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LESSON 4 - General Transport Equations

1) Molecular transport occurs due to the random movements of molecules and is described by transport equations. Flux is defined as the amount of property transported per unit time through a unit area. 2) The flux of a property undergoing steady state diffusion is directly proportional to the concentration gradient and the diffusivity. The flux can be calculated from the concentration values at two points and the distance between them. 3) For a variable diffusivity, the integrated flux equation involves the concentration-dependent diffusivity term. The concentration at any point can then be calculated from the flux and boundary concentrations.

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1K views

LESSON 4 - General Transport Equations

1) Molecular transport occurs due to the random movements of molecules and is described by transport equations. Flux is defined as the amount of property transported per unit time through a unit area. 2) The flux of a property undergoing steady state diffusion is directly proportional to the concentration gradient and the diffusivity. The flux can be calculated from the concentration values at two points and the distance between them. 3) For a variable diffusivity, the integrated flux equation involves the concentration-dependent diffusivity term. The concentration at any point can then be calculated from the flux and boundary concentrations.

Uploaded by

Pamela Mendoza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 4 - GENERAL TRANSPORT EQUATIONS

Transport Properties of Fluids


Molecular Transport Equations – basis of all transport phenomena
Molecular Transport
- Occurs in a fluid (and solid) because of the random movements of individual molecules

From high property concentration to low


property concentration
example: Mass Diffusion (Mass Transport)
Flux – difference in the concentration of the
properties that occur from one region to

Source: https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
another

SOLID LIQUID GAS


Increasing rate of transport

How do we describe molecular transport?


We need a simple physical model to describe molecular transport - one that does not take
into account the structural differences of the three states
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
➢ a driving force is needed to overcome resistance in order to transport a property
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
Example: Ohm’s Law (Physics) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼) = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅)

FLUX
- the amount of property being transferred per unit time through a cross sectional area
- a function of a gradient; flux = f(gradient)

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦


𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Recall from Chemical Calculations:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚2
Mathematically,
𝑑Ґ
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿
𝑑𝑧
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
ѱ𝑧 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚2
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑑Ґ = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑚2
𝛿= 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑚
𝑠
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = = [ ]
𝑠 − 𝑚2 𝑠 𝑚

Flux in the z-direction: amount of property


transferred per unit time per cross sectional
area perpendicular to the z-direction of
flow
𝛿: 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• transport process at steady state –


properties does not change with respect to
time

FLUX is CONSTANT in STEADY


STATE
• transport process at unsteady state – property change with respect to time

Flux at Steady State


𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿𝑑Ґ
𝑧2 Ґ2

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿 ∫ 𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = −𝛿(Ґ2 − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝛿(Ґ1 − Ґ2 )
𝛿(Ґ1 − Ґ2 )
ѱ𝑧 =
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

Example: General Flux Calculations


A property is being transported by diffusion through a fluid at steady state. At a given point
1 the concentration is 1.37x10-2 amount of property/m3 and 0.72x10-2 at point 2 at a distance
z2=0.40m. The diffusivity δ=0.013m2/s and the cross-sectional area is constant.
a. Calculate the flux
b. Derive the equation for Ґ as a function of distance
c. Calculate Ґ at the midpoint of the path

𝛿(Ґ1 −Ґ2 )
a. ѱ𝑧 = (𝑧2 −𝑧1 )
𝑚2 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
0.013 𝑠 (1.37 × 10−2 − 0.72 × 10−2 )
ѱ𝑧 = 𝑚3
(0.40 − 0)𝑚
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
ѱ𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔 − 𝒎𝟐
𝑑Ґ
b. ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿𝑑Ґ
𝑧 Ґ

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = −𝛿 ∫ 𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = −𝛿(Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝒛 (𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛)
Ґ= + Ґ𝟏
𝜹

c. At midpoint z=0.40m/2=0.2m

ѱ𝑧 (𝑧1 − 𝑧)
Ґ= + Ґ1
𝛿
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
Ґ = 1.37 × 10−2
𝑚3
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
2.1125 × 10−4 (0 − 0.2)𝑚
+ 𝑠 − 𝑚2
𝑚2
0.013 𝑠
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
Ґ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝟑
Exercises 1: Molecular Transport of a Property with a variable Diffusivity
A property is being transported through a fluid at steady state through a constant cross-
sectional area. At point 1 the concentration is 2.78x10-2 amount of property/m3 and 1.50x10-2 at
point 2 at a distance of 2.0 m away. The diffusivity depends on concentration as follows
𝛿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ = 0.150 + 1.65Ґ
a. Derive the integrated equation for the flux in terms of A, B, Ґ1, Ґ2. Then, calculate the flux
b. Calculate Ґ at z=1.0m

𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −𝛿 ; 𝛿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ = 0.150 + 1.65Ґ
𝑑𝑧
𝑑Ґ
ѱ𝑧 = −(𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)
𝑑𝑧
ѱ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = −(𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)𝑑Ґ
𝑧2 Ґ2

ѱ𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵Ґ)𝑑Ґ
𝑧1 Ґ1
𝐵Ґ2 Ґ2
ѱ𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = − (𝐴Ґ + )
2 Ґ1
𝐵
𝐴(Ґ1 − Ґ2 ) − (Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 = 2 2
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 165 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 2
0.150(2.78 × 10−2 − 1.50 × 10−2 ) 3 − [(1.50 × 10−2 )2 − (2.78 × 10−2 )2 ] [ ]
𝑚 2 𝑚3
=
(2.0 − 0)𝑚
𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
ѱ𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒔 − 𝒎𝟐

a. Calculate Ґ at z=1.0m

b. Ґ= Ґ2

z = z2 = 1.0m
𝐵
𝐴(Ґ1 − Ґ2 ) − (Ґ − Ґ1 )
ѱ𝑧 = 2 2
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
1.85984 × 10−3
𝑠 − 𝑚2
2
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 165 −2 )2 ] 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
0.150(2.78 × 10−2 − Ґ) − [(Ґ) 2
− (2.78 × 10 [ ]
𝑚3 2 𝑚3
=
(1.0 − 0)𝑚

𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
Ґ = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝒎𝟑

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