Chapter 1:

Exploring the Network

Introduction to Networks
UMT 2021
Sumazly Bin Sulaiman ([email protected])
Rozniza Ali ([email protected])

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 Chapter 1 - Objectives

• Explain how multiple networks are used in everyday life.

• Describe the topologies and devices used in a small to medium-sized business

network.
• Explain the basic characteristics of a network that supports communication in a
small to medium-sized business.
• Explain trends in networking that will affect the use of networks in small to
medium-sized businesses.

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 Globally Connected
 Networks are all around us.

 They provide us with a way to communicate and share information and resources
with individuals in the same location or around the world.
Networking Today
 Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food,
and shelter.
 The methods that we use to communicate are constantly changing and evolving.

 Networks connect people and promote unregulated communication. Everyone can

connect, share, and make a difference.
Technology Then and Now

How different would your lives be without all of this?

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 Globally Connected
 In the course of a day, resources that are available through the Internet can help you

■ Post and share your photographs, home videos, and experiences with friends or
with the world
■ Access and submit school work
■ Communicate with friends, family, and peers using email, instant messaging, or
Internet phone calls
■ Watch videos, movies, or television episodes on demand
■ Play online games with friends
■ Decide what to wear using online current weather conditions
■ Find the least congested route to your destination, displaying weather and traffic
video from webcams
■ Check your bank balance and pay bills electronically

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Networking Today
Networks in Our Past and Daily Lives
This Figure showed the changes that have happened over the last 25 years.

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Internet of Everything (IoE)

 A reference to adding devices of all types onto the Internet.

 The IoE is bringing together people, process, data, and things to make
networked connections more relevant and valuable.
 It is turning information into actions that create new capabilities, richer
experiences, and unprecedented economic opportunity for individuals,
businesses, and countries.

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The Global Community
 The Internet helps to create a world in which national borders,
geographic distances, and physical limitations become less relevant, and
present ever-diminishing obstacles.
 The Internet has changed the manner in which social, commercial,
political, and personal interactions occur.
 The immediate nature of communications over the Internet encourages
the creation of global communities.
 Global communities allow social interaction that is independent of
location or time zone.

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Supporting networks
 Networks Support the Way We Learn
■ Support the creation of virtual classrooms
■ Provide on-demand video
■ Enable collaborative learning spaces
■ Enable mobile learning

 Networks Support the Way We Communicate

■ Instant messaging
■ Social media
■ Collaboration tools
■ Weblogs
■ Wikis
■ Podcasting
■ Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing

 Networks Support the Way We Work

These business networks evolved to enable the transmission of many different types of information
services, including email, video, messaging, and telephony.
The use of networks to provide efficient and cost-effective employee training is increasing in
acceptance.

 Networks Support the Way We Play

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Networks of Many Sizes

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 Types of network
There are different networking models for how to connect computers over a network.

 Clients and Servers

 Servers are hosts that have software installed that enable them to provide information, like
email or web pages, to other hosts on the network.
 Clients are computer hosts that have software installed that enable them to request and
display the information obtained from the server. An example of client software is a web
browser, like Windows Internet Explorer.

 Peer-to-Peer
Client and server software usually runs on separate computers, but it is also possible for one
computer to carry out both roles at the same time

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LANs, WANs, and Internets
Components of a Network
There are three categories of network components:
 Devices
 Media
 Services

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Components of a Network
Network Representations

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 Components of a Network
Topology Diagrams

Logical topology diagrams

Identify devices, ports, and IP
addressing scheme.

Physical topology diagrams Identify

the physical location of intermediary
devices, configured ports, and cable
installation.

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LANs and WANs
Types of Networks
The two most common types of network infrastructures are:
 Local Area Network (LAN): A network infrastructure that provides access
to users and end devices in a small geographical area.

 Wide Area Network (WAN): A network infrastructure that provides access

to other networks over a wide geographical area.

Other types of networks include:

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network infrastructure that spans
a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN (for example, a city).

 Wireless LAN (WLAN): Similar to a LAN but wirelessly interconnects users

and endpoints in a small geographical area.

 Storage Area Network (SAN): A network infrastructure designed to

support file servers and provide data storage, retrieval, and replication.
It involves high-end servers, multiple disk arrays, and Fibre Channel interconnection technology

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LANs and WANs
Local Area Networks (LAN)

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LANs and WANs
Wide Area Networks (WAN)

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LANs, WANs, and Internets
The Internet

The term internet (with a lowercase i) is used to describe multiple interconnected networks.
When referring to the global system of interconnected computer networks, used by services
such as the World Wide Web, the term Internet (with a capital I) is used.

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Intranet and Extranet
 Intranet is a term often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and
WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only
by the organization’s members, employees, or others with authorization.
 Intranets are basically an internet that is usually only accessible from within
the organization, but is insulated from the global internet.
 Extranet is an intranet that is accessible to some people from outside the
company, or possibly shared by more than one organisation.
 Extranet is providing secure and safe access to individuals who work for a
different organization, but require company data.

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Connecting to the Internet
Internet Access Technologies
• Most commonly used

• 56K Dial-up Lines (individuals)

• T1 or T3 Lines into Internet service provider ISPs (organizations)

• New access technologies

• Commonly called “Broadband Access”

• Provide higher speed access
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Cable Modems
• Fixed Wireless (including satellite access)
• Mobile Wireless (WAP)

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Connecting to the Internet
Connecting Remote Users to the Internet

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Connecting to the Internet
Connecting Businesses to the Internet

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Converged Networks
The Converging Network

Traditional telephone, radio, and television Converged networks are capable of delivering
networks were maintained separately from data voice, video streams, text, and graphics among
networks. In the past, every one of these services many different types of devices over the same
required a dedicated network, with different communication channel and network structure.
communication channels and different technologies
to carry a particular communication signal. Each
service had its own set of rules and standards to
ensure successful communication
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Reliable Network
Supporting Network Architecture
Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well
as operate over many different types of cables and devices

Network Architecture: refers to the technologies that support the

infrastructure and the programmed services and rules, or protocols, that
move messages across the network.

There are four basic characteristics of a Reliable Network:

 Fault Tolerance
 Scalability
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Security

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Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance in Circuit Switched Network

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Reliable Network
Packet-Switched Networks

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Reliable Network
Providing (QoS)
Examples of priority decisions for an organization might
include:
 Time-sensitive communication - increase priority for services
like telephony or video distribution.
 Non time-sensitive communication - decrease priority for web
page retrieval or email.
 High importance to organization - increase priority for
production control or business transaction data.
 Undesirable communication - decrease priority or block
unwanted activity, like peer-to-peer file sharing or live
entertainment

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Reliable Network
Providing Network Security

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Future of Networking
Network Security

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Network Security
Security Threats
The most common external threats to networks include:
 Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
 Spyware and adware
 Zero-day attacks, also called zero-hour attacks
 Hacker attacks
 Denial of service attacks
 Data interception and theft
 Identity theft

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Network Security
Security Solutions
Network security components often include:
 Antivirus and antispyware
 Firewall filtering
 Dedicated firewall systems
 Access control lists (ACL)
 Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

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Network Architectures
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

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