DIP

LOMA IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS (DCQ5212)

No. Name & Section Registration No.

1. NORSYAHIRAH SUHAILA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK 03DUB18F1027

2. SITI KHADIJAH BINTI AZMI 03DUB18F1037

3. NUR ILHAM BINTI CHE NASRUN 03DUB18F1009

4. WAN NURSYAZWANA BINTI WAN MARZUKI 03DUB18F1035

Lecturer DR MHD AZMIN BIN MAT SEMAN

COST IMPLICATION DUE TO DESIGN CHANGES AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT AND
COST IMPLICATION FOR CONTRUCTION METHOD
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 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Pages
1. Introduction 3

2. Residential building 4

3. Industrial building 5
4. Functional requirement for wall 6–7

5. Cost implication 8 – 10

6. Conclusion 11

7. References 12

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INTRODUCTION

This is concerned with the functional requirements and cost implications of alternative
constructional techniques for different types of building and of building elements. A
comparison of maintenance problems and costs associated with different materials and
components.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in
view.

 A Peaceful environment
 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions
 General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building by laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc, in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

The walls which form the envelope of a building are very important, therefore, the choice of
materials used for it is very important. The data set presents a comparative analysis of
different walling materials used in residential buildings in a developing economy.

Any of various permanent upright constructions having a length much greater than the
thickness and presenting a continuous surface except where pierced by doors, windows, and
etc

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RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The relative costs of low and high rise residential buildings were compared in chapter 2 and
reasons sought for the much higher cost of high rise developments over two-storey housing.
Admittedly, the more intensive use of highly priced land will offset to some extent the
increased costs resulting from multi-storey development. In addition there may be social
benefits to be gained by some occupiers through the erection of tall blocks of flats on
central urban sites, such as ready access to town centre facilities and reduction in length of
journey to work, although these benefits are often difficult to evaluate, as indicated in
chapter 14, and there is ample evidence of sociological problems. High rise flats cost
between sixty and eighty per cent more per square metre of floor area than houses, with
superstructure costs, influenced particularly by the costs of the frame and floors, accounting
for just over half of the increased cost, and the costs of services including lifts taking up
most of the remainder. Furthermore, the high blocks of flats show a greater range of costs
than the low flats or houses.

Residential Building: In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. It includes the

living room, bedroom, kitchen, hall, toilet and bathroom. It may be a single storey building
or apartments.

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Industrialists have a general preference for Single-storey premises, but a variety of matters
such as limitations on land available and increased demands for car parking space may justify
a reappraisal. A wide diversity of loadings occurs in factory buildings. In a specific case, the
loads to be carried may affect the choice of site, influence the building design and, if very
heavy, may have a considerable bearing on the choice between single and multi-storey
construction. In a survey of Midland factories undertaken in the early nineteen sixties by the
Building Research Establishment/ less than one-half of the factories had production areas on
upper floors although in some cases as many as six floors were used for production. As few
as one-quarter of the post war buildings had production areas on upper floors.

This rate is probably higher than in the country as a whole, for other sources suggest that only
ten per cent of the factories erected in England and Wales during 1937-46 were multi-storey.
It is further believed that the majority of factory buildings erected in central London since the
war have been multi-storey; outside the central areas of cities the proportion is lower, while
in the new and expanding towns almost all the factory buildings are single-storey, although
possibly fronted with double-storey office blocks.

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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT FOR WALL

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
The main purpose of walls in building construction is not only to protect buildings from
damage but also to divide them for different rooms or spaces. There are various functional
requirements of walls that should satisfy to perform its functions adequately.

Following are the functional requirements of walls in a building construction:

Strength and stability

 Strength : measured in terms of its resistance to the stresses set up in it by its own
weight, by superimposed loads and by lateral pressure such as wind
 Stability: resistance to overturning by lateral forces and buckling caused by excessive
slenderness

Weather resistance
 Provide adequate resistance to rain and wind penetration.
 Actual degree of resistance required depend largely upon its height, locality and
degree of exposure to the elements
 Within any locality there can also be variations of exposure for example a site near
the coast is likely to present greater problems of rain exclusion than one some
distance away.

Fire resistance
 Used to compartmentalise a building so that fire is confined to given area.
 To form a safe escape routes for occupants.
 To separate a specific fire risk within a building.
 To prevent spread of fire between buildings.

Thermal insulation
 To provide a barrier to the passage of heat to external air to maintain satisfactory
internal conditions without a wasteful use of a heating/cooling system.
 Related to cavities of wall.

Sound insulation
 Only upon special request
 Windows are weak points
 Governed by thickness and weight of wall.

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
Following are the functional requirements of walls in a building construction:

Thermal Insulation
 It should possible for a building to maintain constant temperature or heat the inside
the building irrespective of the temperature changes outside
 Thermal insulation is needed to reduce the demand of heating in winter and
refrigeration in summer

Durability of Floors and Free from Maintenance

 The durability and free maintenance of walls are rely on the nature of materials
applied and the wear they are exposed to. This is especially suitable for industrial use
because it uses higher grade concrete and is durable from maintenance.

Fire and Heat resistance

 It has been established that between 15-20% of total building heat loss is through the
wall will reduce the risk of condensation forming and improve internal conditions and
sound insulation whilst restricting thermal bridging at wall junctions reducing heat
loss. It is another performances requirement that a ground floor should offer a good
degree of resistance to collapse, flame penetration and heat transfer.

Strength and Stability

 Strength measured in terms of its resistance to the stresses set up in it by its own
weight, by superimposed loads and by lateral pressure such as wind
 Stability resistance to overturning by lateral forces and buckling caused by excessive
slenderness

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COST IMPLICATION WALL

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Height of wall
 The height of the external wall structure will depend on a number of factors, including
the numbers of floors.
 Intuitively you could think that the taller the building the more expensive it will be
but that depends on the design and square footage.

 A sprawled design may require more wall material than one that is stacked.

Number of storey
 This is much related to the average storey height of a building is the number of
storeys.
 This constructing of tall buildings, it generally affects four major building elements
significantly because of the number of storeys of high rise building.
 Example, external wall (curtain walling in most case for residential buildings), lift
installation and fire protection (as in services), and they are mainly vertical elements
of the building.

Building Plan Shape

 It impacts on the areas and sizes of the vertical members like walls their
accompanying finishes, windows, partitions and the finishings used.
 They generally established that the cost of building construction increased due to
increases in external walls.

Plan shape
 The shape of a building has an important effect on cost. As a general rule the simpler
the shape of the building the lower will be its unit cost.
 As a building becomes longer and narrower or its outline is made more complicated
and irregular, so the width of wall ratio will increase, accompanied by a higher unit
cost.
 Although the simplest plan shape, that is a square building, will be the most
economical to construct it would not always be a practicable proposition.
 The running costs of the completed building may also be affected by such factors as
higher heat losses (walls and windows), window cleaning and painting.
 Stability resistance to overturning by lateral forces and buckling caused by excessive
slenderness

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

Method of construction
 The cost concrete for wall represents a significant proportion of the total capital cost
of industrial projects
 There are many structural design issues that impact on the concrete contractors
method of construction
 This is becoming more apparent with the use of new high- technology levelling and
trowelling equipment, which has significantly increased the pour and finishing rates,
resulting in much faster slab construction times compared with the traditional
methods of construction

Circulation work
 An economic layout will have one of its main aim of reduction of circulation space
because circulation space such as entrance halls, staircase and corridors etc cannot be
used for profitable purposes
 The proportion of wall space allocated to circulation purposes very between different
types of building

Storey height
 The storey heights of building are determined by the clients requirements
 The construction item that are affected by the variation in storey heights would be
walls, partitions and their associated finishing works, increased volume to be air-
conditioning , longer length of pipes or cables , longer waste pipes to supply sanitary
appliances , possibility of higher roof costs due to increase in hoisting , increased
costs of constructing staircases and lifts, more costly foundations to support the
increased load

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Example for cost implication:

ELEMENT BUNGALOW

GRAND ELEMENT
  QTY RATE ELEMENT TOTAL
TOTAL

External wall (at 2.7m

    RM7,957.10 RM7,957.10
lift)
Blockwork - ground
127.33 62.49 RM7,957.10  
floor
Blockwork - first floor 0 62.49    
 
External wall (at 3m
    RM8,841.23 RM8,841.23
lift)
Blockwork - ground
141.48 62.49 RM8,841.23  
floor
Blockwork - first floor 0 62.49    
 
External wall (at 3.9M
    RM11,493.59 RM11,493.59
lift)
Blockwork - ground
183.92 62.49 RM11,493.59  
floor
Blockwork - first floor 0 62.49    

ELEMENT TWO STOREY

GRAND ELEMENT
  QTY RATE ELEMENT TOTAL
TOTAL

External wall (at 2.7m

    RM12,006.52 RM12,006.52
lift)
Blockwork - ground
96.07 62.49 RM6,003.36  
floor
Blockwork - first floor 96.07 62.49 RM6,003.36  
 
External wall (at 3m
    RM13,340.58 RM13,340.58
lift)
Blockwork - ground 106.7
62.49 RM6,670.29  
floor 4
106.7
Blockwork - first floor 62.49 RM6,670.29  
4
 
External wall (at 3.9M
    RM15,341.67 RM15,341.67
lift)
Blockwork - ground 138.7 62.49 RM8,671.38  

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 floor 6
106.7
Blockwork - first floor 62.49 RM8,671.38  
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CONCLUSION

 The costs of buildings are influenced by a variety of factors, some of which are
interrelated.
 It is essential that quantity surveyors should be fully aware of the cost consequences
resulting from changes in shape, size, storey heights, total height, fenestration and
other building characteristics.
 The cost effect of the main design variable will be examined and compared in this
chapter.
 The final design of a building will be influenced by a variety of factors, including
user’s wishes, planning and Building Regulation requirements, site factors and
aesthetic requirements.
 Other factors affecting cost include the form of contract, period for completion,
structural form, extent of prefabrication.

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REFERENCES

 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-349-17173-6_3

 https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/functional-requirements-walls-
building-construction/13978/

 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-349-17173-6_2

 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cost-Implication-of-Variation-on-each-
Building-Elements_tbl1_259645505

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/functional-requirement

 https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/functional-requirements-walls-
building-construction/13978/

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