ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES

PAOLO GAUDENZI
UNIVERSITA DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA

PART 1
INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES: AN INTRODUCTION
1. FOREWORD
2. TRADITIONAL AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES
3 ACTIVE MATERIALS
3.
4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS
5. SENSING MECHANISMS
6. CONTROL, MANUFACTURING ASPECTS
7. APPLICATION IN SPACE
8 APPLICATIONS
8. A CA O S IN OTHER
O ENGINEERING
G G FIELDS
S
9. COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
10 ONGOING RESEARCH
10.
11. REFERENCES
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 1. FOREWORD

IN RECENT YEARS MANY EFFORTS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED TOWARDS A

NEW TECHNOLOGY WHICH MIGHT INFLUENCE, ALSO IN THE NEXT FUTURE,
THE DEVELOPMENTS OF SCIENCE AND THE PROGRESS IN ENGINEERING
PRACTICE.

THE TECHNOLOGY OF ACTIVE MATERIALS AND OF INTELLIGENT (SMART)

STRUCTURES AIMS AT INCORPORATING INTELLIGENCE AND LIFE
FEATURES INTO THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL SYSTEM TO
REDUCE MASS AND ENERGY AND PRODUCE ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONALITY.

SUCH ENGINEERING SYSTEMS,

SYSTEMS WHICH SHOULD BE ABLE TO PERFORM AS
THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ALREADY PRESENT IN NATURE, SHOULD BE
ABLE TO OPERATE SEVERAL FUNCTIONS: SENSING, ACTUATION, CONTROL.

OF COURSE THEY ALSO SHOULD BE ABLE TO RESIST EXTERNAL ACTIONS

AND KEEP THEIR GEOMETRY IN THE FRAME OF ASSIGNED LIMITS.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 1. FOREWORD (2)

THE SENSORIAL AND ACTUATION CAPABILITY SHOULD BE PERFORMED BY

ACTIVE MATERIALS SUCH AS PIEZOCERAMICS, SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS OR
MAGNETOREOLOGICAL FLUIDS.
SUCH MATERIALS ARE ABLE TO ESTABLISH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE
MECHANICAL FIELD AND ANOTHER FIELD OF THEIR PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR
(AS THE ELECTRIC OR THE MAGNETIC ONE).
BY MEANS OF THIS INTERACTIONS BOTH ACTUATION AND SENSING
CAPABILITIES CAN BE STIMULATED BY MEANS OF EXTERNAL (NOT
MECHANICAL) ACTIONS.
THE PRESENT COURSE AIMS AT DESCRIBING AND INVESTIGATING ABOUT
THESE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE BY MEANS OF THE ILLUSTRATION OF EITHER
THEORETICAL ANALYSES AND EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED ON MATERIALS
THEMSELVES AS WELL AS ON INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES IN WHICH THE
MATERIAL PLAYS THE ROLE OF THE ACTIVE PART OF THE SYSTEM.
SYSTEM

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 1. FOREWORD (3)

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED AND PROBLEMS TO BE

ADDRESSED:
ADDRESSED
1. WHAT ARE INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES?
2. WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE?
3. WHICH ARE THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS (ELEMENTS) OF AN
INTELLIGENT STRUCTURE?
4. WHAT ABOUT POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENT
STRUCTURES IN SPACE? HAVE THEY FLOWN YET? (ABOUT ON
ORBIT EXPERIMENTS)
5. WHAT ABOUT APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL,, MECHANICAL OR OTHER
FIELDS OF ENGINEERING?
6. ARE THERE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE?

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 2. TRADITIONAL AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES

2.1 TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF ˆSTRUCTURE˜

CAPABILITY OF RESISTING EXTERNAL ACTIONS AND TRANSFERRING

LOADS WITHOUT ATTAINING THE FAILURE OF THE MATERIAL.

RESPECTING KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CONSTRAINTS.

DESIGN, ANALYSIS, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF A

STRUCTURE ARE USUALLY VIEWED WITHIN THE ABOVE FRAME.

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, CONSIDERED VERY IMPORTANT, ARE DEALT

WITH BY MEANS OF THE FACTOR OF SAFETY CONCEPT.

THE ˆTRADITIONAL˜ STRUCTURE IS USUALLY PASSIVE (SAME CONSTANT

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONSE) AND HAS NO MEANS OF DETECTING ITS
OWN STATE OR THE EXTERNAL ACTION.
ACTION

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 2. TRADITIONAL AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES (2)

2.2 INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES IN NATURE: AN EXAMPLE

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE HUMAN BODY HAS:

ADAPTIVITY: CAPABILITY OF MODIFYING ITS CHARACTERISTICS BY MEANS

OF SOME ACTUATION MECHANISM.
THE MUSCLES CAN VARY THE ˆSTIFFNESS˜ THAT THEY OFFER TO AN
EXTERNAL ACTION.
ACTION IN FACT THEY CAN BE STIFF OR SOFT.
SOFT

SENSORIALITY: CAPABILITY OF GETTING INFORMATIONS ABOUT THE

VALUE OF THE EXTERNAL LOAD AND ITS OWN STATUS AS WELL.
THE HUMAN BODY IS INDEED CAPABLE OF ESTIMATING EXTERNAL LOADS.

A RATHER COMPLICATED AND MOSTLY UNKNOWN SYSTEM PROVIDES ALSO

THE POSSIBILITY OF CREATING A CONTROL ACTION BY PUTTING
TOGETHER IN AN OPTIMAL FASHION BOTH ACTUATION AND SENSING.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 2. TRADITIONAL AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES (3)

2.2 INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES IN NATURE: AN EXAMPLE (2)

ALSO AT A FIRST DEGREE OF APPROXIMATION A VERY DETAILED MODEL
FOR SUCH MECHANISMS THAT ARE PRESENT IN OUR MUSCLES SHOULD BE
SET UP. THE ROLE OF THE SKELETON AND OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
SHOULD BE POINTED OUT.
ANYWAY A HIGH LEVEL OF INTEGRATION BETWEEN ALL THE DIFFERENT
CITED FUNCTIONS AND THE PART OF THE MUSCLES THAT ARE
PERFORMING THEM CAN BE OBSERVED.
OF COURSE OUR BODY,
BODY AS ALL LIVING SYSTEMS,
SYSTEMS TRIES TO PERFORM ITS
FUNCTIONS KEEPING THE REQUESTED POWER AT THE LOWEST LEVEL
POSSIBLE, IN OTHER WORDS MINIMIZING THE ENERGY.
SUCH CONCEPTS LEARNT FROM NATURE COULD GIVE US VERY
INTERESTING HINTS FOR MAKING MORE CLEAR THE CONCEPT OF
INTELLIGENT STRUCTURE.
STRUCTURE

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 2. TRADITIONAL AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES (4)

2.3 INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES

ƒADAPTIVITY INTELLIGENT
ƒSENSORIALITY STRUCTURES
ƒCONTROL AND ACTIVITY (WADA, FANSON, CRAWLEY)
HIGH INTEGRATION LEVELS
ƒHIGH
THEY ARE NO MORE PART OF THE SYSTEM, THEY ARE THE SYSTEM
ITSELF
MAIN FEATURES:
ƒAUTONOMOUS INTERACTION WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT
ƒCHANGE OF THEIR SHAPE
ƒMONITORING THEIR OWN HEALTH
ƒVIBRATION CONTROL
BEHAVE LIKE MATERIALS THEY ARE NOT
ƒBEHAVE
MAYBE NO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT STRUCTURE HAS ALREADY BEEN
CONSTRUCTED. MANY PROFITS CAN HOWEVER BE FIGURED OUT JUST
CONSIDERING SOME OF THOSE FEATURES AS APPLIED TO A REAL
STRUCTURE.
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 3. ACTIVE MATERIALS
ACTIVE MATERIALS ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE A MECHANICAL EFFECT BASED ON A
NON−MECHANICAL CAUSE (ACTUATION CAPABILITY). THE NON MECHANICAL
STIMULUS COULD BE OF ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC, THERMAL
THERMAL, CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL, ... NATURE.
NATURE
PIEZOCERAMICS
PIEZOPOLYMERS
ELECTRIC
ELECTROSTRICTORS
FIELD ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FL.
MAGNETOSTRICTORS
MAGNETIC FIELD MAGNETORHEOL. FLUIDS
MECHANICAL
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
FORCE,
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS DISPLACEMENT
THERMAL ENERGY SHAPE MEMORY CERAMICS
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS

LIGHT SPECIAL GELS

CHEMICAL ENERGY IONIC POLYMERIC GELS

COMPOSITES
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 3.ACTIVE MATERIALS (2)
ACTIVE MATERIALS ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE A NON−MECHANICAL EFFECT BASED ON
A MECHANICAL CAUSE (SENSING CAPABILITY). THE NON MECHANICAL EFFECT
COULD BE OF ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, THERMAL, CHEMICAL, ... NATURE.
ELECTRIC
PIEZOCERAMICS
VARIABLES
PIEZOPOLYMERS
(RESISTANCE,
ELECTROSTRICTORS CAPACITY,
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FL. CHARGE)
MAGNETOSTRICTORS ELECTROMAGN.
ELECTROMAGN
MECHANICAL VARIABLES
FORCE, MAGNETORHEOL. FLUIDS (RESISTANCE,
DISPLACEMENT INDUCTANCE)
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
SHAPE MEMORY CERAMICS RESISTANCE
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS
OPTICAL FIBERS LIGHT INTENSITY
IONIC POLYMERIC GELS CONCENTRATION
(Ph)
COMPOSITES
FROM ANDERSON
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS

ACTUATION STRAIN
ACTUATION STRAIN IS ALL THE STRAIN WHICH IS NOT DUE TO
MECHANICAL STRESS du
å: TOTAL STRAIN (IN 1D å=
σ )σ dx
å= +Ë
E E
: MECHANICAL STRAIN

TOTAL STRAIN Ë : ACTUATION

STRAIN= MECHANICAL STRAIN+ACTUATION
STRAIN STRAIN
ACTUATION STRAIN
SEVERAL ORIGINS AND REASONS FOR Ë
Ë = åT+åM+åP+åE+åMG+åSM+...
åT: THERMAL STRAIN
εT = α ΔT
åM: MOISTURE STRAIN
åP: PIEZOELECTRIC STRAIN
åE: ELECTROSTRICTIVE STRAIN εP = d31 E3
åMG: MAGNETOSTRICTIVE STRAIN
åSM: SHAPE MEMORY INDUCED STRAIN
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (2)

THE CONVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT: A SOURCE FOR ACTUATION

z COVERING ELECTRODE
+

APPLIED
POLING DIRECTION
FIELD
Ez y

DEFORMED SHAPE
x
−
PIEZOELECTRIC CAUSES DEFORMATION WHEN VOLTAGE IS APPLIED
PIEZOELECTRIC STRAIN ENTERS EQUATIONS IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO
THERMAL STRAIN
HIGH BANDWIDTH,
BANDWIDTH WELL INTO STRUCTURAL ACOUSTIC RANGE
TYPICAL MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS:
− PIEZOCERAMIC PZT LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE Pb(Zr,Ti)O
( , ) 3
− POLYMER PVDF POLI VINILE FLUORIDE
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (3)

INDUCED STRAIN ACTUATORS

AN ACTUATOR WHICH DEVELOPS STRAIN IN RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
OTHER THAN A MECHANICAL LOAD.
ACTUATOR EXPANDS
− THE INDUCED STRAIN CAN BE DUE TO:
− THERMAL EXPANSION V

− PIEZOELECTRICITY SUBSTRATE

− MAGNETOSTRICTION
− SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS V ACTUATOR CONTRACTS

THE INDUCED STRAIN IS THE MECHANISM BY WHICH INDUCED STRAIN

ACTUATORS INDUCE STRAIN IN THE SUBSTRATE AND THEREFORE
REALIZE CONTROL.
IN THE ABOVE PICTURE A STATE OF BENDING IS PRODUCED.
PRODUCED THE
AMOUNT OF INDUCED CURVATURE IS A FUNCTION OF:
− BENDING STIFFNESS OF THE OVERALL STRUCTURE (DEPENDING UPON
Eact, Esub, tact, tsub)
− ACTUATION STRAIN Ë
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (4)
z

EULER BERNOULLI BEAM MODEL x

ts h

ta
GOVERNING EQUATIONS l
εx(z)= ε0+kz KINEMATICS
σxs=cs11 εx STRUCT
STRUCT. CONSTITUTIVE RELATION
σxa= ca11(εx-Λ) ACTUAT.

INDUCED DEFORMATION
s
2 C11 t
MEMBRANE MODE ε0 = Λ Ψ= a s
2+Ψ C11 t a
1
σ(1 + )
T 2 ts
BENDING MODE k= Λ T=
12 8 t S ta
σ +Ψ+ + 2
T T
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (5)
EULER BERNOULLI BEAM MODEL
1
kt s
0.8
2Λ
PIN FORCE
0.6
NORMALIZED
EULER
CURVATURE 0.4
BERNOULLI

0.2

ts
SS RATIO T T =
0
20 THICKN
THICKNESS
0 5 10 15
ta
THERE IS AN OPTIMUM VALUE FOR T THAT MAXIMIZES THE INDUCED
CURVATURE. BELOW THIS VALUE, AS T 0 THE THICKNESS OF THE
ACTUATOR IS LARGER AND LARGER WITH RESPECT TO THE THICKNESS OF
THE STRUCTURE, THE ACTUATION BENDING MOMENT INCREASES LESS
RAPIDLY THAN THE OVERALL BENDING STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE
(SUBSTRATE+ACTUATORS).
THIS EFFECT IS NOT CAPTURED BY THE PIN−FORCE MODEL SINCE IT DOES
NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE CONTRIBUTION OF ACTUATORS TO THE GLOBAL
BENDING STIFFNESS.
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (6)

TWO−D AND THREE−D INDUCED STRAIN ACTUATION SYSTEMS

GENERIC LIFTING SURFACE CROSS−SECTION A−A
a a

PROTECTIVE COVER
INDUCED STRAIN ACTUATOR
ELASTIC LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
APPLICATIONS: SHAPE CONTROL OF AEROELASTIC STRUCTURES
REFLECTOR OR MIRROR CONTOUR CONTROL
POINTING OF PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
ACOUSTICAL CTRL OF STRUCTURE BORNE NOISE
KIRCHOFF−LOVE LAMINATED PLATE MODEL
GOVERNING FORCE AND MOMENT EQUATIONS
⎡ N ⎤ ⎡ A B ⎤ ⎡ε ⎤ ⎡ N ⎤ N = ∫t σdz NΛ = ∫tQΛdz Q=ELASTIC
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢B D⎥ ⎢ k ⎥ − ⎢M ⎥
0 Λ

⎣M⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ Λ
M = ∫t σzdz MΛ = ∫tQΛzdz
d COEFF
COEFF.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 4. ACTUATION MECHANISMS (7)

STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC MODELING OF INTERACTION MECHANISM

DOES FREQUENCY OF ACTUATION AFFECT INDUCED FORCE OR MOMENT?

DOES DENSITY OR MASS OF THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM AFFECT THE
INDUCED FORCE OR MOMENT?
IS STRUCTURAL DAMPING PLAYING A ROLE EITHER?
THE EFFECT OF THE ACTUATOR DYNAMICS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A
CONTROLLED STRUCTURE CAN BE SUBSTANTIAL. STATIC MODELS CAN BE
INSUFFICIENT FOR AN ACCURATE MODELING.
ks ⊄
ca
MS MA

cs ka
STRUCTURE ACTUATOR
LUMPED DYNAMIC MODEL
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 5. SENSING MECHANISMS

x3 PIEZO SENSOR

⎧E ⎫
SENSOR EQUATION: [D] = [ξ d]⎨ ⎬
⎩T ⎭ x1
+x1 +x2

D3= ξ3E3+d31T1 (SIMPLIFIED VERSION)

D3: CHARGE DENSITY ON ELECTRODES
E3: ELECTRIC FIELD
T1: NORMAL STRESS ALONG x1 (ó11)
ξ3: DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
d31: PIEZOELECTRIC COUPLING COEFFICIENT
WE MIGHT ALSO ASSUME:
S1 PIEZO ≅ S1(h)BEAM
S1: NORMAL STRAIN ALONG x1 (å11)
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 5. SENSING MECHANISMS (2)

SENSOR EQUATION (2)

FOR BENDING CASES S1(h) = -hw”

CHARGE MEASUREMENTS
d w: TRANSVERSE DISPLACEMENT
D 3 = − 31 hw' ' ∂2w
f11 w˜: CURVATURE
∂x 2
x2 d31
q(t) = ∫
x1
−
f11
hbw' ' dx
b: WIDTH OF THE PIEZO PATCH (b=b(x))
d31 x q: CHARGE ON THE ELECTRODES
q(t) = − h∫x bw' ' dx
2

f11 1

d31 x
q& (t) = i(t) = − h∫x bw
& ' ' dx
2

CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
f11 1

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 6. CONTROL MANUFACTURING ASPECTS

SINGLE−CHIP MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL EXPERIMENT (CRAWLEY−MIT)

DATA ACQUISITION SYS.

DISTURBANCE PIEZO
AMPL. CONTROL PIEZO

ALUMINUM
BEAM

SIGNAL
AMPL. CONDIT.
DISPLAC.
FILTER SENSOR

SINGLE CHIP
D/A MICROCOMP. A/D

CONTROL ISSUES:
ƒLUMPED OR DISTRIBUTED CONTROL STRATEGIES
ƒOPTIMAL CONTROL−CHOICE OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
ƒCONTROL ALGORITHMS

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 6. CONTROL, MANUFACTURING ASPECTS
EMBEDDING PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS IN A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
(CRAWLEY−MIT)
SLOT FOR LEAD
FIBER
DIRECTION INSULATION

KAPTON FILM PIEZOELECTRIC

PIEZO LEADS

ACRYLIC EPOXY LEADS

STACKING SEQUENCE

HOLE AND SLOTS FOR PIEZOELECTRIC AND LEADS CUT OUT OF

COMPOSITE PLIES.
PIEZOELECTRICS CANNOT BE INSERTED DIRECTLY INTO GRAPHITE/EPOXY
WITHOUT ELECTRICALLY SHORTING THE ACTUATORS.
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 7. APPLICATION IN SPACE

ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES FOR SPACE WERE DEVELOPED TO CONTROL

LARGE PRECISION STRUCTURES, THEY PROVIDE POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO
MANY OTHER CHALLANGES OF FUTURE LARGE PRECISION AND SMALL
INEXPENSIVE SPACE STRUCTURES

11. ROBUST DESIGN

RELAX THE CRITICALITY OF CONTROLLING AN OVERWHELMING NUMBER
OF PARAMETERS BY PROVIDING A DESIGN ADJUSTABLE DURING THE
MISSION TO MEET THE MISSION REQUIREMENTS

2. GROUND TESTING
ALLEVIATE THE NECESSITY
SS OF PRECISELY
S MEASURING
S THE ACCURACY OF
THE STRUCTURE IN SPACE THROUGH GROUND TESTING BY PROVIDING THE
CAPABILITY TO ADJUST THE STRUCTURE TO ITS REQUIREMENTS DURING
ITS OPERATION IN SPACE

3. DEVELOPMENT AND SPACE CONSTRUCTION

USE ACTIVE MEMBERS TO INCREASE DEPLOYMENT RELIABILITY
P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 7. APPLICATION IN SPACE (2)

4. SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
RELAX THE CRITICALITY OF CONTROLLING AN OVERWHELMING NUMBER
OF PARAMETERS BY PROVIDING A DESIGN ADJUSTABLE DURING THE
MISSION TO MEET THE MISSION REQUIREMENTS

5. STATIC ADJUSTMENT
5
OPTIMAL STATIC CORRECTION OF SURFACE ERRORS; OPTIMAL LOCATION
OF ACTIVE MEMBERS TO CORRECT ANTICIPATED STRUCTURAL
DEFORMATION. THE STRUCTURE CAN LEARN THE CHANGES WITH TIME
AND ADJUST USING FEEDFORWARD APPROACHES

6. VIBRATION ATTENUATION, ISOLATION, SUPPRESION, STEERING AND

POINTING (VISSP)
PROVIDE A VERY QUIET ENVIRONMENT AND STEER OR POINT
INSTRUMENTS MOUNTED ON A ˆNOISY AND IMPRECISELY CONTROLLED˜
SPACE PLATFORM OR SPACECRAFT.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 7. APPLICATION IN SPACE (3)

ˆWITHIN THE PAST FEW YEARS, ADVANCEMENTS IN ADAPTIVE

STRUCTURES ARE RESULTING IN FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS AND
APPLICATIONS. IN ALMOST ALL ACTIVITIES, THE ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES
ASPECTS OF THE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS ARE VERY SUCCESSFUL.˜

HAVE THEY FLOWN YET? YES! ON ORBIT EXPERIMENTS:

EXPERIMENTS

1.(LAWRENCE, 1990) ADDING DAMPING

DAMPING WAS INCREASED IN THE DYNAMICS OF A 12 MT LONG TRUSS
STRUCTURE DURING 15−20 SECS OF ˆZERO˜ GRAVITY (NEAR ZERO) AS A
KC−135 AIRCRAFT PERFORMS MULTIPLE PARABOLIC TRAJECTORIES.

2.(FANSON, 1993) HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

REPLACEMENT OF THE WIDE FIELD PLANETARY CAMERA (WFPC−2): TO
ASSURE THE PROPER ANGLE OF THE ARTICULATING FOLD MIRROR (AFM)
THE CAPABILITY OF ACTIVELY ADJUSTING THE TILT POSITION OF THE
AFM IN SPACE WAS ADDED. ELECTROSTRICTIVE ACTUATORS ARE THE
PRIME MOVERS OF THE AFM.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 7. APPLICATION IN SPACE (4)

3.(MILLER, 1996) MIT/NASA MACE

FLEW IN THE SPACE SHUTTLE IN MARCH 1995.
1995 THE OBJECTIVE IS TO
DEMONSTRATE HIGH AUTHORITY ACTIVE STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF
FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES IN ZERO GRAVITY CONDITIONS BASED ON
ANALYSIS GROUND TESTING AND ON−ORBIT
ANALYSIS, ON ORBIT CONTROL RE−DESIGN.
RE DESIGN

4.(BOUSQUET, 1995) CNES/MIR

THE ˆCHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURES IN ORBIT˜ (CASTOR) MET ITS
OBJECTIVES OF ADDING DAMPING TO TRUSS STRUCTURES USING AXIAL
ACTIVE MEMBERS. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED ON THE MIR
STATION IN THE LATER HALF OF 1996.

FROM WADA

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 8. APPLICATION IN OTHER ENGINEERING FIELDS

1. CIVIL ENGINEERING : SEISMIC ISOLATION, HEALTH

MONITORED STRUCTURES (E
(E.G.
G BRIDGES)
2. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: VIBRATION REDUCTION IN
GENERAL ROBOTICS,
GENERAL, ROBOTICS AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS,
APPLICATIONS PUMPS
3. NAVAL ENGINEERING: ACOUSTIC REDUCTION (E.G. FOR
SUBMARINES)
4. TELECOMUNICATIONS: SMART SKIN ANTENNAS
5. ELECTRONICS: SMART ELECTRONICS AND MEMS
6. AERONAUTICS: SMART WINGS AND BLADES (AIRPLANES
6
AND HELICOPTERS)

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 9. COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS (1)

SMART MATERIALS HAVE ALSO A WIDE VARIETY OF COMMERCIAL

APPLICATIONS:
− SMART−SHOCK FOR MOUNTAIN BIKES
− OMNICOM MULTIFUNCTION TRANSDUCER
(PROVIDES VIBRATION, TONE ALERT
AND HANDS−FREE LOUDSPEAKER
FUNCTIONS IN ONE COMPONENT)
− SMART BASEBALL BATS

− PIEZOELECTRIC FLAT SPEAKER TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPUTER

SYSTEMS
− PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS FOR PNEUMATIC VALVES

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS (2)

− ELECTRONIC WATER−SKIS
(O’BRIEN INTERNATIONAL)

AS SEEN BELOW, THE ACX DAMPER REDUCES THE AMPLITUDE OF

THE FIRST MODE VIBRATION BY ROUGHLY 30%.

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS (3)
− PIEZO−DAMPED SKIS AND SNOWBOARDS
THE ACX PIEZO CONTROL MODULE IN THE SKI IS AN ELECTRONIC SHOCK
ABSORBER THAT CONVERTS MECHANICAL VIBRATION ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. IT IS MADE OF PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS AND
ELECTRONIC CONTROL CIRCUITRY (THE "BRAIN"). THE PIEZOELECTRICS
DETECT UNWANTED MECHANICAL ENERGY FROM VIBRATION AND SHOCK AND
INSTANTANEOUSLY CONVERT IT INTO USEFUL ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THIS
ENERGY IS THEN APPLIED ACROSS A "SHUNT" CIRCUIT, WHICH DISSIPATES
THE ENERGY AND REDUCES THE VIBRATION. BY DAMPING THE VIBRATIONS,
PERFORMANCE AND CONTROL ARE GREATLY ENHANCED.
ACX’S FIRST VIBRATION
CONTROL MODULE IS
TARGETED AT THE
FIRST VIBRATION MODE,
EXPERIENCED BY MOST T
RECREATIONAL SKIERS

K2 FOUR (#1 SELLING SKI IN THE US FOR 1996/97) $600

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1
 10. ONGOING RESEARCH

SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES INTEREST DIFFERENT FIELDS OF RESEARCH:

Generalized acoustic
− ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL structure with local
panel actuation
− ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL
− PRECISION MACHINING AND MICROPOSITIONING
− AEROELASTIC CONTROL
− BIOMECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL
(ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES, VALVES)
− PROCESS CONTROL
(ON/OFF SHAPE CONTROL OF SOLAR REFLECTORS)
− ACTIVE DAMAGE CONTROL
(DETECTION AND CONTROL OF DELAMINATION GROWTH IN
COMPOSITE BEAMS)
− SEISMIC MITIGATION
− CORRECTIONS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS
− DISCRETE AND DISTRIBUTED ACTUATION AND CONTROL
− ULTRASONIC MOTOR

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1

 11. REFERENCES OF PART I

1. B.K.WADA, J.L.FANSON, E.F.CRAWLEY, ˆADAPTIVE STRUCTURES˜,

ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES,
STRUCTURES ASME AD,
AD VOL.15,
VOL 15 WINTER ANNUAL MEETING,
MEETING SAN
FRANCISCO, CA, 1989

2. B.
2 B K.
K WADA,
WADA ˆOVERVIEW OF ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES FOR SPACE˜,
SPACE˜ ICAST
97, WAKIYAMA, JAPAN, OCT.29−31, 1997, PP.16−26

3. E.F.CRAWLEY, J.DE LOUIS, ˆUSE OF PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS AS

ELEMENT OF INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES˜, AIAA, VOL.25(10), PP.1373−1385,
1987

P.GAUDENZI − ACTIVE MATERIALS AND INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES − PART 1