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Lesson On Gibbs' Free Energy

The document discusses Gibbs free energy (G) and how it can be used to determine if a chemical reaction is spontaneous. It provides the equations for calculating ΔG (change in Gibbs free energy) from ΔH (enthalpy change) and ΔS (entropy change). It gives examples of using standard heat of formation and entropy values to calculate ΔG for chemical reactions at different temperatures.

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Jan Yeasha Mendez
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115 views

Lesson On Gibbs' Free Energy

The document discusses Gibbs free energy (G) and how it can be used to determine if a chemical reaction is spontaneous. It provides the equations for calculating ΔG (change in Gibbs free energy) from ΔH (enthalpy change) and ΔS (entropy change). It gives examples of using standard heat of formation and entropy values to calculate ΔG for chemical reactions at different temperatures.

Uploaded by

Jan Yeasha Mendez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

6 Gibbs’ Free Energy


For a spontaneous reaction the entropy of the universe must increase. Reactions with
large negative ΔH values are spontaneous.
Gibbs free energy, G, of a state is :
G = H - TS

For a process occurring at constant temperature :


ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS.

There are three important conditions:


I . If ΔG < 0 then the forward reaction is spontaneous.
2. If ΔG = 0 then reaction is at equilibrium and no net reaction will occur.
3. If ΔG > 0 then the forward reaction is not spontaneous. (However, the reverse
reaction is spontaneous.) If ΔG > 0, work must be supplied from the surroundings to
drive the reaction.
For a reaction the free energy of the reactants decreases to a minimum (equilibrium) and then
increases to the free energy of the products.

Example: ( Calculation of standard free energy change using ΔHfº and Sº values )
Carbon monoxide and oxygen gas react to form carbon dioxide.
CO(g) + ½ O2(g) CO2(g)
Calculate the standard free energy change (ΔG.rxn ) for this reaction at 25 °C from ΔH.rxn and
ΔS.rxn.
Note: Standard heat of formation ( ΔHfo ): CO2 = −393.5 kJ/mol
CO = −110.5 kJ/mol
O2 = 0
Solution:
Step 1. Use standard heats of formation to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction
under standard state conditions.
ΔHºrxn = oΔHfº(products) − oΔHfº(reactants)
= ΔHfº[CO2(g)] − ΔHfº[CO(g)] − ½ ΔHfº[O2(g)]
= −393.5 kJ/mol − (−110.5 kJ/mol) − 0
= −283.0 kJ/mol
Step 2. Use standard entropy values to calculate the entropy change for this reaction under
standard state conditions.
ΔS.rxn = So(products) − So(reactants)
= So[CO2(g)] − So[CO(g)] − ½ So[O2(g)]
= 213.7 J/mol - K − (197.7 J/mol - K) − (½)(205.1 J/mol - K)
= −86.6 J/mol - K

Note that ΔS.rxn is negative, as predicted by the stoichiometry: 1.5 moles of gas forms 1 mole
of gas.
Step 3. Calculate ΔG.rxn
ΔG.rxn = ΔH.rxn − TΔS.rxn
= −283.0 kJ/mol − (298 K)(−86.6 J/mol - K)(1 kJ/1000 J)
= −257 kJ/mol
Chapter Test

1. Calculate ΔG for the following reaction at 25oC. Will the reaction occur spontaneously?
NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)
given for the reaction :
ΔH=−176.0kJ
ΔS=−284.8J/K

2. What is the standard free energy change, ΔGo , for the following reaction at 25 oC?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)→2NH3 (g)
Note:
N2 H2 NH3
ΔHfo 0 0 - 45.9 kJ
o
S 191.5 130.6 193 J/K

3. Consider the reaction : 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)


carried out at 25oC and 1 atm. Calculate ΔHo , ΔSo and ΔGo using the following data:

substance ΔHfo (kJ/mol) So (J/K-mol)


SO2(g) - 297 248
SO3(g) - 396 257
O2(g) 0 205

4. Methanol is a high-octane fuel used in high performance racing engines. Calculate ΔGo
for the reaction : 2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2 + 4H2O(g)
given the following free energies of formation:

substance ΔGfo( kJ/mol)


CH3OH(g) - 163
O2(g) 0
CO2 - 394
H2O(g) - 229

5. Consider the reaction : 2POCl3(g) 2PCl3(g) + O2(g) . Calculate ΔGo for this reaction.
o
The ΔGf values for POCl3(g) and PCl3(g) are - 502 kJ/mol and - 270 kJ/mol respectively.

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