J   H   jωεE  J
 D  ρ   D  ρe
 B  0   B  ρm

James Clerk Maxwell

(1831-1879) EM
J
E
1
E   jωA  Φ    F
ε
1
H   jωF  Ψ    A
M
μ
H
HJ

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 15

Historical Background
Schelkunoff’s Equivalence Principle

In Schelkunoff’s equivalence, both fields need to be known on the surface,

which is a redundancy according to the uniqueness theorem.
© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011
CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 16

Historical Background
Love’s Equivalence Principle

Notice that in the SE, the interior volume (V1) can be filled with any
homogeneous medium or perfectly conducting medium. But…?
© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011
CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 17

Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

Equivalent Problems

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 18

Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

Surface Integral Equations

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 19

Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

The Fields as Operators

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 20

Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

The SIE Formulation and the MoM

The MoM is widely used in Surface Integral Equation

formulations, where unknowns are placed only over the
surfaces/boundaries of homogeneous regions.
 No need to discretize all space
 Reduced number of unknowns required

The MoM is easily applied to objects in unbounded regions.

 The radiation condition is automatically satisfied
 No “absorbing boundary” is required

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 21

Outline

1 CEM Techniques
Classification
Comparison and Limitations
Challenges and Recent Advances

2 The Surface Equivalence Principle

Historical Background
Surface Integral Equation (SIE) Formulation

3 The Green's Function Method

Typical Solution Procedure
Known Green’s Functions

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 22

Typical Solution Procedure

Solution in Terms of Green’s Function: 3D EM Problem

 2

 k 2 ψr   s r   2

 k 2 g  r , r   δ  r  r
g   ψ 

g  r , r   2ψ  r   ψ  r  2 g  r , r    g  r , r   s  r   ψ  r  δ  r  r  

  g  r , r  ψ  r   ψ r   g  r , rdv   g r , r s r  dv  ψ r

2 2
V V

 ψ  r  g  r , r  
S  g  r , r n  ψ  r  n  ds  V g  r , r s  r  dv  ψ  r
Green’s ψ  r    g  r , r  s  r  dv
V
Identity

ψ  r    g  r , r s  r dv
V

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 23

Typical Solution Procedure

Determining the Green’s Function: 3D EM Problem

 2

 k 2 g  r , r   δ  r  r Source at
Origin

  
2  k 2 g  r   δ  r 
V

 2
g  r  dv  k 2
 g r  dv  1 2

 k 2 g  r   0, r  0
V V
e  jkr
  g r   A
     g r  dv  1
2
g r ds k
r
S V

lim  g  r   ds  k 2 lim  g  r  dv  1
a0 a0
S V
e  jka  jka  1
lim  A a2 sin θdθdφ  1
a0
S
a2
 jk r r 
1 e
A g  r , r  
4π 4π r  r

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

CEM Techniques The Surface Equivalence Principle The Green’s Function Method 24

Known Green’s Functions

Examples of Known Green’s Functions

 jk r r 
e
g3D  r , r  

4π r  r

1 2
g2D ρ,ρ   H0  k ρ  ρ 
4j
 jk z  z 
e
g1D  z , z  
2 jk

Other known Green’s functions include half-space, waveguide, parallel plate,

and layered media Green’s functions.

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011

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CEM includes several techniques, each is fit for certain problems

and has its advantages and disadvantages.

The surface equivalence principle offers a solution to EM

scattering problems in terms of a set of equivalent problems
and results in surface integral equations (that can be solved
using the MoM).

The Green’s function is the “spatial” impulse response of the

system.

© Islam A. Eshrah, 2011