"COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE CREDIT HOURS EDUC3111 Foundations of Education 3@3+0) 1 Concept, Types and Process of Education 256 1.1 Concept of Education — Meaning, Scope and Importance 1.2 Modes of Education — Informal, Formal and Non-formal 1.3 Elements of the Process of Education + Aims and objectives © Curriculum + Pedagogy ° - Evaluation 2 Philosophical Perspective of Education 270 2.1 What is philosophy? Explaining Educational Philosophy 2.2 Branches of Philosophy + Ontology + — Epistemology + Axiology + 2.3. Styles of Philosophy 3 Educational Philosophies (Assumptions, curriculum, role of teacher and stv ‘ent, classroom management, and evaluation) 279 3.1 Perennialism 3.2 Progressivism 3.3 Essentialism 3.3 Social Reconstructionism 4 Psychological Perspective 285 4.1 Educational Psychology: Concept and meaning 4.2 Role of Psychology in Teaching and Learning 5 Socio-economic Perspective 293 5.1 Educational Sociology: Concept and meaning ‘ ck ee Roles in Education (conservative, critical and creative) ctions of Education tion as investment cation and economic developmentHistorical Perspective ; 305 6.1 Education in Primitive Societies 6.2 Pioneers in’ Education 6.3 Historical of Muslim Education 6.4 Development of Education in British Period 6.5 Educational movements in history Significant Educational Policies and Initiatives 332 7.1 National Educational Policies 7,2 Education Sector Reform 7.3 Vision 2025 :256 QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1.5 CHAPTER - 1 CONCEPT, TYPES OF PROCESS OF EDUCATION 1.1. CONCEPT OF EDUCATION-MEANING, SCOPE AND IMPORTA A. Derivative meaning of education: "In derivative sense, the term ‘education’ is considered as educare and educe (a) Educare: Educare.is a Latin word and it means. @ To nourish (i) To bring up (iii) To raise So educating a child means nourishing or bringing up the child accort specific aims. (b) Educere: ‘ Educere is also a Latin word and it means. (i) To lead out (ii) To draw out So educating a child means drawing out what is hidden in the child or leadi out of darkness, into light. B. Meaning of Education from the Point of View of Western Thinke The meaning of the term Education, as understood by Wester thinkers, ha implications for a modem reader. In fact, the modem concept of ‘Education’ over 1 ‘Western thinkers who have interpreted education as a developmental process. Importat are summed-up below.(ii) IDATIONS OF EDUCATION - Thinkers of the past According to Plato, "Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and pain at the right moment. . It develops in the body and in the soul of the pupil all the beauty.and all the perfection which he is capable of." According to Aristotle, Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body....... It develops man's faculty especially his mind so. that he may be able to enjoy the contemplation of supreme truth, goodness and beauty of which perfect happiness essentially consists." According to Comenius, "All who are born as Human beings need education because they are destined to be real men, not wild beasts, dull animals, and clumps of wood." Modern Thinkers @ Gi) (ii) (iv) @) i) (vii) According to Pestalozzi, "Education is the natural, harmonious and progressive development of man's innate powers." According to Froebel, "Education is unfoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ. It is the process through which the child makes internal, external.” According to John Dewey, "Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfil his responsibilities." According to Raymont, "Education is a process of development from infancy to maturity, the process by which he adopts himself gradually in various ways of his physical and spiritual environment." According to 7.P. Nunn, "Education is the complete development of the individuality of the child so that he can make an original contribution to human life according to the best of his Beapacity." ‘Thompson defines Education as “the influence of the environment on the individual with a view to producing a permanent change in his habits, behaviour, of thought and of attitude." According to John Adams, "Education is conscious and deliberate process in which one personelity acts upon another in order to modify the development of that other by the communication and manipulation of knowledge."258 QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1, Cc. NARROWER AND BROADER MEANING OF EDUCATION ji) Education in its Narrow Meaning In the narrow sense, education is confined to school and university instru From this point of view, education of the child starts as soon as he enters the where he is given a limited and definite amount of knowledge, Under this seh education of the child is over when, having received the given amount of knowl leaves the institution and takes up some occupation in life. The narrower mea education has been summed up by 7. Raymont in the following words : ‘Tn the narrower and more definite sense .... education does not inch de culture and the general influences Of one's surre ‘oundings, but only those influences which are consciously and designedly bro ght to bear upon the young, by adult portion of the community, whether through the family, the church or the state,” In short, education in its narrow meaning is equivalent to schooling, instructig act of training, (ii) Education in its Broader Meaning Jn its broader meaning, IS. Mackenzie Says: by every experience in life." education is a life-long process. "It is a process that 80es on throughout life, and is ‘pro According to Prof. Dumvile, "Education in its wider sense includes all | influences which act upon an individual during his Passage from the cradle to the grave’ In the words of Lodge, "4// experiences are said to be- educative. The bite mosquito, the taste of a watermelon, the experiences of falling in love, aeroplane, of being caught in a storm in a small boat. educative effect on us... Whatever broade i reactions, and stimulates thought and. feeling educates us," comparative view of education ints narow and boarder meaning is tabulated below Narrow Meaning 1. Meaning. Education is limited to | ‘1, Education goes beyond schooling an schooling and instruction, instruction. 2. Duration. Starts with the 7 ; into a school and. ends with the completion of specified course content. 3. Aim. The aim of education in its | 3. Education in narrow sense is to impart limited knowledge in specific subjects, Broader Meaning this sense becomes man- making activity. Its aim is all-round development of human Personality,DATIONS OF EDUCATION lethods. Education in the narrow sense =o makes use’ of _limited jodology. It is confined to lassroom teaching in which text-book is the be-all and end-all of instruction. 4. There is no limited methodology. Experience. is the touchstone of education in its wider sense. Education is one with life which teaches in both bitter and sweat ways. Contents. Contents of edtication are limited to specific bits of knowledge which are pre-determined. Contents include only the academic subjects w . Contents of education in its Wider sense "includes the totality of experiences that pupil receives through the manifold activities that go on in the school, in the classroom, library, ‘laboratory, workshop, playground and in the numerous informal contacts between teachers and pupils." traditionally taught in the school. COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION OF EDUCATION Redden's definition of education is quite comprehensive. It reads like this ; "Education is the deliberate and systematic influence exerted by the mature person upon the immature, through insiruction, discipline and harmonious development of physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and spiritual powers of the human being, according to individual and social needs and directed towards the union of the educ and with his creator as the final end". An analysis of Redden's definition of education will show that— ~ ° Education is deliberate and systematic. ° Education is an influence exerted by a mature person upon an immature person. ° Education leads to harmonious development. . Development is according to individual and social needs. . Education is a means to an end, Education is deliberate and systematic. Education is a deliberate process. It is a conscious process. It involves care and guidance. It is not a haphazard activity, It is carefully planned, hence, it is systematic. Influence exerted by 2 mature person upon the immature one. Education involves one who knows and the one who does not know, Mature persons which include parents, teachers and other elders influence the young one — the learners.QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 15 3. , Education leads to harmonious development. Education is a complex process. Its aim is harmenious development learner's personality, This means, through the process of education all the child's personality — physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and spi should develop together in perfect harmony. 4. Individual and social needs. The development should be according to individual needs. But the social are not to be ignored. Development of individuality must be in conformity the needs of the society. 5. The union of the created with his creator. Education is a means to the final end. It is through education that the indivic to meet his creator and attain salvation. In short, education is a continuous, life-long process. SCOPE OF EDUCATION Meaning of the Term 'Scope' The literal meaning of the term 'scope' is range of matter or subjects to be The term implies field of activity, operation and application. It means the breadth comprehensiveness of the subject inthe context of which the term is used. The Scope of Education Tn the field of education, the term 'scope' means "the breadth, comprehensi and variety of learning experiences" to be provided to the individual through the process education. : is It has been rightly said that the scope of education is as wide as life itself. In sense, man and his life as a whole becomes the subject-matter of education. development of man's life includes physical, mental, moral, social and spiritual as; This amounts to the totality of development of his life. Broader View of Scope of Education: — A broader view of the scope of education takes into account all the areas whit concern man's total life. I esgrean ine uate wiles pepe. a eunatiot cae) 1. Educational Psychology. It is also called Psycho-Pedagogy. It is the study of teaching and learning children, It studies the entire development of children, It also studies methods.IDATIONS OF EDUCATION 6 1 Methods of Teaching. x 2 That is the most important topic in the scope of education. It revolves round the methods of teaching. What methods are required to teach different subjects ? What is the place of textbook? Where did we fail? All these questions are to be answered. Educational Technology. It is the very recent branch that has come under the scope of education. We want to make education a technical and systematic subject. We want to apply technology to it so that teaching learning is better. And there are many innovations in it like Micro-Teaching, Programmed learning, Simulated teaching. Philosophy of Education. Philosophy and education are related to each other like flower and fragrance. Students of education study philosophy of education because it is philosophy which gives direction to education. Although an old discipline, yet its recent emergence as a separate discipline has added new dimension to the scope of education. It is philosophy which helps in determining the aims of education, curriculum, methods of teaching, discipline, role of the teacher, nature of text- books and the like. Sociology of Education. Sociology and education move hand in hand. Sociology of education is a study of the relation between education and society, In order that education should serve the ends of society, its curriculum and methods of teaching must serve the ends of society. Education must lean heavily on-social, political, economic, cultural and religious forces of the society which it serves. So the scope of education must include economic order, politica: viewpoints and cultural values of the society. Problems and Issues.of Education. Education is a living force. The scope of education includes a thorough study of the important problems of education such as population education, vocationalisation of education, education for modemisation, environmental education, education for human resource development, economics of education, value education and so on. Comparative Education. The scope of education should include the study of comparative systems of education. This will help us to modify, reform, reorient and improve our own systems of education in the light of facts revealed from such a study. Guidance in Education. Guidance is an integral part of education. The scope of education should include various types of guidance to help students learn about the educational tasks to be done to suit various interests and aptitudes.QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1.5 Y oe Educational Administration and Supervision. ‘The scope of education should include the study of administrative and supervi: functions. The study will help the students to know how educational process worked out at various levels. To conclude, we can say that education is a powerful discipline and incl within its range, different subjects, activities and factors which influence h development. Education is a potential medium for individual security and also powerful force for social reconstruction. It includes everything of human life every aspect of social structure, Importance of Education Education is important for children because they are the future of the world they should be updated with current affairs. They are the pillars of the nation, to devel a country and the world the future should be secure and the children are the weapons build the nation with all their knowledge and education. We should inculcate the generation’s values and carry them with huge current innovations. It helps to break social evils like racism and poverty line, so each and every child must be educated. children will stand out as future leaders to develop the nation from all the issues, th hurdles stopping to grow. 1. Education at childhood: Education is necessary at childhood stage, this is the period where it provid them a chance to develop mentally, physically and develop social awareness in them. It gives them experience to start facing the world. It is a stage to explore themselves. The importance of education for children are many, It is the parent’s responsibility to provide them the right education at the right level of age. Also, they have to find out. children’s. interests and accordingly have to provide education. This is a crucial stage, which will impact them very effectively either in a positive way or in a negative way, it is dangerous if they went in-a wrong. path. So it is the responsibility of parents and children to take care of them. 2. Play an important role: The role of education in our life doesn’t only mean to give bookish knowledge to students, but also to provide different kinds of knowledge in different kinds of skills like painting, drawing, singing morals. The mental status of children before joining the school will be different, once they step in they will try to grab more knowledge of lifestyle, it is the stage to motivate themselves into a new human being, they will start identifying what is good and what is bad for them. They will start analyzing, questioning and reasoning for every task. They will understand to leam something ftom mistakes. They will start fixing themselves in the competitive world.INDATIONS OF EDUCATION Children start building goals: If a child is joined in a school, he will start learning, playing and enjoy with friends. While learning he will understand what position he is in acquiring knowledge and he will learn slowly to grab the top position. While playing he will understand what is the logic to win it, this way they start building goals at an early stage. But parents should understand whether their children are working only for ranks and grades or acquiring some wisdom or not. It is important that they are aware of the purpose of education and how it works in real life. They start maintaining a structured life. y is Education Important in Today’s Society: For a modern society, education is very important. The old values of education ethics have been sweeping slowly so it is the right time to get educated with cating the history to the students, There is nowhere one can teach culture, education ithe right process to transform the culture to modem society. It is the perfect stage to ld a person into a complete leader with all the human emotions, values and heritage. ¢ days students are influenced by some of the bad events that are happening around world, so it is necessary to develop them in a perfect path. Education helps to bring productive results: Education these days is important as the population is increasing, needs of people raising. Hence there are many firms where they require a huge number of employees develop so to bring productivity one should be able to gain knowledge and develop thy competition. Also, these days women should be equally educated along with men prove the women empowerment, education is the best platform for them to prove mselves that they are equal tg any men in the society. No one can learn something new sitting at home, education is what provides them to acquire new knowledge. asons Why Education is Important: It gives an opportunity to leam different languages other than the mother tongue and ability to survive anywhere in the entire world. It makes us to develop as good citizens of society, It helps to protect ourselves from the other harmful events and helps you keep lucating of current dangers, diseases and how to face or prevent them..Also, it will make us jow what may cause danger to others and make us aware of not causing trouble to others, fe are provided with a beautiful resources naturally so education will help how to reserve , how to sustain them and gives ideas for creating alternatives, Comfortable and stable life: It is expected by most of everyone that they need to live a life of comfort and ~ luxury, but to make that happen cither the person need to be stable or educated, To earn a better life and live a comfortable life, a person needs to uiderstand the2. 3. QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1.5) value of education. Most of the people think education is a waste of time, as are just a material fact with no relative connection practically. But if a p even a small portion of knowledge, then it is possible that they can handle situation better than uneducated people. Improvement in standard of living: Most of people think education can lead a person to a position where he / she fulfill all of their dreams and expectations. But most of them doesn’t beli such thinking that education creates such difference in one’s life. And it ist that just education can’t get one a successful position unless he / she work hard to get that position. If a person starts dedicating himself / herself for a qui of education then it is possible that the result of such dedication will be fruitf _ Provides safety and security: If a person needs a life with safety and security, then he / she need to under the value of education in our daily life. To lead a life of safety and securi person need to take active participation in educational activities. Th educational activities will provide them the know!cdge which can help them li better life. These kind of drastic change-can be initiated with the help of educati in one’s life, Equali This is the only way where a person of any caste and region will maintait respectable position with the help of an education. There are different kinds| personalities who have different opinions but still acquire the success holdit their respect. All these can take place with the help of an education. It mainiair an equality between people even if they are holders of different sets of opinions, Provides confidence: An education is only a matter of thinking which can provide change in one’s.| of confidence. Sometimes it happens that people experience embarrassm because of lack of education. And to overcome such embarrassment people net to come forward and accept the benefits of education which can change their with full of confidence. Eventually, it changes the opinions among people’s and their stability. Prevents unlikely events: ‘ Sometimes when we are unaware of things it can create a certain level of chan in our life, Therefore, it would be advisable that a person need to educate him / herself about the things which they are unaware of. And eventually, educati can make us self reliant and confident enough to face such unlikely situations.FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION : 265 Living in a society,‘one should have knowledge of their rights, laws and regulations. This knowledge will help to build boundaries around us to follow the tules so that we have a peaceful life. Education will help to interact with different kinds of persons and exchange knowledge and ideas and live in harmony. To be a active participant in society and to gain respect from the world one should always learn new things. 1.2 MODES OF EDUCATION There are three modes of education: (D Formal education (fl) Non formal education (III) ‘Informal education wa FORMAL EDUCATION The process of teaching which involves supervision, instruction, set plan, definite aims and principles, amounts to formal education. Its characteristics are; () Planned with a particular purpose in view. Formal education is planned with a particular end in view. It is given in school, college and similar other institutions which are established with the purpose. In this way it is direct schooling, instruction and tuition. (ii) Limited to a specific period. : Formal education is’ limited to a specific period or stage. It is provided according to certain set rules and regulations. It is in the form of systematic, planned and guided instruction. (iii) -Well-defined and systematic curriculum. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum. This curriculum is based on certain aims and objectives.. These aims are in conformity with thé needs of the society and the state. (iv) Given by specially qualified teachers. Formal education is given by specially qualified teachers. They are supposed to be efficient in the art of instruction. (v) ‘Includes activities outside the classroom, In modem progressive schools, the process of education is not merely restricted to the four walls of the classroom. There are more activities outside the classroom than inside it.QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1.5 Yea (vi) Observes strict discipline. Formal education observes strict discipline. The pupil and the teacher are bot aware of the fact and engage themselves in the process of education. ul. INFORMAL EDUCATION Informal education is “the process by which a person imbibes attitudes, develops skills, cultivates values and acquires knowledge, without any organisation or syste about it. This would include the deliberate attempts of parents and elders in the family and community to help the young ones grow and adapt themselves to the environment, Informal education would also include all incidental learning that takes place while at work or at play and during travels — as well as spontaneous learning through films, radio and television.” Its characteristics are: ’ : (Incidental and Spontaneous. Informal education is'incidental and spontaneous. There is no conscious effort involved in it. Courtesies, gentleness, etc. leamt in a market place or in a hotel or in one’s sitting room is informal education. (ii) No-pre-planned nor deliberate. Informal education is an educative activity which is neither pre-planned nor deliberate. The child learns many habits, manners and patterns while living with others or moving in different spheres like home, society, groups etc. (iii) Not imparted by any specialised agency. Unlike formal education, informal cducation is not imparted by any . Specialised agency such as school or college. (iv) No prescribed timetable or curriculum. Informal education is not given according to any fixed time-table or through formal means of education. There is no set curriculum required. Informal education consists in experiences and actual living in the family or community. (v) May be negative education also. . Informal education may take to negative direction also. Instances are not rare when one leams stealing, or some other forms of misbehaviour from the experiences which the child may casually have in the street, in the market, in the cinema hall or in some other such place. Ml NON-FORMAL EDUCATION | Non-formal education is one of the recent concepts getting into use. Involvement. in non-formal education has increased as a result of out interest in making education a life-long affair rather than a matter of formal schooling, Its characteristics are:(OUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION di) Gi) (iv) w) Derived from the expression ‘formal education’. The expression ‘non-formal’ in non-formal education has been derived from the expression ‘formal’ in formal education by using the pre-fix non- Outside the realm of formal Education. Non-formal, education is structured and planned, but outside the realm of formal education. “Any organised, systematic educational activity, carried outside the framework of the established formal system, whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity, that is intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives.” Conscious and deliberate. Non-formal education is consciously and deliberately organised and systematically implemented. To be organised for a homogeneous group. Non-formal education should be organised for a homogeneous group. Such a group has to be identified in terms of their learning needs. Serving the needs of the identified group. Non-formal education should be programmed to serve the needs of the identified group. This will necessitate flexibility in design of the curriculum and the scheme of evaluation. B. COMPARATIVE VIEW Formal Education Informal Education Noa-formal Education 1. This education begins from school and goes upto university. It is time-bound. . This education is life long | 1. process. This education is a continuous process. 2. The scope of this education is limited and narrow. . The scope of Informal } 2. education is vast. The scope of this education is vast. 3. The sources or agencies of this education are school, religious museums, library and art- gallery etc. 4. The aim of this education is intellectual development of man. - on practicality, . The sources or agencies of | 3. education are home, market places, etc. This education lays stress . The aim of this education The sources of this type of education are structured — organisation, theatres etc. is all round development of man:“QUALIFY GUIDE (B.Ed. Secondary 1.5 Yi colleges. «It is fr 13.Formal education is rigid and has fixed point of entry and exit. point. 14. It does not utilise all the human resources. resource 5. Formal education is pre-| 5. Informal education is | 5. Non-formal. education | planned. Its __time- received from any and also pre-planned schedule is fixed. every person at any time. Formal education. 6. In the curriculum the | 6. In this. education Non-formal — edu subjects and co-curricular curriculum is the life it includes need-base activities are fixed. self. subjects. 7. This education is unreal. Informal education is | 7. This education is natural. combination of nature and formal education, 8. Formal éducation is | 8. In this education there are provided through fixed no fixed methods of the methods and formal methods of | teaching. predetermined in teaching. form. 9. This education is | 9. This education can be|9. This education is als imparted by trained received from any person. given by ~ experienced teachers. teachers but through correspondence. 10. Student's evaluation is | 10. The individual's | 10. In Non-formal education done on the basis. of evaluation is done by certificates/Degrees art examination. Certificates observing Social awarded on the basis of are awarded. adjustment. No certificate evaluation. is awarded. . Discipline is strict as well . In Informal — education _ Itis self-imposed or inner as flexible in this social control becomes the discipline. education. cause of social discipline. . This education is] 12. This education can be . This is own confined to educational received at any place. institutions, schools or tules or. entry or exit It uses ayailable human | 14. i | ‘ee from any rigid principle of maximisation| of human potentials, es.FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION 269 1.3 ELEMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS The elements of educational process are: (a) Aims (b) Curriculum (c) Pedagogy (d) Evaluation Aims: Every individual is born with talents. The aim of education is the development of these talents or potentialities. The aim of education i$ intellectual, physical, social, spiritual, aesthetical and ethical development of man. Curriculum: The aims of education are achieved through curriculum. It includes curricular (subject matter) and co-curricular activities for the intellectual, physical, social, spiritual, aesthetical and ethical development of the child. Pedagogy: s Pedagogy is concerned with teaching ‘methods. In order to present the contents (subject matter) to the learners, different methods are required. These may range from, informal to formal methods. There are variety of methods like lecture method, activity method, problem solving method etc. Today we also have software as well as hardware technology. Evaluation: Evaluation is concerned with knowing the value of any thing, In the education process different things are evaluated e.g., contents, methods, student performance. The different techniques are used for evaluation e.g., tests, interviews, questionnaires, observation etc.