HONORS and AP BIOLOGY

Writing a Formal Scientific Laboratory Report

Studying Biology involves asking questions, formulating hypotheses, devising experiments to

test the hypotheses, presenting data, analyzing data, and interpreting data. By participating in
the acquisition and interpretation of data, you capture the true nature of the scientific process.
Preparing laboratory reports develops the ability to organize ideas logically, think clearly, and
express your comprehension of the concepts involved accurately and concisely.

The following information describes the basic format of a scientific laboratory report. When
writing a scientific paper, please organize your paper according to the following format and DO
NOT deviate from it!

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: When writing your report, keep in mind that the experiment is
over; you should be using past verb tense…

Ex. “The objective of the experiment was…”

Ex. “Twenty isopods were collected…”

The required components of a formal laboratory report include the following:

 Remember to include the header for each section when writing your report

TITLE:
1. The title of the experiment needs to be straightforward and informative (i.e. specifically
indicate what the report if about; identifies independent and dependent variables) AND it
should also generate interest for the reader. The more revealing your title is, the more easily
your potential audience can assess the relevance of your paper to their interests.

Ex. Incorrect: “Lab One”

Ex. Incorrect: “Pillbug activity”
Ex. Correct: “The effects of temperature change on the behavior of Armadillidium
vulgare.”

2. The title should be centered at the top of the first page.

3. The scientific name of the organism being tested MUST be used (binomial nomenclature).
4. The names of lab partners, the class, and the date should follow the title (centered).

INTRODUCTION:
1. The introduction states the purpose and objective of the experiment (i.e. the questions being
asked or the problem being investigated) clearly and concisely in one or two sentences:

Ex. “The purpose of this experiment was to measure the effect of light intensity on
the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts.”
Ex. “The objective of this experiment was to investigate how temperature affects the
rate of photosynthesis.”
Ex. “In this study, the oxygen consumption of mice was measured in order to investigate
the relationship between metabolic rate and body weight.”
 POOR INTROS:
“To observe photosynthesis”
“To study metabolism in mice”

2. The intro also provides the reader with background information to the experiment, including
relevant information about the organism and/or processes being tested or studied,
background
theory, and previous research.

3. The introduction should state your HYPOTHESIS: an if (independent variable), then

(dependent variable) statement. This is your prediction of what you believed would happen in
the experiment based on your background research and knowledge of the problem/question.
Ex. “ If temperature is decreased, the rate of oxygen production by Elodea canadensis
also decreases.”

MATERIALS AND METHODS: (AP BIOLOGY. Your procedures need to be in paragraph format)

This section is a reminder of what you did, and it also serves as a set of instructions for anyone
wishing to repeat the experiment in the future. It is essential that you describe your
methodology in detail sufficient to permit your experiment to be repeated exactly as originally
performed. A good Materials and Methods section will allow you to review what you’ve done
and get you thinking about why you’ve done it.

Make a bulleted list of everything you used in the experiment. You do not need to include paper
and pencils for data collection.

The best approach to writing this section is to list the steps of your procedure in correct order,
and to mention each new material as you discuss what you did with it. Whenever possible, you
should also discuss the reason behind each step. Consider the following example testing the
influence of decreases salinity on the body weight of worms:

1. Obtain six marine worms (Nereis virens) ranging in length between 10 and 12 cm.
2. The experiment was performed at room temperature, approximately 21.0 oC.
3. 100.0mL of full-strength seawater was added to each of three 200.0 mL glass
beakers (these beakers served as controls, to monitor worm weight in the absence
of any salinity changes).
4. Another three 200.0mL beakers were filled with 50.0 mL of seawater and 50.0 mL of
distilled water (this was a change in salinity concentration; a 50% dilution)
5. Each worm was blotted with paper towels in order to remove excess water.
6. They were then weighed to the nearest 0.1 g using a balance.
7. Each worm was then randomly selected added to one of the six glass beakers of
seawater.
8. The weight of each worm was again measured at 30, 60, and 120 minutes.
RESULTS:

This section may actually include very little writing. You will present the data using graphs,
tables, and figures. You will be experimenting over different time intervals, that data goes here.
These formats allow the reader to clearly understand the relationships between different kinds
of data. However, you do still need to explain each table and/or graph in written form. If you
make good use of tables and graphs, you may only need one or two short paragraphs of text to
explain the general trends (e.g. cause and effect relationships) that you observed.

Ex. Control beakers exhibited less than 3% weight loss during a 2 hour period. IN
contrast, experimental beakers showed a 5% weight loss.
Ex. Temperature has a pronounced effect on seedling growth rates (figure 22). As
temperature decreased from 25oC to 20oC, growth also decreased.

Some things to remember:

 Make sure you label all graphs, tables, and figures (I.e. titles, axes, columns, rows, etc.)
 All graphs and tables should have a figure label underneath. (Figure 1, Figure 2)
 DO NOT offer any explanation/interpretation for the data in this section.
 DO NOT discuss whether the results were expected/unexpected; interesting/disappointing.

In this section, it is also appropriate to include any formulas used in the experiment and sample
calculations.

DISCUSSION:

This section is the most important part of your report and typically the longest. It is here that
you must show your understanding of the experiment. You must interpret your results in the
context of the specific questions/problems you set out to address/solve in your introduction.
With your initial objectives in mind, you must explain how your results are either expected or
unexpected, based on the background research that you did before you began. You should
consider the following issues when writing this section:
1. Does your data support the original hypothesis? (accept or reject your hypothesis)
2. What did you expect to find, and why?
3. How do your obtained results compare with the expected results?
4. How might you explain unexpected results; what are the sources of error?
5. What new hypotheses might now be formulated, and how might they be tested?
6. What would you do differently if you were to conduct this experiment again?

You should end your discussion with your conclusion, which can be a single statement of what
you now know for sure based on the experiment you just performed.

Some things to remember:

 Write in the 3rd person. DO NOT use I, my, our in your writing.
Example: INCORRECT: I accepted my hypothesis.
CORRECT: The hypothesis was accepted.
 Your discussion should be based on scientific fact(s) and research and should explain the
 actual obtained results. DO NOT give an explanation of what you think should have
happened.
 DO NOT talk about your emotions (you were happy or upset with the results, you liked or
dislike the experiment)
 When explaining unexpected results, give reasonable ideas as to why you got them, don’t
just
say human error and don’t just blame it on equipment. Explain why!

CONCLUSION:

It can be a single statement at the end of your discussion stating what you now know for sure
after completing your experiment.

(You may not always reach a clear conclusion. You may need to do more experimentation to
reach a conclusion. In this case, you can say that your results suggest more experimentation is
needed before a conclusion can be made).

LITERATURE CITED: (at least three resources, one must be non-internet)

This section presents complete citations for all factual material (e.g. background information)
referred to in the text of the report. You will also need to include in-text citations in your
background information (Palmeri, 2013). “This list must be in alphabetical order. You should use
APA citation format. Examples can be found at the following websites” (Palmeri, 2013).

http://citationmachine.net/index2.php - Makes the citations for you! No excuses!

http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa