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Definition
Data Models
An integrated collection of concepts for
describing and manipulating data,
relationships between data and
constraints on the data in an organisation.
•The role of Data Model

A model is a representation of real world
•Hierarchical Model
objects and events and their associations.
•Network Model
•Relational Model
It represents the organisation itself.

Components Of Data Model Components Of Data Model

Structural Part
Set of integrity rules.
Consists of a set of rules according to These ensures that the data is
which a database can be constructed. accurate

Manipulative Part
Defines the type of operations that are
allowed on the dat(updating,retrieving
data etc)

The role of a data model Data Model Categories

To make it easier to understand the
Object Based, Record Based, Physical
meaning of the data ie
The first two are used to describe data

each user’s perspective of the data at the conceptual and external levels.

The nature of the data
The later at the internal level, it

The use of the data across user views describes details of how data is stored

It is used to design a database in the computer

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Hierarchical Data Model

Record Based

There are three types.
Data is represented in tree like structure

Relational Data Model
Records appear as nodes or segments

Network Data Model
It allows segments to have only one parent

Hierarchical Data Model
The parent is sometimes known as the root

The relationship between records is
represented by sets which are implemented
as pointers

Network Data Model

Hierarchical Data Model

Access to a record is through a
This model is similar to the hierarchical
parent record. model.

It allows segments to have more than
Purchase
one parent

Order Order-Item

example Object Based

Object Oriented Data Model (Details in
Course1 Course 2 Course 3 Future Lectures)

Student 2
Student 3 Student 4

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Relational model

Data are organized in two-dimensional tables

called relations.

The tables are related to each other.
RELATIONAL
MODEL

Introduction to Relational Introduction to Relational

Databases Databases cont:

The relational approach was originally
proposed in 1970’s .

The model was proposed as a disciplined

The first project that proved the way of handling data using the rigour of
practicality of the relational model is mathematics, particularly set theory.
System R, developed at IBM’s San Jose

This would enhance the concept of
Research Laboratory in 1976. examples
program-data independence
oracle, Sybase, access

and improve programmer activities.

Introduction to Relational Relational Data structure

Databases cont:

The relational model will have only
The Relational approach is based on
values. elementary mathematical relation

Even references between data in theory.
different sets (relations) are
Its basic construct is a relation. A
represented by means of values. relation is also called a table.

In the hierarchical and network model
The data is organized in tables. The
there are explicit references (pointers), table has columns and rows.
which make them more complicated.

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Relational Model Terminology Relational Model Terminology

A relation is a table with columns and
Attribute is a named column of a
rows. relation.

Only applies to logical structure of the
Domain is the set of allowable values
database, not the physical structure. for one or more attributes.

This doesn’t mean that data are stored as
tables; the physical storage of the data is
independent of the way the data are
logically organized.

Relational Model Terminology

Cont: Instances of Courses table

Tuple is a row of a relation.

Degree is the number of attributes in a
relation.

Cardinality is the number of tuples in a
relation.

Relational Database is a collection of
normalized relations with distinct
relation names.

Examples of Attribute Domains Alternative Terminology for

Relational Model

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Database Relations Properties of Relations

Relation schema
Relation name is distinct from all other

Named relation defined by a set of relation names in relational schema.
attribute and domain name pairs.
Each cell of relation contains exactly

Relational database schema one atomic (single) value.

Set of relation schemas, each with a
Each attribute has a distinct name.
distinct name.

Values of an attribute are all from the
same domain.

Properties of Relations Relational Keys

Each tuple is distinct; there are no
Superkey
An attribute, or a set of attributes, that uniquely
duplicate tuples.

identifies a tuple within a relation.

Order of attributes has no significance.
Candidate Key

Order of tuples has no significance,
Superkey (K) such that no proper subset is a
superkey within the relation.
theoretically.
In each tuple of R, values of K uniquely identify
that tuple (uniqueness).

No proper subset of K has the uniqueness
property (irreducibility).

Relational Keys Relational Integrity

Primary Key
Null

Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely
within relation.

Represents value for an attribute that is
currently unknown or not applicable for

Alternate Keys
tuple

Candidate keys that are not selected to be primary
key.
Deals with incomplete or exceptional data.

Foreign Key
Represents the absence of a value and is

Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that not the same as zero or spaces, which are
matches candidate key of some (possibly same)
relation.
values.

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Relational Integrity Relational Integrity

Entity Integrity
Enterprise Constraints

In a base relation, no attribute of a primary
Additional rules specified by users or
key can be null. database administrators.

Referential Integrity

If foreign key exists in a relation, either
foreign key value must match a candidate key
value of some tuple in its home relation or
foreign key value must be wholly null.