Project

Ce 320
Summer course

Name : Omar Alkhalf

:Id
Introduction:

There is no one material called steel, just as there is no one material

called plastic. There are thousands of different kinds of steel. Steel is the
general name given to a large family of alloys of iron with carbon and a
variety of different elements. Even small differences in the composition
of the steel can have a dramatic effect on its properties. The properties of
the steel can also be modified by different mechanical and heat
treatments.
* Alloys: a solid such as steel produced by cooling a molten mixture of
metals.

Why steel is so versatile?

Steel is such a versatile material because we can adjust its composition
and internal structure to tailor its properties. So we can produce steel for
paperclips, steel for bridges, thin strips of steel for razor blades and large
beams for columns and skyscrapers.
Some steels are malleable and some are ductile; Metals are malleable.
This means that they can be hammered or pressed into different shapes
without breaking. They are also ductile, which means that they can be
drawn out into thin wires without breaking.
Some types of steel are specifically for use in fabricating large structures.
They are called ‘high-strength low alloy’. These steels are:
much stronger and tougher than ordinary carbon steels
ductile
highly formable
wieldable
Highly resistant to corrosion - which is important since the structure may
be in place for a long time.

A mechanical property of steel the way in which a material behaves is

described as its mechanical properties. When the forces tend to stretch a
material it is said to be in tension. When the forces squash the material it
is said to be under compression. When forces tend to twist the material or
to make one part of it move relative to another part it is described as
being in shear.
The main properties that we can test are:
stress
tensile strength
strain
stiffness
hardness.
Stress:
Stress and strain are the quantities we use to compare fairly the effects of
a force on a material. Instead of the applied force we use stress; and
instead of extension (or compression), we use strain.
Stress is the force per unit area.

Stress allows us to get a fair comparison of the effects of a force on

different samples of a material. A tensile force will stretch and, possibly,
break the sample. However, the force needed to break a sample will vary
- depending on the cross sectional area of the sample. If the cross
sectional area is bigger, the breaking force will be bigger. However, the
breaking stress will always be the same because the stress is the force per
unit area.
Tensile strength:
A tensile test is used to find out what happens when a material such as
steel is stretched. A steel bar is placed in a device that pulls one end away
from the other fixed end. The tensile strength is the maximum stress that
the bar can withstand before breaking. Stretching So far, we have looked
at only the breaking stress of a material. But what about the stretching
effect of a force. We would expect that different samples of the same
material would stretch in the same way when we apply the same stress to
them. However, in order to compare the amount they stretch, we need to
think of more than simply their extension. This is strain.
Strain:
Different samples of a material will stretch by different amounts -
depending on their original length. Strain allows us to get a fair
comparison between the amounts that they stretch. It is the relative
increase in length of a sample. Or the extension per unit length.

Strain has no units because it is the ratio of two lengths. A wire that
stretches by 10% will have a strain of 0.1.
Stiffness:
A stiff material is difficult to stretch or change shape. The Young's
modulus is a measure of how difficult.
The formula for Young's modulus, E, is:

The Young's modulus is a measure of the

stiffness of a material. It is what we call a bulk property - that is, it
applies to the material not just a sample of that materioal. A stiff material
will need a big stress to stretch it by a small amount (give it a small
strain). The unit of Young's modulus is the pascal (Pa) though it is often
measured in gigapascals (GPa). The Young's modulus of steel is typically
around 190 GPa..

Project definition:
In this project we have resturent to be constructed as a steel structure. we
using steel frames , we have to make analysis and design for :
An interior truss.
Truss connection 1.
Beams ef and bf.
Columns a and f in the first floor.
Base plate for column a.
Connection of beam ef and column f.
Connection of beam hf and column f.

Truss analysis and design:

Load calculations:
Dead load:
Own weight(‫ =) قرميد‬.16.=2.*1*1*8 ton/m²
Own weig(‫= )زجاج‬15.=06.*1*1*2.5 ton/m²

Live load=.2 ton

Design result from sap:

Column Beam Truss

# section # section # Section
1 W14X22 1 W14X22 1 MC18X58
2 W10X49 2 W12X22 2 MC18X58
3 W12X30 3 MC6X15.3 3 MC6X15.3
4 W12X30 4 W6X8.5 4 MC6X15.3
5 W10X49 5 W6X15 5 MC6X15.3
6 W6X8.5 6 W6X15 6 MC6X15.3
7 W36X800 7 W6X8.5 7 MC6X15.3
8 W36X800 8 W6X15 8 MC6X15.3
9 W6X15 9 W6X15 9 MC6X15.3
10 W6X15 10 W24X55 10 MC6X15.3
 11 W36X800 11 MC6X15.3 11 MC6X15.3
12 W36X800 12 MC6X15.3 12 MC18X58
13 W36X800 13 W8X31 13 MC12X50
14 W14X99 14 W6X8.5 14 MC10X28.5
15 W10X49 15 MC6X15.3 15 MC10X28.5
16 W10X49 16 W8X31 16 MC12X40
17 W14X99 17 W6X8.5 17 MC18X58
18 W36X800 18 MC6X15.3 18 MC18X58
19 W6X12 19 W24X55 19 MC12X40
20 W36X800 20 C7X9.8 20 MC10X28.5
21 W36X800 21 C7X9.8 21 MC10X28.5
22 W6X12 22 MC18X58 22 MC12X50
23 MC6X15.1 23 MC18X58
24 MC18X58 24 C3X6
25 MC18X58 25 C4X4.5
26 MC18X58 26 MC3X7.1
27 MC18X58 27 C4X5.4
28 MC18X58 28 C4X4.5
29 MC18X58 29 MC6X6.5
30 MC18X58 30 MC6X15.1
31 MC18X58 31 C8X11.5
32 MC18X58 32 C8X11.5
33 MC18X58 33 C7X9.8
34 MC18X58 34 MC6X15.1
35 MC18X58
36 W12X26
37 W12X26
38 MC18X58
39 MC18X58
40 MC18X58
42 MC18X58
43 W12X53
44 W24X84

After that choose one member of each group and design it manually:
Tension members:
1. Pu=23KN L=3.5m
Yielding:
Ag= Pu/.9*Fy =(23*10^3)/(.9)(344)=74.3 mm2

Fracture:
Ag=Pu/.45Fu=23000/(.45)(448)=114.1 mm2
Ag=max=114.1 mm2

From table, we use W6*8.5

→ Ag=1630 mm2
We will use 20 mm bolts → dn= 20+3.2= 23.2 mm
An=1630-(4)(23.2)(5)=236 mm2

From yielding
ΦR= 0.9*1630*344/1000 = 421.1KN > Pu=23KN → ok

Now check λ
λ=L/rmin= 3500/21.6 = 115.7 < 300 → ok

Compression member:
Pu = -50 KN L=3.5m
Fe= (π^2)(2*10^5)/(60^2)=547.76 MPa
Assume kL/r=60 < 113(assume)
4.71√(2*10^5)/344 = 113
→ Fcr= (.658)^(Fy/Fe)*Fy=264.5 MPa
Pu=ΦR= .9*264.5*Ag/1000=50
→ Ag=210 mm2
From table, use W6*8.5
→ Ag=1730 mm2
Ix= 6.8*10^6 mm , Ry=23, Rx=62.7
y-direction
KyLy/Ry= 1*3500/23 = 152.2
Fe(new)= (π^2)(2*10^5)/(152.2^2)=85.12Mpa
ΦR = .9*1730*85.12*10^-3 = 132.57 Mpa

Check local buckling:

Bf/2Tf = 9.16
.56√((200000/344))=3.25
9.16 > 3.25
→ flange is non-compact

H/Tw=25.4
1.49√((200000/344))=35.9
25.4 < 35.9
→ web is non-compact
→ thus, the section is non-compact

Design of beam BF:

M= 15 KN.m
Beam is fully restrained (full plastic method)
Mn=Mp=Zx*Fy
ΦMn=Mu
.9*Zx*344/ (10^6) = 15
→ Zx= 48.45 * 10^3
From section property table
Use W36*800 → Zx=59.8*10^3 mm3
W=11.66 KN/m
ΦMn=.9*Zx*Fy
=.9*59.8*10^3*344/ (10^6)
=18.5Kn.m > Mu=15
→ Ok

Deflection check:
WL=1
δL= (5*wL*L^4)/(384EI)=
(5*1*8.3^4)/(384*200000*26930/1000000)
=.01mm

Base plate of column:

Pu= 893.5kn, W10X49
A2
Assume 1mX1m concrete footing
φPn=0.6*1.7*fc*A1
assume
√ A1
>2

893.5=0.6*1.7*20*A1/1000
A1=43.8*10³mm
 A2
√ A1
=4.8>2 o k
.m=(N-0.95D)/2 N=0.95D+2m
From section property table D=254mm, Bf=254mm.
N=241.3+2m
B=203.2+2n => n=m
A1=N*B
43.8*103 =(241.3+2m)*( 203.2+2m)
.m=216mm
N=673.3 use 680mm, B=635.2use 640mm.

.m=(680-241.3)/2=219.35mm
.n=(640-203.2)/2=218.4mm
.λn=1*0.25*(Bf*D)1/2 =63.5mm.
L=219.35mm
Pu
.t=1.51*L*
√ BNFy
Use 640mm*680mm*26mm
=25.5mm, use t=26mm.
Details :
 Plan of columns:

1 2 3 4 5 6

D
3D MODAL