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Radiology Made Easy

This document provides an overview of basics in radiology from Sianny Suryawati, a radiologist at Wijaya Kusuma University in Surabaya, Indonesia. It discusses x-rays and how they are generated, different densities in the body on x-rays, common radiographic views, imaging modalities like CT, ultrasound and MRI, and how to review a chest x-ray including evaluating the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure and key findings like opacification and pneumothorax. Conditions that present on chest x-ray like pneumonia, atelectasis, and COPD are also summarized.

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352 views

Radiology Made Easy

This document provides an overview of basics in radiology from Sianny Suryawati, a radiologist at Wijaya Kusuma University in Surabaya, Indonesia. It discusses x-rays and how they are generated, different densities in the body on x-rays, common radiographic views, imaging modalities like CT, ultrasound and MRI, and how to review a chest x-ray including evaluating the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure and key findings like opacification and pneumothorax. Conditions that present on chest x-ray like pneumonia, atelectasis, and COPD are also summarized.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sianny Suryawati, dr., Sp.

Rad(K)

Radiology Department, Wijaya Kusuma University


Surabaya - 2019
BASICS
• X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
• X-ray wavelengths are shorter than
those of UV rays and typically longer
than those of gamma rays.
• It is also referred as Rontgen
radiation, after the German scientist
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen who
discovered these on November 8,
1895.
• X-rays can be generated by an X-ray
tube, a vacuum tube that uses a high
voltage to accelerate the electrons
released by a hot cathode to a high
velocity. The high velocity electrons
collide with a metal target, the anode,
creating the X-rays.
• In medical X-ray tubes the target is
usually tungsten or a more crack-
resistant alloy of rhenium (5%) and
tungsten (95%).
ARRANGED FROM LEAST TO MOST DENSE :
1. Air - appears the darkest
2. Fat - lighter shade of grey than air
3. Soft tissue or fluid - less black than fat
4. Calcium - usually contained within bones
5. Metal - whitest
(objects of metal density are not normally present in the body)
RADIOGRAPHIC VIEWS
IMAGING MODALITIES

PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING (ANGIOGRAPHY)
(NUCLEAR IMAGING)
CHEST X-RAY

• INITIAL REVIEW :
• who, what, why, where, when
• quality

• Lines and tubes


• Endotracheal (ET) tube
• Nasogastric (NG) tube
• Central venous catheters
• Any other lines and tubes, e.g. chest drains
• Airway
A, B, C, D, E
• Breathing
• (lungsand pleural spaces) Circulation
(cardiomediastinum)
• Disability (bones ….. think fractures)
Exposure
•
(everythingelse)
•
•
Key findings
• Air-space opacification
• Atelectasis
• Air-bronchogram
• Pneumothorax
• Pleural fluid
• Increased cardio-thoracic ratio
• Pneumomediastinum
• Surgical emphysema
Conditions Presentations
• • Pneumonia • Breathlessness
• Lobar collapse • Cough
• • Pulmonary • Hemoptysis
• edema • Wheeze
• Pneumothorax • Pleuritic chest pain
• Pleural effusion
• COPD
• • Pulmonary
• embolism Lung
• cancer
• Mesothelioma
Bronchiectasis
• Normal air-filled lung is black
• Air-space opacification is
radiopaque (white)
• Common pathology :
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary
• edema Lung
cancer
• Atelectasis describes loss
of lung volume secondary
to collapse.
• It has many causes, the
root of which is bronchial
obstruction with absorption
of distal gas.
• Atelectasis may be
subsegmental, segmental,
lobar, or involve the entire
lung.
• In a normal chest X-ray,
anatomical borders of peripheral
bronchi are invisible.
• However, due to pathologic
changes bronchi can
sometimes be distinguished.
• When alveoli are filled with fluid
(blood, mucus, pus, edema,
cells) rather than air, a density
difference develops between the
alveoli and bronchi.
• This phenomenon is termed an
‘air-bronchogram’.
In pneumothorax, air is in the
pleural cavity.
The visceral pleura is separated
from the parietal pleura, with
absent lung markings ar peripheral.
Increased CTR
Surgical emphysema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
Thank you

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