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Lecture 1 - Introduction & Descriptive Statistics

1) The document provides information on a Probability and Statistics course including its learning outcomes, topics, and grading scheme. 2) It discusses descriptive and inferential statistics, with descriptive statistics using data to describe populations through calculations, graphs, or tables. Inferential statistics makes inferences about populations based on samples. 3) Descriptive statistics techniques presented include dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, frequency distributions, histograms, and descriptive measures like the mean, variance, mode, and median.

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Raaz Khan
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169 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction & Descriptive Statistics

1) The document provides information on a Probability and Statistics course including its learning outcomes, topics, and grading scheme. 2) It discusses descriptive and inferential statistics, with descriptive statistics using data to describe populations through calculations, graphs, or tables. Inferential statistics makes inferences about populations based on samples. 3) Descriptive statistics techniques presented include dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, frequency distributions, histograms, and descriptive measures like the mean, variance, mode, and median.

Uploaded by

Raaz Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

MATH-361 PROBABILITY AND


STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION

Course Title : Probability and Statistics


Course Code: Math-361
Credit hours: 3-0
Text Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics
by
Erwin Kreyszig
Reference Book: a) Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists
by Walpole.
b) Probability and Statistics by Murray R. Speigel
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Assigned Level of
PLO Course Learning Outcomes CLOs Learning PLO
1. Present sample data and extract C4 2
its important features
1, 2
2. Understand different discrete and C2 2
continuous probability distributions

3. Estimate different population


C3 2
parameters on the basis of samples

4. Implement quantity control C3 1


measures
COURSE CONTENTS
Estimate
Article Topics d Contact
Hours
24.1 Graphical Representation of Data: Stem-and-Leaf Plot, 3
Histogram, Boxplot; Mean, Standard Deviation, Variance
24.2 Sample Space, Experiment Outcomes, and Sampling with 3
and without replacement, Set theory,.
24.3 Introduction to theory of Probability, Theorems of 3
Probability, Conditional probability
24.4 Permutations and Combinations 3
24.5 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 3
24.6 Mean and Variance of a Distribution, Expectation, Moments 3
24.7 Binomial, Poisson & Hypergeometric distributions. 3
24.8 Normal distribution. 3
24.9 Distributions of several Random Variables 3
25.1 Random Sampling 3
25.2 Point estimation of Parameters 3
25.3 Confidence intervals. 3
25.4 Testing of hypothesis. Decisions 3
25.5 Quality control, Control chart 3
25.6 Acceptance sampling, errors & rectification. 3
25.7 Goodness of Fit, Chi-square test 3
25.9 Regression Analysis. 3
GRADING SCHEME

Quizzes =10%
Assignment=10%
One Hour Test= 30%
Final=50%
WHY STUDY STATISTICS

When information is sought, statistical ideas


suggest a typical collection process with four
crucial steps.
1. Set clearly defined goals for the investigation.
2. Make a plan of what data to collect and how to
collect it.
3. Apply appropriate statistical methods to
efficiently extract information from the data.
4. Interpret the information and draw conclusions.
INTRODUCTION

Probability is the likelihood of something happening.


When someone tells you the probability of something
happening, they are telling you how likely that something
is. When people buy lottery tickets, the probability of
winning is usually stated, and sometimes, it can be
something like 1/10,000,000 (or even worse). This tells you
that it is not very likely that you will win.

Statistics: The branch of mathematics that deals with the


collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of
numerical data. Statistics is especially useful in drawing
general conclusions about a set of data from a sample of
the data.
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics uses the data to provide
descriptions of the population, either through
numerical calculations or graphs or tables.

Inferential statistics makes inferences and


predictions about a population based on a
sample of data taken from the population in
question.
UNITS AND POPULATION OF
UNITS

unit: A single entity, usually an object or


person, whose characteristics are of interest.

population of units: The complete


collection of units about which information is
sought.
VARIABLE

Guided by the statement of purpose, we


have a characteristic of interest for each
unit in the population. The characteristic,
which could be a qualitative trait, is called
a variable if it can be expressed as a
number.
EXAMPLES OF POPULATIONS,
UNITS, AND VARIABLES.
TWO BASIC CONCEPTS -
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
A statistical population is the set of all
measurements (or record of some quality trait)
corresponding to each unit in the entire
population of units about which information is
sought.

A sample from a statistical population is the


subset of measurements that are actually
collected in the course of an investigation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PROBABILITY AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS

• Elements in probability allow us to draw conclusions about


characteristics of hypothetical data taken from the
population, based on known features of the population.
• the sample along with inferential statistics allows us to draw
conclusions about the population, with inferential statistics
making clear use of elements of probability
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
CLO1-PLO2: Present sample data and extract
its important features
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 CLO1-PLO2: Present sample data and extract its important features

• Dot Plot
• Stem and Leaf Plot
• Frequency Distribution and Histogram Plot

• Descriptive Measures
 Sample Mean
 Sample Variance
 Sample Mode
 Sample Median
• Box Plot
DOT DIAGRAM
DOT DIAGRAM
DOT DIAGRAM
DOT DIAGRAM

3, 6, − 2, 4, 7, 4, 3

0.107, 0.196, 0.021, 0.283, 0.179, 0.854, 0.58, 0.19,


7.3, 1.18, 2.0
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
STEM AND
LEAF PLOT
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
STEM AND LEAF PLOT

• 1.2 | 0 2 3 5 8 the leaf unit = 0.01

the corresponding data are 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.25, and


1.28

• If a stem-and-leaf display has the two digit leaves


0.3 | 03 17 55 89 first leaf digit unit = 0.01

the corresponding data are 0.303, 0.317, 0.355, and


0.389.
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT
• A frequency distribution is a table that divides a set
of data into a suitable number of classes
(categories), showing also the number of items
belonging to each class.

• Such a table sacrifices some of the


informationcontained in the data; instead of knowing
the exact value of each item, we only know that it
belongs to a certain class.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT

Numerical distributions is, frequency


distributions where the data are grouped
according to size;

Categorical distribution: if the data are


grouped according to some quality, or
attribute
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT
The following scores represent the final examination
grades for an elementary statistics course:

23 60 79 32 57 74 52 70 82 36 80 77 81 95 41
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT
The following scores represent the final examination
grades for an elementary statistics course:

23 60 79 32 57 74 52 70 82 36 80 77 81 95 41
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT
The following scores represent the final examination
grades for an elementary statistics course:

23 60 79 32 57 74 52 70 82 36 80 77 81 95 41
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTOGRAM PLOT
The following scores represent the final examination
grades for an elementary statistics course:

23 60 79 32 57 74 52 70 82 36 80 77 81 95 41
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTROGRAM PLOT
• The class boundaries are the endpoints of the
intervals that specify each class.
• the classes do not overlap, they accommodate
all the data, and they are all of the same width.
.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND
HISTROGRAM PLOT

• Mid point of each class is class mark.


common interval between any successive class marks
as the class interval of the distribution.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
To illustrate the construction of a frequency distribution, let us
consider the following 80 determinations of the daily emission (in
tons) of sulfur oxides from an industrial plant:

15.8 26.4 17.3 11.2 23.9 24.8 18.7 13.9 9.0 13.2
22.7 9.8 6.2 14.7 17.5 26.1 12.8 28.6 17.6
23.726.8 22.7 18.0 20.5 11.0 20.9 15.5 19.4 16.7
10.7 19.1 15.2 22.9 26.6 20.4 21.4 19.2 21.6
16.9 19.0 18.5 23.0 24.6 20.1 16.2 18.0 7.7 13.5
23.5 14.5 14.4 29.6 19.4 17.0 20.8 24.3 22.5
24.6 18.4 18.1 8.3 21.9 12.3 22.3 13.3 11.8 19.3
20.0 25.7 31.8 25.9 10.5 15.9 27.5 18.1 17.9 9.4
24.1 20.1 28.5
DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES

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