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Manual on
Hazard Resistant
Construction in India
For reducing vulnerability in
buildings built without engineers

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 Manual on
Hazard Resistant Construction in India
For reducing vulnerability in buildings built without engineers

June 2008
Prepared by Rajendra Desai and Rupal Desai
With the support from NCPDP team under GOI-UNDP DRM Programme

National Centre For People's - Action In Disaster Preparedness. (NCPDP)

103,"Antariksh Building" Panjarapole Cross Roads, Vikram Sarabhai Marg,
Ahmedabad - 380 015.Gujarat - (India) Tel : 079 - 26300970, Fax : 079 - 2630 8843.
Email : [email protected], Website : ncpdpindia.org

The use and sharing of information contained in this document is encouraged, with due
acknowledgment of the source.

All Photographs © NCPDP, 2007, UNDP license for the use of the photographs allows
reproduction ofthe imagesas part of this publication only, and not independently.

The viewsexpressed in thisdocument are those of the authors.Theydo not necessarily represent thoseof the Ministry of
Home Affair-. I.MH A)or United Nations Development Programme IUNDP) or any other part of the United Nations system.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not implythe expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNDP concerning the legal or development status of any country, city or area or of its
authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
 Preface

Natural phenomena like earthquake and cyclones become disasters because of lack of awareness on
how to construct affordable disaster resistant houses by using viable technologies. It has been
observed that this ignorance results in the violation of the basic rules of good construction and
hazard resistant technology leadingto deaths, injury and unwarranted hardshipto the people along
with huge losses in termsof houses and infrastructure. In addition to the direct losses caused by the
disaster it has been observed that the people sufferself-inflicted lossesout of ignorance and under the
influence of the unscientific myths that prevail afterthe disasters. For example the Latur Earthquake
made people think that there was no future in their houses that were built out of stone, wood and
mud, or those with foundation built on soil instead of on rock, or those that were made with load-
bearingsystem. This led them to get their housesdismantled and sell the salvaged material at a throw
away price. Asa result tens of thousands of families lost perfectly good undamaged houses.

This manual focuses on construction of hazard resistant masonry buildings as well as restoration
and retrofittingof the existing mason ry buildings .It has been observed that even RCC construction is
also often done in a non-engineered manner. Hence, some basic but critical information is provided
on RCC construction also. Since the manual is meant to guide contractors, masons and house-
owners, a maximum possible use of visuals including photographs of actual construction has been
made with text included where required. The manual is based on various codes and guidelines of
Bureau of Indian Standards and is linked to the VulnerabilityAtlas made by Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation, Gol. In addition the practical experience of the authors for the past one
and a half decades in retrofitting of hundreds of vernacular structures as well as in construction of new
houses applying hazard resistant technology with local materials in widely differing regions of the
country has provided a sound footing in the preparation ofthis manual.

It should be noted that the list of rules and measures given in this manual is not exhaustive. But the
mostcritical rules are covered. The measures given here cover the most common typesof buildings in
the country. The understanding of the underlying principles should help the reader to evolve
measures for other situations.

Since there are great variations in the construction practice of masonry structures in different parts of
the country, some of the important regional variations are also included in the manual to enable the
house owner and the masons to relate to various measures in reference to the locally used
construction methods.

The information provided in this manual is essentially for the higher risk areas including Seismic
Zones III, IVand V, Wind Speed Zones III and IVwith wind speeds ranging from 47 to 55m./second,
and the areas affected by the floods. But the people in the other zones also could refer to it for
guidance.

The manual has evolved to be comprehensive on account of the reasons indicated above. It is
expected that masons will be initiated in the use of this manual as a part of a training program so that
they get the maximum benefit out of the Manual. Once the training is completed this Manual can be
used as a reference book to be used as often as required. This manual is equally useful to the site
supervisors, engineers, and by those wanting to get their house built by a mason. We earnestly hope
that they too would make use of this manual.

Finally, it is intended that this manual will help in reducing the undue losses and hardships to the
people when struck by an earthquake, cyclone or a flood, and that it becomes an important tool in
making India less vulnerable to disasters.

Ill
 ABBREVIATIONS

WORDS Abbreviations

AC Asbestos cement
Approx. Approximately
BBCM Burnt brick in cement mortar
BBMM Burnt brick in mud mortar
BMTPC Building Material Technology Promotion Council
Cem. Cement
CGI Corrugated galvanized iron
CM Cement mortar
cm Centimeter
Cum. Cubic meter
CWM Chicken wire mesh
Dia. Diameter
Dist. Distance
Eqk. Earthquake
ga- Gauge
Horz. Horizontal
kg- Kilogram
km. Kilometer
Lt Litre
m Meter

Max. Maximum
Min. Minimum
mm
Milli meter
MS Mild steel
NCPDP National Center of Peoples'- Action in Disaster Preparedness
NDMD National Disaster Management Division
No. / no. Number
RC Reinforced concrete
RCC Reinforced cement concrete
RRM Random rubble masonry
Rmt. Running meter
Smt. Square meter
Sq.m. Square meter
UCRC Un-coursed rubble masonry in cement mortar
UCRM Un-coursed rubble masonry in mud mortar
UNDP United Nations Development Program
Vert. Vertical
WWM Welded wire mesh

VI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

apter Contents Page Number

1 Introduction to Disaster Prone Areas 1

2 Building Systems 5

3 Damage Types & Reasons 9

4 Vulnerability Identification 17
1 *

5 Basic Rules of Disaster Resistant Desiqn 19

6 Basic Rules of Good Quality Construction 29

7 Disaster Resisting Features 40

8 Disaster Resisting Features - Regional Variations 62

9 Material Quantities for Disaster Resisting Features. 67

10 Don'ts - New Construction 71

11 Restoration Procedures 75

12 Retrofitting Measures 82

13 Material Quantities for Retrofitting Measures 96

14 Don'ts - Restoration & Retrofitting 100

15 Tools and Equipment for Retrofitting 10?

1 \J£.

16 Basic Rules of Good Quality Non-Engineered RC Construction 104

Appendix 109

VII
 In India different types of natural disasters
like earthquake, cyclone and flood bring
death and destruction in many places
every year. To reduce the impact of
disasters, people must know about the risk
of different disasters and destruction they
can bring, and building artisans should
learn the techniques.

(A
(0
0)
This manual is aimed at helping the building artisans improve their skills and
learn about the disaster-resistant building technologies that they can use in
their region. It can also be used by site supervisors, engineers and house
ownersto learn the practical aspectsofsuch technologies.

This manual coversthe most commonly used masonry walls including brick,
c o concrete blocks and stone, and the most commonly used roofs including
pitched roofs with roofing materials consisting of clay tiles and AC &CGI
o »- sheeting, and flat roof consisting ofmud timber roof and RC slab.
•- Q.
~r

O "• Earthquake Risk MAP OF INDIA

3 J!
SHOWING

SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

The map of India printed

here shows the types of

2 «
£ (A
earthquake that can
possiblyoccur and the risks
involved. The person can
locate his area on the map
and become aware of the
possible risk of future
earthquake.

There are four different zones:

Numbered II, III, IV & V.
Zone II has the lowest risk and
Zone V has the highest risk.
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Expected Damage In Future Earthquake

to Different Category Buildings*

Zone II:
Kachcha Buildings: About 50% will have
fine cracks and about 5% moderate cracks.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 25% will have
fine cracks.
Pucca Buildings: No damage.

Moderate and fine cracks

Zone III :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will have large cracks and 5%
will have collapsed portions.
Semi Pucca Buildings : About 75% will have large cracks.
Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have small cracks, and 5%
will have large cracks.

Large cracks

Zone IV :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will have collapsed portions.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have large cracks,
about 5% will have collapsed portions.
Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have small cracks, and
about 5% will have large cracks.

Collapsed portions

Zone V :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will collapse fully.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 50% will have collapsed
portions and about 5% may collapse fully.
Pucca Buildings: About 50% will have large cracks, and about
5% will have collapsed portions.
Total collapse

* Building Category
Kachcha Structures: Having walls made of mud, unburned bricks or soft stone.
Semi Pucca Structures: Having walls made of bricks, good quality stone, concrete blocks.
Pucca Structures: Walls made with cement mortar, timber and reinforced concrete.
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Cyclone Risk
The map on this page shows areas known to experience high winds and cyclones.
The person constructing a building in such area must take in to consideration the
damage that can occur.

There are four zones based on expected maximum wind speeds in the area.
Zone I has the lowest risk and Zone IV has the highest.
Expected Damage In Future Cyclone
Zone I:
Low Damage Risk
Wind Speed up to 33m/s
Well-built Semi-Pucca Buildings:
Very little damage.
Loose corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) &
fibre cement sheets and clay tiles fly off.
Zone II:
Moderate Damage Risk
Wind Speed 39 to 44m/s
Kachcha and Semi-Pucca Buildings:
Moderate damage.
Loose roofing clay tiles fly off; some roof
sheets fixed to purlins also fly off.
Zone III:
High Damage Risk
Wind Speed 47m/s
Kachcha and Semi Pucca Buildings:
Heavy damage
Boundary Walls: Overturn
Industrial Buildings: Walls fail, whole roofs
may fly off.
Zone IV:
Very High Damage Risk
Wind Speed 50 to 55 m/s
Similar to Zone III but the damage is more
widespread as in a severe cyclone.

• .r.
Blown off tiles due to high winds Wall collapse due to tidal surge
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

-i 1-

Flood Hazard Map

.. Mag Nam tut pi

Flood Risk

This map shows the areas that are

known to experience major
floods. Those constructing
buildings in such an area must
take into account the danger of
flooding from rivers. In addition
there could be a problem of local
flooding due to heavy rains. The
map also shows the tidal surge
that can be expected.

Expected Damage In
Future Flood

CaptUI Town Flooding and fast moving water

-

can cause structural damage

Ana MM* to flood

PiotubM M«*. Storm Surga HWgM (m |

due to water inundation and
settlement of foundation due to
scouring.

Water Innundation Damage due to foundation settelement

 Most Common Non-Engineered
Building Systems in India
Majority of buildings in rural and semi-urban
parts of the country are built by people with the
help of local building artisan's with no help from
engineers. These may be Kutcha or Pucca. These
buildings generally have no more than two
storeys. Two main pucca building systems are
shown below.

(A
This is used for majority of
E houses and infrastructure
buildings in villages, towns
and cities. The walls carry
all the loads and also resist
forces of earthquake, cyc
lone and flood. It uses
materials that are most
>» easily available locally.
(0

C
• ••

This is used in towns and

cities usually for multi
storey buildings. The RC
frame carries all the loads
and also resists forces of
earth-quake, cyclone and
flood. The cladding walls
provide the security to
•o the occupants from rain,
0) cold, heat, and thieves.

0)
0)
This system is used based on engineering design but, some
buildings are constructed without the help of an engineer.

Recent Transformation in Building Systems

In past few decades with increasing prosperity, improved availability of longer
lasting materials, and timber becoming very expensive, the materials used have
changed significantly and continue to change. As a result many building systems
have become economically unviable.

This manual focuses only on those non-engineered building systems that

are most popular and are most likely to remain in use across the
disaster prone areas of the country.
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

1 .Load Bearing Masonry System

A. With Pitched Roof

Materials for Walls

Walling: Brick, Concrete Block and Stone
Mortar: Mud mortar from local clayey soil,
Cement Sand mortar with proportions ranging
from 1:6 to 1:12 often using sand from local
streams containing high proportion of silt.

Materials for Roof

Roofing: Clay tiles, slate, CGI and AC Sheets
Understructure: Sized and Round timber with different arrangement
of main elements as shown below.

Large Purlins from Gable to Cable Rafters from Ridge to Eave Walls
and over Intermediate Beams
Large Purlins from Truss to Truss
and over Principal Rafter

B. With Reinforced Concrete Slab

Materials for Walls

Walling: Brick, Concrete Block
and Stone
Mortar: Cement Sand mortar
with proportions ranging from
1:6 to 1:12 often using sand
from local streams containing
high proportion of silt.

Materials for Roof

Flat Roof: Reinforced Concrete slab with cement, sand, aggregate
concrete proportions ranging from 1:2:4 to 1:3:6 often mixed with
silty sand and rounded aggregates from river.

C. Flat Mud Roofing on Timber Deck Supported on Timber Columns or RR Masonry Walls
Materials for Walls
Walling: Random Rubble Masonry
Mortar: Mud mortar using local clayey soil.

Materials for Roof

Flat Roof: 200mm to 250mm (8" to 10") of impervious layer of

clayey mud placed on heavy modular timber deck supported
either on timber columns or directly on random rubble masonry
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

NEW TRENDS

In disaster prone high risk areas like Kashmir people are replacing mud roof
with CGI sheeting. In Uttarakhand the slate roof is changing to RC slab or to
CGI. In Kutchh people are changing thatch to clay tiles. In different parts of
Arunachal Pradesh bamboo and timber roofs are changing to CGI. In all these
areas those with more resources are replacing mud mortar by cement mortar.

LLoad Bearing Masonry System

A. With Pitched Roof

Slate Roof over Stone walls in Mud Mortar with

RC Floor cum Roof over a portion
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

B. With Flat Concrete Slab Roof

In recent times RC slab roof has become popular, even though
climatically it is not the best, it is a sign of modernity and requires
maintenance less frequently. In such buildings mortar consists of
cement mortar.

C. Flat Mud Roofing on Timber Deck Supported on Timber Columns or on Masonry Walls
Mud roof with timber understructure is still found in many areas of country that receive less rainfall. It is
popular as it is climatically appropriate and requires frequent but easy maintenance. Walls in such buildings
are generally built with stone in mud mortar. With timber becoming very expensive and also scarce, in some
areas it is being repalced by RC slab or CGI sheeting.

m m^
Rfl

ft

¥ »^J"
* -::J
t" i

Se mw
 Damage Due to Natural Hazards
Earthquake, Cyclone and Flood, each one exerts a variety
offerees, directly and indirectly, on buildings. The
important factors that cause damage to buildings are
• Types of weaknesses in the building.
• Direction, speed and duration with which the
hazard strikes a building.
• Earthquake : Magnitude (Richter Scale), the depth
of epicenter and ouildings' distance from it.
• Cyclone : Wind speed, and accompanying rain.
• Flood: Depthand duration of flood, and speed of water.

Earthquake Damage : Types & Causes

Earthquake makes the building and its parts bend, elongate, compress and twist. Various
walls move in different directions. This causes tension in the walls and at the junction of
various parts of the building. Ifthe strength is not adequate then the damage occurs.
(A Since mortar makes a significant contribution to the strength of masonry, the weaker the
mortar, more sever i-> the damage.
C
O
(0
(Q
0)
CC
Vertical Crack at the Corner Vertical Crack away from corner
00 Cause: Corner is weak and not able to Cause: Wall is not able to withstand
take tension between two walls. tension caused by its bending.
(0
0)
a
>» Vl
jCJ
I-
• •
M^
Diagonal Crack
Cause: The wall is not able to withstand
\ $ I*

Diagonal Crack at the corner of the

window and the door
tension resulting from elongation in dia Cause: Wall with openings is weak aga
gonal direction. inst tension in diagonal direction.
CO
E
(0

Horizontal Crack at the base of Gable Wa I Crack under a beam

Cause: Gable wall is unable to resist tension Cause: Wall is unable to resist splitting
at its base caused by its back and forth shaking tension due to concentrated load from the
(bending). beam during earthquake.
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Earthquake damage
Types & Causes

Wall bulged
Cause: In thick stone walls its outer and inner wythes
(faces) are not interlocked adequately, and with shak
ing their separation begins, resulting in to bulging.

Wall going out of plumb

With both corners cracked wall loses its supports at
ends. Anyfurther shakingmakes ittilt and go out of plumb.

Wall with one face fallen arxl other intact (Delamination)

Cause: In thick stone walls its outer and inner wythes
(faces) are not interlocked adequately, and with shak
ing one face separates and collapses.

Wall with small portion at top having collapsed

Cause: Weak Wall without adequate roof anchoring is not
able to withstand tension caused by back and forth bending.

Cracked Masonry Column

Cause: The masonry column
is not able to withstand tens
ion resulting from its bending Collapse of a part of the slab Slab sliding from its position
caused by the horizontal pu Cause: Portion of support wall collapses, Cause: The weak joint between slab and
sh from the roof supported depriving support to a part of slab, wall is not able to withstand the horizontal
on it. resulting in the collapse of that part. force exerted by the slab on the wall.
10
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Portion of support wall collapses resulting Sudden shock causes breakage of rotten
in the collapse of roof understructure. beam.

Photographs of Earthquake Damage to Walls

m ,,

j
* ^^ i

Corner cracks and roof damage

•TIN et collapse Masonry column cracking

11
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Photographs of Earthquake
Damage to Walls (cont.)

Corner collapse

7ijL '—
z&3&B«I

Delamination of stone wall Corner and middle wall collapse

12
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Photographs of Earthquake Damage to Roofs

Cyclone Damage: Types and Causes

The wind at very high speed creates pressureon some parts of the building and suction on the other. As a
result the buildingand its parts bend and elongate. If the strength is not adequate then all this causes Cra
cks, parts of wall collapse, uplifting of roof, uplifting of projecting shades etc.

Areas of higher
ion/pressure.
The wall facing wind is subjected to press
Comer areas of
severe suction ure. All other walls are subjected to suction.
Different parts of roof are subjected to diffe
Projecting rent amount of suction.
window
shades.

The damage to walls is very similar to

that resulting in earthquake.
Damage to roof is different and is as
Windward
described below:
, nrnei Wind

^ }^wyy^
1
Eave level roof projection and Window Shades Lift Roof Corner at Gable Wall Getting Lifted up
ed up Cause: The weak anchoring of roof purlins and roofing
Cause: The weak anchoring of the outer edge of roof on top of gable wall is inadequate to resist uplift caus
and of window shade are inadequate to resist the up ed by wind. If wind is stronger, then this can lead to bl
ward push by wind. If wind is stronger, then this can owing off of the whole roof.
lead to blowing off of the whole roof.

13
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Photographs of Cyclone Damage

^ _

1
•

iZxtiZ-VM* wm% '» •

Collapse of wall and

Damage by Cyclonic Surge

14
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Flood / Rain Damage: Types and Causes

Settlement in Foundation
Cause: Foundation is not able to support the wall
load because of reduction in load bearing
capacity of foundation soil due to rise in water
table. This causes severe cracking in walls and in
some cases, part of the building settles down.
Severe Cracking / Collapse of Wall
Cause: Prolonged flooding and heavy rain cause
the wetting of wall and mortar. This reduces the
bearing capacity of mud mortar and clay wall, and
so the wall is not able to support the roof. This
results in severe cracking and even collapse.

Rain Damage
Cause: Sustained rain for many hours causes
erosion of mortar, or foundation resulting in
cracking or even collapse of walls.

Scouring of Wall Base

Cause: Fast moving water erodes the foundation of the
wall or erodes the wall mortar. This weakens the
structure resulting into large holes or cracks or
collapse of walls.

15
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Photographs of Flood & Rain Damage

PP> fe l
• ii SW3 •
<%!&•*? %v--.' _ , "-^* -
' 'JP''
* it.
^» 1 ' -
1'I;
1
1 I fl Zm\ A k ^•=R ifl ••

lf^ •
••
•
VI
SL~
«M
HI mFm
^^>-:Vgm
•^iHBP'i*
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•^^
^TlU
r-^
^Wj^^.
... j. kj-^^^^ j •
-
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^^h
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^t*b%t ».
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l

Prolonged flooding Collapse dI wall clue 0 mud mortar weakening

jJH ^^r A
Am \r^ 'm
m^m\ m
A^L\

''/
•*. -
Erosionand scouring of mud wall by heavy rain

16
 The weaknesses or vulnerabilities in
a building against forces of earth
quake, cyclone and flood must be
identified in order to decide the rem
edial measures necessary to make
the building safer.

Vulnerability of Non-Engineered Buildings

c against Earthquake, Cyclone & Flood Hazards
In India masonry structures are built with similar construction practices using stone,
o bricks, concrete blocks, unbaked bricks or mud blocks for walls, with a variety of mor
tars including mud and cement mortars with widely differing proportions of different in
gredients. The weaknesses in these walls are similar, but vary in degree ofdamagability
because of varying strengths of the mortar as well as the quality of construction. The
remedial measures to tackle these weaknesses are also similar except for the mud (clay)
o walls.

The bamboo and timber walled buildings are light weight and flexible.

In case of roofs the materials like clay tiles, CGI or AC sheets, slate, mud, thatch etc are
used. Their support systems differ a great deal, thus requiring different remedial mea
sures.

•o

Mud wall and thatch roof house Ekra style timber-bamboo walls

For mud walls there are no simple

measures t<> make them disaster resistant.
0) For thatch roof there are no simple
remedial measures to make them eye lone
resistant.

Bamboo and timber walled build

earthquake resistant

Hence, in this manual the walls made of

earth, bamboo or timber, and roof made
Timber walls of thatch are not included.

This manual covers load bearing masonry walls of stone, bricks, and
concrete blocks, with mud and cement mortar, and pitched roofs with clay
tiles, CGI/AC sheeting, and slate,and flat roof consistingof mud and RC slab.
17
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Vulnerability of Non-Engineered Buildings against

Earthquake, Cyclone & Flood Hazards
Based on the studies of damages to non-engineered structures due to various hazards the
commonly observed vulnerability is shown in the diagram below. It is important to identify
and apply the remedial measures for these.

VULNERABILITY AT A GLANCE
Load Bearing Masonry Building with Pitched Roof
©«?' Weak anchoring of sheeting &
tiles to roof framing.

© »J/ In-plane deformation in O®

roof causing sideway Weak anchoring ofroofing to
push on the gable wall. gablewall and roof framing
tJ/Absenceoftieat ©tf<
eave projection. Poor strength ofgable against
©& back and forth shaking.
Poor connection between 9®
roofframing and wall. Absence of storey-to-
©® roof connection.
Side way push from roof
0©
rafters to wall.
Absence ofstorey-to-
Q® storey connection.
Absence of connection Weak wall-to-wall
between floor and walls. connection.© *?/
©*?/Diagonal tearing at Absence of ductility
opening corners. in vertical direction.
©& O®
Masonry with poor
In-plane deformation of floor
horizontal bending
rectangle changing to parallelogram. strength. ©>J/

© Absence ofplastering Masonry with poor tensile

or pointing permit wetting strength against tearing.
of mud mortar. ©®

0 Absence of moisture ©Plinth masonry in mud

barrier that permit mortarwith open jointsthat
wettingof mud mortar. can easily be eroded.
jj, Easily Breakable Weakanchoringof door/
window frame to wall. «ni:„,k ,„ _,,
Large Glass Panel. WPlinth level lower *.
than ..high, flood
„
mark.

Load Bearing Masonry O®

Building with flat RC Roof High masonry parapet with no
ductilityand no anchoring to floor.

©«?/
Absence of connection
between roof slab &wall.

In a building with RC Slab roof the vulnerabilities be

low the roof level are same as those in a pitched roof
building. But above that level they are different.

%$ Earthquake (?y Wind (^ Flood &Rain

18
 First Step in Disaster Safety
Adhering to the basic rules that provide
guidance on the planning and
designing of a disaster resistant building
is the first step in safety against disaster.
This is irrespective of what materials are 1
used in construction.

1. Examples for Better Understanding of Disaster

Resistant Construction Principles

(A Bus moves on bumpy

roads but does not fall
4) apart because all its
sides, top and bottom are
Q connected together
solidly.

*«- (A
O ••
<a
(A 0) A cardboard box open at the top with some
weight in it, gets distorted if you lift it. But if
0) g itsflaps at the top are closed, itsshape does
not change when lifted.
3 k

O W
(A
(A
(Q .-
CO Q A house is like a bus or a cardboard
box. If all its walls, roof and
foundation are tied together well it
will not fall apart or deform if shaken
by an earthquake or a cyclone.

I')
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

1. Examples for Better Understanding of

Disaster Resistant Construction Principles (Cont.)

If a table, with heavy top that is poorly attached to its supports, is shaken violently, the
supports can break off and the table can collapse.
A building with heavy roof is like the table. If its roof is not attached well to its supports
and supports are weak, then it can collapse in an earthquake.

In a building some features have to be added in

the masonry wall so that in earthquake or
cyclone it does not deform or crack.
Band

The top rim of a plastic bucket is folded.

This makes the top rim stiff. When a
bucket full of water is picked up it does
not deform or crack.

J^
In an earthquake or cyclone a tree does not collapse.
It bends and returns to its original position because it
is elastic and strong. Masonry walls bend and crack.
Some features need to be added to make them
ductile/elastic.

20
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Rules described here apply to different hazards. But all the rules help
in making the building stronger and lasting longer. With each rule a
special symbol is assigned for its applicability to a particular hazard.
(^Earthquake ^Vy
iTJiwind © Flood & Rain

2. Locating the Building

/ V
LCD CD

Avoid all low lyingareas forconstruction as it can be If higher ground is not available then construct on
inundated with water in case of heavy rain. artificially raised ground or on stilts.

Cut slope
etaining Wall

The shelters should not be laid out

in straight rows to prevent the
of slope
tunnel effect during cyclones.

M
_ Construct building at least 1m away from
%M top of slope and 1m away from the cut.
*^ Also construct retaining wall to support
iffy Adopt a non-regular layout. %3 very steep cutslope.

21
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Building Plan & Form

©®
Building with symmetrical plan is safer It is best to divide the building into a
than the one with asymmetrical plan. number of symmetrical units.

x \\y x Vx
f^ Avoid making buildings with plans having 'C, 'H', 'T', or'L' shapes in disaster prone areas.

(flj
*^_ ©®
t^JS
^^Cr"
%2ry
0
^x
M ^"
Squareplan of a buildingissaferthan
the long rectangular building plan
""*"•».
^V
with walls longer than 7m (23').

©®
House with verandah
in one corner can get
damaged more easily
than a house with
verandah in the centre
or with verandah
symmetrically located
in corners on both
sides.

22
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Building Plan & Form (Cont.)

Very long building can get damaged or even collapse easily than a
shorter building. Avoid constructing a house with length more than 3
timesitswidth"B". Otherwisedividethebuildingin twoseparateunits.

©®

No Gable wall Gable walls in two-sided sloping roof collapse easily.

Building with four-sided sloping roof is stronger

than the one with two- sided sloping roof.

®
House should be ideally square or round.

t^
The pyramid shaped roof is ideally suited. /

22° to 305~^f ® 500 max

For pitched roof the Roof overhang must

roof slope should be be no more than
between 22" to 30° 500mm (20") in
for greater cyclone rainy areas. In dry
safety. areas like Kutchh it
can be as little as
150mm (6") —Z>'"'

23
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

4. Walls - Length, Height, Thickness & Connection

Proper wa
wall joint

©®
Wall longer than 7m (23')can collapse easily. Make it stronger by
constructing cross walls that are securely connected to the long wall.

.Improper wall to wall joint Proper wall to wall joint

A partition wall built after the construction of outer Build partition wall
walls can collapse easily. fa \Jy simultaneously with other walls.

Masonry parapet wall can collapse easily. Build it with brick Wall that is tall but thin can easily collapse.
wall only 300mm (1') high followed with iron railing above for Thicker wall does not collapses easily.
desired height.
©&
High parapet Low parapet Iroarailing
300mm high A—•r*-^*
V

s&*

Interior Load- Interior Load-

bearing Wall bearing Wall
100m 230mm Brick
Thick Thick

©®
In a load bearing structures never use
100mm (4") brick wall. Such a wall is weak
to resist bending and diagonal tension
caused by earthquake and cyclone loads.

24
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

4. Walls - Length, Height, Thickness & Connection (Cont.)

Load-wall taller than 230mm
without any reinforcement Low load wall only 230mm high
with 8mm Tor reinforcing bar

e®
High load walls on sloping roof collapse easily like parapet wall. Construct load walls no
higherthan 230mm (9") and reinforce itwith reinforcing rod inside for greaterstrength.

Timber or CGI
gable walls

Gable Height
Max. 1m

• r*

0® O®
Height of the gable walls shall not be more than If gable wall is taller than 1m then it issafer to build it
1000 mm (3'-4")above eave level. with lighter material like CGI sheets or timber planks.

To prevent cracks at the corners, ©*?/

strengthen them by constructing In long walls buttresses must be provided. For their
buttresses in the corners. spacing and maximum wall length see Chapter 7

5. Walls - Openings
Too many openings Only one ope
in one wa in one wall

©® ©
Walls with too many doors and windows close to each other could collapse In smaller rooms provide no more
easily. Opening should be restricted to small sizesand few in numbers. than one opening in each wall.

25
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

5. Walls - Openings (cont.)

© (Jr Gap "D" between two

openings must not be too
small.

The total length of all

openings or "A+B+C" in
a wall should not be too
large .

For more information see

Chapter 7

©®
Ifthe gap "E" between inside corner and a
door or a window opening in a wall is too The gap "E" should be larger for more
small, the wall can get damaged easily. strength. Formore information s ee Chapter 7.

When possible, place door in the

House with asymmetrically arranged wall openings can suffer more damage. center of the wall with openings
Forsymmetry place identical openings in opposite walls. placed symmetrically on both sides.

Different lintel levels Only one lintel level

_ _ Maintain same lintel level for all openings. Try to keep all windows of same size.
iB VlV Many different sizes and levels make walls unsafe in earthquake.

26
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

6. Building Components

1-12mm TOR
No Steel
Bars Steel Bar in
Concrete

V
©& © Reinforce single story masonry column
Do not make un-reinforced brick or with 1-12mm TOR bar fully encased in
stone masonry columns. concrete and anchored at top and bottom.

Column

©® ©
In absence of beams the RC columns break the
wall to wall joints and hence, weaken the Use RC columns in load bearing masonry
building making it unsafe. structures only if RC beams are placed on them.

©$
Never support RCC slab on two walls only. In case of one wall Support RC slab on all four walls.
collapsing, the whole roofcan collapse.

27
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

7. Roof&Chhaiia

©® © ©® ©
Place joists on RC Band to Placethem on wall-plate to
Never place joists and reduce concentrated loads, Never place rafters & reduce concentrated
trusses directly on wall. and to anchor them. trusses directly on wall. loads, and to anchor them.

Height "h" of wall

above the chhajja iupport beams
must be equal to must extend into
length "L" of walls 1J4 times
projection unless length of Column
there is heavy roof projection. Support
Column
resting on wall.
Support

© ©
For chhajja, roof and balcony projecting out less For chhajja, roof and balcony projecting out
than 0.92m (36") follow above instructions. more than 0.92m (36") provide column
28
 Adhering to the principles of good
construction is the second step in
safety against disaster. Due to
mistakes by mason the quality suffers.
As a result efforts and money spent on
special disaster safety measures may
still not bring safety.

To ensure safety follow all the rules and do not make mistakes

A. Rules for Mortars

Mortar makes a major contribution in the strength of masonry.
So all rules must be adhered to. Weak mortar makes weak
masonry. Strong mortar makes strong masonry.

1. In construction use only one type of mortar for all the walls in a building.
2. Mud Mortar
o —
It must be kept
wet at least for
three days and
must be
thoroughly
mixed everyday
If constructing in mud mortar, mud
before using it.
must be of good quality clayey soil.

3. Cement Sand Mortar

a. In making Cement Sand mortarfollow all rules of Cement Application as given here.
0 o b. Quantity of water added to cement sand mixture must be just enough so that
mortar can be spread without much difficulty
3 O B. Rules for Cement Application
Cement increase the strength of the structure only if the application follows the rules.
Never use mortar/corx rete in which setting has begun since it weakens the slrui tun-
o «
Mix dry ingredients of Once water is added to cement mortar or concrete, it must
concrete/mortar thoroughly be used up in 60 minutes afterwhich itssetting begins.
before adding water.
(0 3
a a

Mix water in mortar/concrete

Use up all mortar & concrete mix.
and begin the use of wet mix.

F 60 Minutes

29
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

B. Rules for Cement Application (cont.)

1. Cement Selection 2. Curing of Cement Mortar/

43 Grade cement is preferred Concrete
over 53 Grade cement for the
construction of houses and Cement mortar becomes stronger by keeping it wet
small infrastructure buildings.
continuously
without
letting it dry.
Keep it wet
for a
minimum 10
days and to
get
maximum
strength keep
it wet for 28
days.

C. Rules for Sand Application

1. Sand must be angular and not rounded. 2. Use fine sand only for plastering.
3. Sieve sand to remove 4. Silt content in sand should 5. Remove silt by pouring sand
small pebbles. not be more than 10% against wind or by washing
To check silt content
in sand put some sand
in a transparent jar,
add water, shake it
well and put it down
so that all of it settles
down and water
becomes clear. The
thickness of very fine
powder at the top
divided by the total
thickness of soil in the
jar gives the % of silt
in the soil.

P. Rules for Aggregate Application

1. Do not use 2. Do not use
aggregates round aggregate
larger than from river in
30mm (11/4"). 3 concrete. It has
poor bond with
cement and so it
produces weaker
concrete.

30
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

E. Rules for Steel Application

Steel helps increase the strength of the structure if the rules of its correct use
are followed. But it is not necessary that more steel one uses, the stronger the
building bet nines.

Concrete Cover

Steel used in RC
slab must have
a minimum
clear concrete
cover of 15mm.

Steel rods
must be fully
encased in
concrete to
utilize full
strength of
steel rod.

Bar-to-Bar Connection

Connect one steel rod to another through an overlapping

Never connect two rods through
joint. Overlap length to be 50xBar Diameter long, and tied
hooks at their ends .
at four to five places with binding wire.

Placement of Concrete

Thorough rodding
of concrete must be
done to minimize
air pockets and
water percolation
to reduce corrosion
possibilities.

31
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

F. How deep should be the Foundation ?

Decide how strong the ground is using the following simple test on dry ground.
• Remove top 150mm (6") of soil and all the fill so that virgin soil is exposed
• Take a crow bar 1540mm (6OV2 ) long and weighing 4.5 kg.
• Hold it vertical with its sharp point towards ground at 600mm (24") above
the ground.
• Drop it, ensuring that it falls vertically.
• Based on the penetration of the bottom end determine if soil is hard or
soft.

Soft Soil - Minimum Hard Soil- Minimum Rock- 7.5 to 10 cm

90 cm (3') 60 cm (2') (3" to 4")

Decide the foundation depth depending upon how strong the ground is.

Remove all loose materials including

water from foundation trench and
compact the bottom before constructing Backfill in the foundation trench
foundation. must be properly compacted.

G. Foundation Masonry
Follow all rules of mason re all Masonry
construction given in this
chapter in the construction
of foundation.

Make "Strip" foundation under

the wall that is wider than wall

Foundation Masonry Width

Hard Soil
Width = 2 x Wall Thickness
Foundation
Soft Soil
Width = 3 x Wall Thickness
Masonry

32
 Manual on Hazard Resistanl Construction in India

H. General Rules of Masonry - For

Brick, Concrete Blocks & Stone

1. Wall-to-Wall Connection

1. Do not build only corners of a house 2. Build all the walls at the same 3. If this is not followed then leave
at first or just one wall at a time. time along with the corners to the end of the wall in steplike
ensure strong connection between manner.

them.

4. Do not use

toothings to connect
walls-partition
walls an d other
interior and
exterior walls.

5. All interior and exterior walls must be built at the same time.
Alternatively, if exterior wall is being built first then at each
interior wall bring out the masonry from exterior wall in stepped-
like manner to which the interior wal Is are to be connected.

Existing Building
\

While building an extension to existing Connect the extension to the existing bui Iding using
10mm dia. TOR rods at 900mm (36") vertical
building connecting with toothings on
existing building makes a very weak spacing placed in 50mm (2") groove 600mm (24")
long in the wallsofthe existingbuilding.
connection.

— 33
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

H. General Rules of Masonry - For

Brick, Concrete Blocks & Stone (cont.)

2. Wetting Concrete Blocks, Soft Stone and Bricks

Thoroughly
soak Brick,
Concrete Block
or soft Stone in
water when
using them with
cement mortar
to ensure strong
masonry.

3. Using Tube Level, Plumb Bob & String for Placing Next Course

Use tube level in every second Use plumb bob while beginning Use stretched string in every
or third course to maintain each new course at the corner to course to ensure that wall
uniform thickness of mortar. ensure that the wall is in plumb. remains in plumb.

4. Vertical Joints

Break all the

vertical joints.

All vertical joints

must be 10mm to
15mm wide, and
must be filled
properly with
mortar.
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

H. General Rules of Masonry - For

Brick, Concrete Blocks & Stone (cont.)

5. Placing Mortar

Place mortar on top of a masonry course Mortar lefton top of masonry, ifhard, has to be chipped
only when ready to put the next course. off before placing mortar for the next course, to ensure
good bond. This is a waste of mortar and labour.

6. Mixing of Different Materials in Masonry Work

Do not use
different
materials next nit
to each other at
the same level.

Material in the masonry can be

changed at different horizontal
levels, if necessary.

Such a change can be made at:

• Plinth Level

35
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

I. Rules For Brick Masonry

2.Always place bricks with its

1 .Do not use bricks that are frog (groove mark) facing up to ^.Foundation &Wall Thickness
information on thii kins', and
inadequately fired. ensure better bond with mortar.
mortal are given In Chapter 7
U Wall Thickness
230mm (9)"

I Wall
Masonry

J
' Foundation Masonry
't=4 -450mm (18")

4. Tap the bricks and hear the metallic sound to make sure that bricks are well fired.

5. Do not use over-burnt bricks for walls. Plaster does not stick well on such bricks.

6. Bonding for Brick Wall-to-Brick Wall junctions.

V &"T" junctions must be constructed as shown here to ensure strong wall-to-wall connection.

230mm (9") Wall

L" (unction T" (unctior

340mm (13 1/2") Wall

(unction "T (unction

36
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

I. Rules For Concrete Block Masonry

2. Dimensions & Types of Concrete Block

Solid Concrete Block should be no bigger than
1. Foundation & Wall Thickness 300x200x150mm(12"x8"x6")sothatitcaneasilybecarriedbyoneperson.
More information on thickness and mortar
are given in Chapter 7

-*l<~ 200mm (8")

-Wall
Masonry

"Foundation
Solid Block Hollow Block
Masonry

3. The top and bottom surfaces 4. The blocks should be 5.If blocks are freshly made
must be rough for good bond. strong with strong edges. then they must be cured.

6. Bonding for Block Wall-to-Block Wall (unctions.

"L" &" T" junctions must be constructed as shown here to ensure strong wall to wall connection

"T" Junction

'L" (unction

37
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

K. Rules For Stone Masonry

1. Stone Placement 2.Corner Stone Placement 3. Foundation and Wall Thickness

More information on thickness and mortar

are given in Chapter 7
Max. 380mm
(16") with
cement mortar
Max. 450mm
Wall Masonry
(18")with mud

Foundation
Masonry

Place long stones at corner in

each course with length of 520 to 600 mm
Place each stone flat on its stone placed parallel to the (21 "to 24")
broadest face. length of that wall. (21" to 24")

4. Interlocking of Faces

Both faces
must interlock
with to each
other to form
one wall. The
vertical joint Place length of
must be the stones in to
broken. the thickness of
wall to ensure
Broken vertical interlocking of
joint
inside and
outside faces of
the wall.
Through Stone

5. Through Stone Placement

Provide at least one "through stone"

at every 1200mm(4'-0") horizontal
distance in masonry and at every When long stones are not available,
600mm(2'-0") height in staggered make reinforced concrete "Through
manner. Stones" with a hooked 6mm dia. rod.

38
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

K. Rules for Stone Masonry (cont.)

6. Courses in Stone Masonry

Random 7. Voids in Stone Masonry

Rubble
Masonry *^*:
must be
done in
courses.

Max.
Course
height =
600mm
(24")

Fill all voids using small chips of stone with

minimum possible use of mortar.

8. Use of Round Stone

Stone must be
broken to make it
angular so that it
has no rounded
faces.

Never use round

stones for masonry.
Round stones are
very slippery. So a
wall made with
them is unstable.

9. Stone Masonry Below Ground

In the portion of
foundation below
Stones just dtuflfcl i
Foundation bench
ground stones must
be placed as per
rules of masonry.

In the portion of
foundation below
ground do not use
round stones, and
do not just dump
stones.

39
 To reduce the death and destruction
arising out of natural hazards, a building
must be so built that it resists the forces
of the hazards expected in future. It is
important to ensure this approach with
every new building.

For every new building to be disaster resistant the construction technology has to be:
(A
Scientific, Cost efficient, Easy to execute, Locally appropriate,
Dependent on easily available materials and Culturally suitable O

How to build a disaster resistant house that will not collapse in a disaster ?
In addition to following the Rules of Disaster Resistant Design and Rules of
Good Quality Construction, one must follow the Special Rules for Masonry (0
Walls given here, and include Disaster Resisting Features in the new
construction as shown here to eliminate all the weaknesses present in the
building as shown inChapter4
o
1.Special Rules for Masonry Walls for Earthquake
Resistant Construction For Seismic Zones III, IV & V
•E Z
A. Stone Masonry Walls
'5 %
K O

Stone Masonry Structure - Latur

(A *
C

Stone Masonry Structure - Uttarakhand

40
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

A. Stone Masonry in Mud Mortar

If the water for curing mortar is
not available then build walls in
good quality mud mortar.

Permitted in Seismic Zone III, IV & V

Wall & Foundation Max. Height of a Storey & Number of Storeys

-+*

1 storey plus attic

for pitched roof
Foundation-UCK 2 storeys with flat roof
Seismic Zones
Seismic Zones III
rnrh (21")- Hard Soil III, IV & V
600mm (24") - Soft Soil

1:5:10 Concrete Pad 1 storey with flat root

150mm (6") thk.
Seismic Zones IV & V

Maximum Length of Wall

qual to
wall
thickness

Equal to 1/6
wall height
•jjP ^ For Wall length more than 5 m
^^ (16' 43/4") build buttresses
Buttress
Seismic Zones III - S = 4m (13' 1<h")
Seismic Zone IV, V - S= 3.5m (13' 6")

Rules for Openings in Wall

B DoOri
1 1 k—* R=* 1
A B C .

1_ 1

B
T+-
L

(A + B + C) as % of L I)
Max. no. of Storeys
Zone
450mm(18") min. 450mm(18") min. 1
III 46% max.

III 33% max. 450mm(1 8") min. 450mm(18") min.

IV, V 33% max. 600mm(24") min. 600mm(24") min.

41
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

B. Stone Masonry in Cement Mortar

Wall & Foundation Max. Height of a Storey & Number of Storeys

Wal

380mm 0 5")

Cement:Sand mortar
Seismic Zone III, IV- 1:
Seismic Zone V- 1:4

380mm (15") giisa* 2 storeys plus attic

Foundation-UCR 3 storeys with flat roof for pitched roof
Seismic Zones III Seismic Zones
450mm (18")
III, IV & V
1:6 Cement: Sand mortar

600mm (24")- Hard Soft

750mm (30") - Soft Soil

1:5:10 Concrete Pad

2 storeys with flat roof
150mm (6") thk.
Seismic Zones IV & V

Maximum Length of Wall

Buttres
Equal to wal
hi< kness
For Wall length more than
7 m (22' 11 V2'1) build buttresses
Seismic Zones III - S = 4m (13'l '/>••) Equal to 1/6
, Seismic Zone IV, V - S= 5m (16' 4VV) wall height

Rules for Openings in Wal

B B~W
D L"frL>:

B PTBIt!
Q
Max. no. of Storeys
III 50% max. 450mm(18") min. 230mm(9") min.
Ill 42% max. 450mm(18") min. 230mm(9") min.
IV, V 50% max. 600mm(24") min. 450mm(1 8") min.
IV, V 42% max. 600mm(24") min. 450mm(1 8") min.

42
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

C. Brick Masonry in Mud Mortar

If the water for curing mortar
is not available then build walls
in good quality mud mortar. Wall & Foundation

Permitted in Seismic Zone III, IV & V

340mm (13'/2

Wall

450mm (18")-Hard Soil

690mm (27") - Soft Soil

Foundation - Brick,:
ucr in mud mortal

1:5:10 Concrete Pad

150mm (6") thk.

Max. Height of a Storey & Number of Storeys

'— co

1 storey plus attic for pitched roof 1 storey with flat roof
Seismic Zone III, IV & V 2 storeys with flat roof Seismic Zone IV & V

Seismic Zone III

Maximum Length of Wall

For Wall length more

than 5 m (16'4'A")
build buttresses

thickness
Seismic Zones III, IV
& V-S= 5m(16'4V«") Equal to 1/6
Uullrcss
wall height

Rules for Openings in Wall

•ummi 0 DrOr;
K-» Kr^ ff=5t I

hfWI c >0:
1,
K
•I

Zone (A + B + C) as % of L I)
Max. no. of Storeys

III 46% max. 450mm(18") min. 450mm(18") min.

III 33% max. 450mm(18") min. 450mm(18") min.

IV, V 33% max. 600mm(24") min. 600mm(24") min.

43
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

D. Brick and Concrete Block Masonry in Cement Mortar

Brick In Cement Mortar

230mm (9 )

2nd Storey
Wall

Cement:Sand mortar
Zone III, IV: 1:6
Zone V: 1:4

230mm (9

340mm (13'/.")
1:6 Cement:SandMortar

Foundation -Bride?
UCR in 1:6 Cement :
Sand mortar

450mm 0 8")-Hard Soil

690mm (27") - Soft Soil

1:5:10 Concrete Pa'd

150mm (6") thk.

Concrete Block In Cement Mortar

200mm (8 )

Wall
2nd Storey

Cement:Sand mort;
Zone IV: 1:6
Zone V: 1:4 1st Storey

200mm (8

300mm (12 300mm (12 )

Hard Soil-
OR Hard Soil-
450mm 0 8"
400mm 06") mm
Soft Soil-
Soft Soil- 500mm
500mm (20"!
(20")
1:5:10 Concrete Pad/ fti:rt,: \\-;jf
150mm (6") thk. 1:5:10 Concrete Pad
150mm (6") thk.

Foundation - Foundation-
UCR in 1:6
Concrete Blocks in 1:6
Cement : Sand mortar
Cement : Sand mortar

44
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

D. Brick and Concrete Block Masonry in

Cement Mortar (cont.)

Max. Height of a Storey & Number of Storeys

2 storeys plus attic

for pitched roof
Seismic Zone III, IV & V
E i
3 storeys with flat roof
Seismic Zone III, IV & V

Maximum Length of Wall

Buttress

Equal to wal
y thickness

Equal-to 1/6
w.ill height

s^ i^° For Wa" length more than 7m

(22' 11'/i")build buttresses

Seismic Zones III, IV &

V-S = 5m(16'4'/4")

Rules for Openings in Wall

•v b !%i ;

*r *?• %r •

ii B

Lr—J l— HM

Zone (A + B+C) as % of L D E Max. no. of Storeys

50% max. 450mm(18") min. 230mm(9") min. 1
III
III 42% max. 450mm(18") min. 230mm(9") min. 3

IV, V 50% max. 560mm(22") min. 450mm(18") min. 1

IV, V 42% max. 560mm(22") min. 450mm(18") min. 2

45
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

2. Special Rules for Masonry Walls for Cyclone

Resistant Construction For Wind Speed Zone III &
IV(Wind Speeds from 47 to 55m/second)

A = A1 least 1/6 H ^k
\
Make all doors and windows such that they
can be tightly shut and sealed during cyclone.

Identical
window
openings in
opposite walls.

Openings distributed in
more walls.

Avoid large central openings or

too many openings in a wall.

3.Special Rules for Masonry Walls for Flood Resistant Construction

Wall Finish: Openings: Make openings small

Plaster entire in size and few in numbers. Locate
walls with openings closer to middle portion
cement plaster ofwall.
on inside and
outside. In case
of low budget
apply cement
pointing is a Plinth: Building must be constructed with plinth height
must. minimum of 150mm (6") above previous High Flood
Level incement or mud mortar with cement plaster. For
a low budget, Cement pointing is a must.

46
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

SPECIAL DISASTER RESISTING FEATURES

FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION
The Disaster Resisting Features for the most commonly used building systems are
shown below at a glance. This is followed by the detailed description.

Disaster Resisting features at a glance

Install diagonal bracings

Load Bearing Masonry Building with Pitched Roof
under roof to prevent side
way push to gable walls Anchor sheeting with 'J ' or' U ' bolts
and tiles with Gl hooks to rafters

®
Install collar beams between Install RC Load wall on top of
opposite rafters to prevent gable to anchor the roofing and
sideway push from roof framing to gable wall
rafter to walls
© ffl
Install RC Band on top
Anchor roof frame to of gable wall to strengthen
walls with RC Band it against back & forth
shaking © <J,
© ®
Strengthen wall to wall
Tie down roof
connection with seismic
projection to walls bands at floor and eave level
©
©&
Anchor top storey to Induce tensile strength
roof with vertical rod against vertical bending by
© ® vertical reinforcement at
Improve storey to storey all room corners Q jj,
connectivity by providing Induce tensile strength in
vertical reinforcement
walls against tearing and
© ® horizontal bending with
Anchor floor joists to horizontal seismic bands
RC Band in walls © ffl
© Encase wall openings with
reinforcement to prevent
Anchor door & window tearing at corners. © ®
frames with hold fasts in concrete.
© ® Install diagonal bracings under
timber floor to prevent in-plane deformation
Strengthen delicate glass
panes by making small panels © ®
Prevent dampening & erosion of mortar in rains by
® plastering or pointing of wall
Prevent flooding of house by
building plinth level higher than Prevent dampening of mud
last high flood level mortar through Capillary action
Protect plinth with cement plaster alternatively
© with cement pointing by installing damp
© © proofcourse at plinth level

Load Bearing Masonry

Building with RC Slab Roof
Build low parapet and
anchor it to RC floor

©®

Improve roof slab to storey

connectivity by providing
vertical reinforcement
©®

In a building with RC Slab roof the disaster resisting

features below the roof level are same as those in a
pitched roof building. But above that level they are
different.

(^Earthquake $Wind (^ Flood &Rain

47
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

1 Install Corner Vertical Reinforcement in Masonry Wall

Disaster Type: © (?/ Where to apply remedy?

Weaknesses In Masonry Walls:

(a) Weak wall-to-wall connection.
(b) Absence of ductility in vertical direction.
(c) Absence of connection between storeys. (a) At each room corner on
(d) Absence of connection between top storey and all floors
roof or RC slab.
(b) On either side of
door openings, and preferably
Vertical bar must be installed at window openings.
at foundation level and go up
to the roof. (c) In Cyclone Zone V
under the ridge in gable wal
Specifications:
Seismic Zone III & IV Seismic Zone V &
and Wind Speed Zone III Wind Speed Zone IV
Ground storey of 1storey building and
10mm TOR* 12mm TOR
upper storey of 2 storey building
Ground storey of 2 storey building 12mm TOR* 16mm TOR

Plus place one vertical bar at spacing no greater than 2000mm (6'-6") in a wall.
•In Seismic Zone III in single storey building no vertical steel is required.
How? :

Pour 75mm (3") of 1:2:4 concrete in the

foundation pit for providing base and mark the
exact location foreach bar with plumb bob. Place at marked location V shapedvertical rodwith
bent portion having the length of 450mm (18").

Place additional 75mm (3") of concrete over the bent

portion of the bar.

Support the bar until concrete hardens.

Cure with water for at least 3 days before starting the

construction above.

48
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

In Random Rubble Walls

Pull out the pipe and fill up the cavity with

1:1 V2:3 micro concrete for Zone IV & V and
1:2:4 micro concrete for Zone III while
Construct stone masonry up continuously rodding. Ensure min.50mm (2")
Insert 100mm (4") diameter PVC pipe to 450mm (18") height concrete all around the bar. Put back pipe in
900mm (36") long over all vertical keeping pipe piece in place. place and continue with masonry
reinforcement bars. construction around it.

In Concrete Block Masonry

In Brick Masonry

Arrange bricks so that cavity gets formed around the

bar which is filled with micro-concrete in 450mm
(18") lifts.

Use solid blocks with key-hole or hollow blocks with a

slot keeping reinforcing rod in the center of the cavity,
and fill it with micro-concrete in 450mm (18") lifts.

Bend the vertical rod and create overlapping joint with roof
level band reinforcement or with RCC slab reinforcement.

49
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

2. Install RC Band
Disaster Type: Q (J/ Q
Weaknesses In Masonry Walls:
(a) Weak wall to wall connection; (b) Poor horizontal bending strength; (c) Poor tensile
strength against tearing; (d) Poor strength ofgable wall against back and forth shaking.
Whereto install? :
Apply on all walls including partition
walls, in an un-interrupted manner. Floor band in case of
timber floor or prefab
All bands are elements floor.
to be applied
in Seismi< Gable band Lintelband ifgap between
Zone III, IV along top of lintel and eave level is
& V, and in Gable walls 600mm (24") or more.
Wind Speed
Zones II & IV Plinth band in case of flood
unless hazard, and soft soil, optional in
mentioned Eave band in bui case of hard soil . Also serves as
otherwise. having pitched roof. Zone V
a damp proof course.

Specifications: For wall length 5m (16' 4»/4") or less.

Cement Concrete: Cement: Sand : Aggregates in 1:1.5:3 proportions.
Band must be of full length and full width of the wall with min. 75mm (3") thickness.
Wind Speed Zone III, Seismic Zone III, IV Wind Speed Zone IV, Seismic Zone V
Longitudinal Reinforcing bars 2 - 8mm TOR 2 - 10mm TOR
8mm TOR cross links hooked at both ends with spacing of 200mm (8"
How to install?

At the desired level on the

wall place two
longitudinal bars at Longitudinal Bar Cross-link
25mm (1") inside from
Place the longitudinal bars
both the wall faces and
at mid height of the band
tied with cross-links.
by insertingstone pieces.
Connect bars at wall junction with
minimum 450mm (18") overlaps.

Bar overlap
50xbar dia.

Bar-to-bar connection must be done with

Use a 'L' shaped 8mm TOR bar with both legs 450mm (18") overlap joint 400mm (16") long for8mm dia.
long totie main rebar oftheband andvertical bartogether. Bars and 500mm (20") longfor 10mm dia.

50
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

2. Install RC Band (cont.)

Connection of Eave to Gable Band:

Provide two bars of same size as that in band and bent into a
Pour concrete of 1:1.5:3 proportion with
rodding. Cure band for fifteen days.
necessary shape to ensure an overlap of 450mm (18").
Connection of Lintel with Eave Band

Eave level band

Lintel
When lintel band is not installed, bars from lintel are bent
upwards and tied to the rebars of eave band. Vertical portion
is fully encased in concrete.

Remember: Make sure the bars in band are not cut in the corner. In au
earthquake, band can break at the point where bars are cut.

For earthem/adobe walls (Cases A & B) or masonry walls built

Alternatives: Low-cost and simpler options using clay mud mortar (Case C). Note: Chemical treatment of
bamboo and timber will enhance their durability 8 to 10 times.

ITTTTTi

CaseC
Case A CaseB
(3) Timber Band: Ensure proper
(1) Chicken wire mesh or (2) Bamboo ladder encased in 25mm (1") overlapping joint at corner using 2
layerofmud mortarat several levels. or more nails, screws or wood pegs.

51
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Install RC Encasement Around Openings

Disaster Type: (j) \Jy
Weaknesses In Masonry Walls: (a) Tearing at opening corners that cause diagonal cracks
Where to Install? : On both sides of door and all around window openings

Specifications:
Door encasement: Same as Vertical reinforcement in corners.
Window encasement: Use 10mm TOR bars.
The bars to be connected to the Plinth and lintel band and continue up to eave band or the RC slab.
Use 1:1.5:3 micro-concrete

How?:

•H%->fcr
1A & B. The vertical bar starting from foundation is to be placed 50mm (2") away from the face of
opening on both sides and encased in micro concrete within masonry. If at top of the door a part of
the frame obstructs the bar then shift the frame as needed.

•K.^-*~i»
Window

Place vertical bar 50mm (2") away from the

face of opening on both sides starting from
plinth band or from foundation. Ifat top of the
window a part of the frame obstructs the bar
then shift the frame as needed. Bring the
masonry up to 75mm 3" below the sill level.

1C. Place "U" shaped 10mm TORbar at sill level and

encase it in 75X75mm (3"x3") micro-concrete band.

2.The vertical legsare to be tied to 3. Continue building masonry. 4. Bend vertical bar & connect to
vertical bars and encased in concrete. lintel band reinforcement.

~>2
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

4.Install Diagonal Bracings & Struts for

Timber Intermediate or Attic Floor
Disaster Type: {j) ffii Floor shape
Weakness in Flat timber Floor:

How?
(A) Rectangle changing to parallelogram in floor.
Where to Install? : lust under the floor •
Rectangle
D
Paralleagram

3 & 4. Install diagonal

bracings of same plank.
1. Pre-drill planks and
floor joists and use two
nails at each end.

2. Install 2- 100mm
(4") x 25mm (1") struts
(plank) on the
underside of the floor
joists adjacent to the
walls that support the
joists.

5. Anchor Timber Floor to Walls Weakness: (a) Poor connection between

timber floor and walls.
Disaster Type: fa ^
Where to Install? : At the junction of floor understructure and wall
How?

1. Install 100mm (4")long MS angles 35x35x3mm

in the floor level band at each joist locations.

2. Angles to have two holes 14mm 3. Connect floor joists with 4. Alternatively install 6mm bar or 10
in diameter. 2-12mm diameter bolts. gauged wires in concrete as anchor.

53
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

6. Install Collar Beam in Rafters in

Pitched Roof Support System
Disaster Type: Q (J/
Weakness : (a)Sideways push on walls from roof rafters resting on these walls
Where to Install? : Between the opposite pairs of rafters.
Specifications: Planks to be of 35 x 100 mm with 2 pre-drilled holes of 14mm diameter.
How?

At 2/3rd height of the roof/attic install 35 x 100mm plank collar beam

across the opposite rafters using 2 -12mm diameter bolts in case of
Principal Rafters and using 2- 4mm diameter screws in case of Rafter.

7. Install Diagonal Bracings & Struts for Pitched Roof Framing Diaphragm
Disaster Type: © \J/ Roofshape
Weakness: In pitched roof: (a) in-plane deformation with rectangle
changing to parallelogram resulting into sideways push to gable walls.
Where to Install? : On the underside of the roof framing.
Rectangle Paralleagram

In Kutch roof there are rafters spanning from ridge In Uttarakhand roof there are large size purlins that
beam to wall with a support over intermediate span from gable wall to gable wall with a support
beam. over Principal Rafter.
This difference dictates the arrangement of the bracings and struts that are to be installed for the diaphragm.

54
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

7. Install Diagonal Bracings & Struts for Pitched

Roof Framing Diaphragm (cont.)

How?

3. Using two
nails at each end
install a 100mm
(4") x 25mm (1")
strut (plank) on
the underside of
the rafters
adjacent to their
both ends.

1. Pre-drill planks 2. Using two nails at each end install a 100mm

and rafter/purlins. (4") x 25mm (1") strut (plank) on the underside
of purlins adjacent to their ends.

Alternative cheaper & simpler option for bracings

4. Install diagonal bracings starting from one end

of a strut to the strut at the far end maintaining
the angle close to 45 degrees, otherwise install
more than one set of bracings. 5. Use 3 to 5 strands of 13 gauge Gl wires.
Install them in "X" configuration only.

7. Pre-tension wires
by twisting all wires
along one diagonal
together with a piece
ofrebar.

6. Tie one wire at a time around the joint

of strut with rafter or purlin, stretched
with carpenter's hammer.

55
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

8. Anchor Pitched Roof Support Structure to Wall

Disaster Type: © \ffv
Weakness : (a) Poor connection between roof framing and wall

Where to Install? : At the junction of (a) roof framing rafters and eave level walls, &
roof purlins and gable walls, (b) roof projection at eave level and
wall (in case of Cyclone hazard), (c) roof beams on gable wall.
How?

a. Anchoring Rafters & Purlins to Eave & Gable Walls

Anchor rafters or purlins with eave or gable band in the same way the floor joists are anchored to band

Alternatively, cheaper and simpler options.,,

1. MS angle 35x35x3mm
2. 6mm MS bar installed in Eave 3. Pieces of 10 gauge Gl wires
75mm (3") long installed in
level RC Band to anchor purlin or attached to reinforcing bars in eave
eave or gable band for
rafter by simply bending over them. band leaving 300mm (12")long
anchoring rafters and
purlins. ends projecting out.
4 & 5. Tie down rafters with two strands of Gl wires.

b. Tying Down Roof Projection at Eave Level To Wall

®
For Wind speed Zone IV & V only
Install a tie between eave level roof
projection & wall below eave level
at approximately 45 degrees to wall
• Made of 10mm TOR rod, or
• MSangle 35x35x3mm, or
• 25x100mm timber piece
Connect tie securely at both ends
using two or more nails or screws.

56
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

C. Anchor Ridge beam and Intermediate beams to gable wall

Once concrete becomes hard place timber

beam with a through hole over the bolt and
Install 12mm diameter bolt 250mm (10")long place a washer and a nut to anchor itdown.
with a 100x100x5mm MS plate welded at its
bottom in the band at the right location.

9. Secure Roofing to Roof Frame & Wall

Disaster Type: Q (J)
Weakness in pitched roof: (a) Absence of anchoring of roofing tiles to framing,
(b) Weak anchoring of sheeting to framing, (c) Weak anchoring of roofing to gable wall.

Where to Install? : At the (a) Connections between roof frame elements, namely purlins, rafters and beams,
(b) Junction of roofing to roof framing and (c) Junction of roofing with gable wall.

How?

a. Connections between Roof Frame elements, namely purlins, rafters and beams

In wind speed area use galvanized

metal straps along with 2 nails. Pre-
drill pilot holes.

Alternately, cheaper and

easier option is tying together
of elements with multiple
strands of 10 gauge Gl wires. Connection of purlins & rafters,
and beam & rafters.

57
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

b. Secure Roofing to Roof Frame

Anchoring Sheeting fa fy

Nut
30x30x6mfrT •^ 30x30x6mm
gauge MS washer gauge MS washer ^m. <^»^
Sealing washer Sealing washer
neoprene or neoprene or .
bituminous tell bituminousfelt /

VJ
Secure roof sheeting to purlins T hook V hook
using 'J' hooks or 'U' Hooks. Wind Speed Zone V only Hooks must be installed

® with nut, 6 gauge MS

washer followed by
The holes in sheeting must be made in washer of Bituminous
ridges to minimize water leakage. Felt or Neoprene.

Anchoring Roofing Tiles 0 \Jy

Anchor each tile

or every other tile
to purlin with Gl
hooks.

Anchor lowest
row of tiles at
eave level
with 2- 10
gauged wires
or 6mm MS
rod from one
end to the
other.

58
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Anchoring Roofing Tiles (cont.)

In wind speed zone 10mm TOR Rod

Concrete
1 Tile
Install RC Strips
100X100mm in
size with 10mm Rafter
dia. TOR bar Gl strap
placed at spacing 25mm wide

not exceeding
1200mm (4' 0"). Anchor RC strips to
rafters using Gl straps.
©

Roofing to Gable Walls fa ^

On top of gable
wall install RC load
wall 230X100mm
(9"x4")in size with
1 -8mm TOR bar.

Connect the bar to 8mm TOR bar projecting out of

the gable band and then fully encase it in concrete.

IQ.Secure RC Slab to Wall

Disaster Type: (^ fy
Weakness Tackled: (a) Absence of connection between RC slab and walls on which it is resting
Where to Install? : At the junction of slab and wall.
How?
Reinforcement in RC Slab
450mm (18")
1=

Connect all vertical rebars in the wall at corners

and openings to rebars in slab by bending and Special Anchor for
making 450mm (18") overlap, and tie with Seismic & Wind Speed Zones V
binding wires.

59
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction India •••••••••••••••••••••H

11. Stiffening of Timber Beam to Column Connection

Disaster Type: fa
Weakness : (a) Weak connection allows excessive side sway of timber frame that
supports the roof or floor.
Where to Install? : (a) At the junction of timber column and timber beam.

How. Install knee braces from bottom of beam to face of column

2
Install one knee brace for each
beam resting on column from
different directions.

Knee brace connection must be

able to take tension and r / *
Install at
least two
compression. II
ails at Knee brace should be heavy

MS Angle Knee braces

each
connection
enough to resist buckling under
pressure. i Column

Wooden Knee braces

12. Secure Doors & Windows

Disaster Type: \2)
Weakness : (a) Doors & windows anchoring to walls weak against suction; (b) Weakness of
window glass against air pressure/suction

Where to Install? : (a) At junction of opening frames and walls; (b) Locking arrangement;
(c) Glass pane in windows.

How?

• Make smaller glass panes, or

• For low cost place plastic
film on glass, or
• Install metal screen on the

' •"*•» — —

Hold-fasts to be at least 230mm (9")

long. It must be tied to vertical bar.

Provide strong
Anchor door frame with at least
locking arrangement
6 holdfasts, and window frame
to resist wind
with at least 4 holdfasts.
suction.

60
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

13. Provide Damp Proof Course

Disaster Type: fa
Weakness: Weakening of super-structure masonry through wetting from capillary action.

Where to Install? : At the junction of wall and plinth.

How?

1 & 2. Make
RCC Band at
Alternatively, a cheaper option
plinth level
with proper 3. Use sheet of polyethylene, or plastic or
rodding to bitumen coated woven polypropylene
minimize sacks just at the base of wall.
percolation.

14. Construct Flood Resistant Plinth & Superstructure

Disaster Type: (y
Weakness Tackled: (a) Water innundation in house, (b) Weakening of mortar (mud or otherwise) by
wetting and scouring.

Where to Install? : (a) Plinth level, (b) Inside and outside wall faces.

How?

1. Plinth height to be minimum _, .. 3. Cement pointing on both faces

,„.,.. . 2. Plaster with cement mortar on
150mm (6 ) h.gher than the prev.ous ^ sjfJes of ^ ^ fully or plastering of bottom 600 or
high water mark. 1000 mm with upper portion pointed,
Use cement mortar in construction. especially with mud mortar.

(.I
 In the disaster prone areas of India
different building systems are used.
Many of these buildings have been
found to be vulnerable during the
past disasters.

Four examples are given here to provide guidance on what special disaster resisting
features must be included in the construction in Kashmir Vallies, Kutchch,
Uttarakhand and Marathwada. Details of all these features are given in Chapter 7.

Following are the typical examples of buildings in each 0

of the four regions

(0
CD
"- (A
w c
C 0

to cs

£ >
CD (0
c
(0 o
CO
(A

"^ -^^fc

3.Uttrakhand House 4. Marathwada House

62
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Typical Kutch Region House

Natural Hazzard Risk Zones

Seismic Zone V
Wind Speed Zone IV (50 to 55 m/s)
Flood: Not Applicable

Typical Building Specifications

Wall : All walls including gables - Load bearing brick or stone masonry.
Floor: Intermediate floor - R. C. Slab.
Roof: Clay tiles or CGI sheeting on purlins supported on rafters spanning
from ridge beam to eave walls with intermediate beams.

Disaster Resisting Features for New Construction

Q (J/ Install timber Collar Beambetweenopposite rafters to

prevent sideway push from rafters to walls

Install RC Load wall

on top of gable to anchor the
roofing and roof framing to gable wall
©&
Anchor sheeting with 'J '
©® bolts and tiles with Gl Hooks to rafters
Install RC Band on top
of gable wall to strengthen it
against back & forth shaking ©®
nstall diagonal bracings
under roof to prevent sideway
©& push to gable walls
Strengthen wall
to wall connection
with seismic bands at
eave level

©®
©& Anchor rafters to eave
Induce tensile strength
band with MS angle or
against vertical
Gl wire anchors
bending by providing
vertical reinforcement
at all room corners

©®
Induce tensile strength
in walls against tearing
and horizontal bending
with horizontal seismic bands

Anchor roof beams to

r _ walls withanchor bolts in
© ® RCGable Band
Anchor door & window
© v' frames with holdfasts ©®
in concrete Encase wall openings with
« Strengthen delicate glass ^ reinforcement to prevent
^ panes by making small panels tearing at corners

Follow all basic rules of masonry construction. Use 1:4 Cement:Sand

mortar in walls. See Chapter 7 for all other information

(jj) Earthquake (JyWind (fj) Flood &Rain

63
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Typical Kashmir Region House

Natural Hazzard Risk Zones
Seismic Zone V
Wind Speed Zone IV (50 to 55 m/s)
Flooding : Likely in valleys

Typical Building Specifications

Wall : Up to eave level - Load bearing brick & stone masonry.
Gable walls - Timber laced masonry or timber planks or CGI sheets.
Floor: Intermediate and Attic - Timber planks on timber joists.
Roof: CGI sheets on timber purlins supported on timber trusses.

Disaster Resisting Features for New Construction

(> Anchor sheeting with 'J' or' U' bolts

and tiles with Gl hooks to rafters

(* Install collar beams to prevent

sideway push from rafter to walls

(i) Anchor principal rafters

of root frame to walls
with MS angle or MS rod ©
Strengthen wall to wall
anchors in RC band
connection with seismic bands
at floor and eave level
© Anchor roof band to walls
with vertical rods within
©
Induce tensile strength against
masonry
bending about horizontal axis b^j
© providing vertical reinforcement
Improve storey-to-storey connectivity at all room comers
by providing vertical reinforcement
(1 Encase wall openings all around
© with reinforcement to prevent
Induce tensile strength in walls tearing at comers.
against tearing and horizontal bending Install diagonal bracings
with horizontal seismic bands
under timber floor to prevent
© Q in-planedeformation
Anchor door & window frames
with holdfasts in concrete
Anchor floor joists to walls
AWRh MS angle or MS rod anchor
- in RC band
(* Prevent flooding of house by building Prevent dampening & erosion
plinth level higher than last high flood level g^ ofmortar by plastering or
" pointing ofwall
Q Protect plinth with cement plaster,
or with cement pointing Prevent dampening of mud
© mortar through Capillary action
by installing damp-proof course
at plinth level.

Follow all basic rules of masonry construction. Use 1:4 Cement:Sand

mortar in walls. See Chapter 7 for all other information

{^Earthquake tJ/Wind dy Flood &Rain

64
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Typical Latur Region House

Natural Hazzard Risk Zones

Seismic Zone III
Wind Speed Zone II (39to 44 m/s)
Flood : Not Applicable

Typical Building Specifications

Wall : Non-load bearing - Stone masonry.
Roof : Mud on timber deck supported on columns
with CGI sheet awnings.

Disaster Resisting Features for New Construction

Q Place mud layer no thicker Q Strengthen column-beam

than 200 mm (8") with connection to
polythylene water barrier resist lateral sway
QfInduce tensile strength in
walls against tearing and
horizontal bending with
horizontal seismic bands

Encase wall openings with

su reinforcement to prevent
- tearing corners.

(j) Install diagonal bracings undertimber

roof deck to prevent in-plane
deformation

©
Q Anchor roof joiststo RC Band inwalls with
Anchor door & window frames
MS angle or Gl wire anchors.
with holdfasts in concrete.
Q Prevent dampening & erosion of mortar
by plastering or pointingof wall

Follow all basic rules of masonry construction. Use 1:6 Cement:Sand

mortar in walls. See Chapter 7 for all other information

Q| Earthquake ^Wind O Flood &Rain

65
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Typical Garhwal - Uttarakhand House

Natural Hazzard Risk Zones

Seismic Zone V
Wind Speed Zone II (39 to 44 m/s)
Flood : Not Applicable

Typical Building Specifications

Wall : All walls including gable walls - Load bearing stone masonry.
Floor: Intermediate floor - Timber plank on timber joists.
Roof : Slate on planks supported on purlins spanning between
gable and principle rafters.

Disaster Resisting Features for New Construction

©
Install collar beams
Anchor slate to purlins with nails
„ to prevent sideway push
from rafter to walls
q Install diagonal bracings
. . _,. .. under roof to prevent side way ©
Anchor purlins to gable pusn |0 ab,e wa|,s Anchor principal rafters
wall by Gl wire to walls with Gl wire or
in gable band MS angle anchors in
© RC Band
Install RC Band on top
of gable wall to strengthen
it against back &forth shaking
© ©
Anchor top storey to Induce tensile strength
roof with vertical rod
against vertical bending
by providing vertical
© reinforcement at all
Strengthen wall-to-wall
room corners
connection with seismic
bands at floor and
eave level
©
© Prevent dampening of mud
Improve storey-to-storey mortar through Capillary action
connectivity by providing by installing damp-proof
vertical reinforcement course at plinth level.
bonding
©
© Encase wall openings with
Induce tensile strength in
walls against tearing and reinforcement to prevent
horizontal bending with tearing at corners.
horizontal seismic bands

©
Install diagonal bracings under timber Protect plinth with cement plaster,
floor to prevent in-plane deformation or with cement pointing

©Anchor floor joists to RC Band in walls

Anchor door & window frames
Prevent flooding of house by building with holdfasts in concrete.
plinth level higher than last high flood level q Prevent dampening &erosion ©
© ofmortar byplastering or
pointing of wall

Follow all basic rules of masonry construction. Use 1:4 Cement:Sand

mortar in walls. See Chapter 7 for all other information

Q| Earthquake VjyWind Q Flood &Rain

66
 Now the reader has understood the
disaster resisting features that should be
used by him in his area. Next when he plans
to use them in new construction, the main
question that he will be faced with is "how
much quantity of materials are needed"
and "how much extra money he will have
to spend".

How to use the information on Material Quantities?:

<A • Here, for a specific measure of each feature, the quantity of materials required
such as cement, steel bars, sand, aggregates etc. are given.
0)
• The user has to finalize which features he is going to use and determine the
quantity for each feature, e.g. The number of running meters of RC Band.

• Next, with that quantity in hand, use the information provided in this chapter.

• Simply multiply measurement of a particular feature to the material quantities

£ a) given in this Chapter to arrive at the total quantity of materials required.

• To specify quantity in each case the most commonly used measuring systems are
adopted to make iteasy for user to arrive at the quantity and order the materials.

Z c
••• ^-
Material quantities are listed for applicable to one or more of the Seismi< Zones
III. IV and V, and Wind /ones III and IV. I he ileitis in which no -per ifi< Zones arc
~ (A spec ifii-d arc applic able in all Zones.

(0 (A
3 0)
o It Item no. 1
_ k. Vertical Reinforcing Bar installed within
masonry and encased in 1:11/2:3 micro
(0 0 concrete with min. all around concrete cover
• •• ^^
of 50mm (2").
(A
0 (0 Material quantities given below are required for 10 m (32* 91/2n) length of Vertical Bar

(0 (A Cement 0.002 Cu.m = 0.65 Bags

Sand 0.033 Cu.m = 0.012 Brass

2 o Aggregates 0.065 Cu.m = 0.023 Brass

10mm TOR 12mm TOR 16mm TOR

Steel 6.17 kg. 8.89 kg. 15.80 kg.

67
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Item no.2
Reinforced Concrete Band 250mm to 450 mm (10" to 18")
wide and 75mm (3") thick with 1:2:4 concrete and 2 - TOR
bars in longitudinal direction & 8mm dia. TOR cross-links
@300mm(12")c/c.

Material quantities given below are required for 10m (32* 9V2") length of RC Band
230 thk. Wall 350 thk. Wall 450 thk. Wall

10mm TOR 8mm TOR 10mm TOR 8mm TOR 10mm TOR 8mm TOR
main reinf. main reinf. main reinf. main reinf. main reinf. main reinf.

10mm TOR main 12.35 kg. 0 12.35 kg. 0 12.35 kg. 0

8mm TOR main 0 7.91 kg. 0 0 0 0

8mm TOR
4.61 kg. 4.61 kg. 5.93 kg. 0 7.24 kg. 0
cross link

Cement 0.037 Cu.m = 1.11 Bags 0.056 Cu.m = 1.69 Bags 0.072 Cu.m = 2.17 Bags
Sand 0.09 Cu.m = 0.032 Brass 0.12 Cu.m = 0.042 Brass 0.16 Cu.m = 0.057 Brass

Aggregates 0.1 8 Cu.m = 0.064 Br.iss 0.25 Cu.m = 0.088 Brass 0.32Cu.m = 0.11 Brass

Item no.3
Rafter and Purlin Anchors to Wall Band consisting of
different options including MS Angle, MS Rod, and Gl
wires.

Material quantities given below are required for connections at 10 locations

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
MS Angle 35x35x3mm 150mm(6") long 6mm bar - 600mm (24")Long 2- Gl Wire 600mm(24") long
MS Angle with 2-14mm holes = 2.40 Kg 6 mm dia. Bar = 1.33 Kg 10 gauge Gl Wire= 0.73 Kg
100mm Long(4") 12 mm dia. Bolt with 2nos. 10 gauge 75mm(3") long 2nos. 10 gauge 75mm(3") long
2 nos. washers & 1 nos. nut. = 20.00 Set nails nails

230mm Long(9") 8 mm dia. Bar

welded to base =0.91 Kg

68
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Item no.4
Ridge and Intermediate Beam Anchor to Wall
consisting of MS anchor bolt with bearing plate.

Material quantities given below are required for connection of 10 beams

12mm dia. bolt 250mm(10") long with a 100 x 100 x 5mm(4'x4"x1/4") MS
plate welded at its bottom = 20.00 Set

Item no. 5
Manglore Tile Anchors consisting of Gl
wire clip.

Material quantities given below are required for 10 Manglore Tiles

Manglore Tile Anchors: 3mm dia. Stiff Gl Wire Hooks = 10 Nos.

Item no. 6
Manglore Tile Eave Level Anchor consisting of multiple
strands of 10 gauge Gl wire.

Material quantities given below are required for 10m(32' 9V2") length of Roof
Eave Level Anchor: 2-10 gauge Gl wire = 1.22 Kg

69
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Item no. 7
Collar Beam for 1 Rafter pair consisting of timber
plank.

Material quantities given below are required for 10 locations

12mm x 75mm(3") wood plank collar beam
with 4 pre-drilled holes of 8mm diameter. = 10 Nos.
1 -8mm diameter bolt with 2 washers & 1 nut. = 40.00 Set

Item no. 8
Diagonal Bracing of "K" configuration & Struts made of timber
planks to be installed under Floor and Roof Framing.

Material quantities given below are required for 10 Sq.mdOOSq.ft. ) of the Floor / Roof area
100mm (4") x 25mm (1") strut (timber plank) = 0.124Cmt.
4 nails / plank -1Ogauge 100mm(4") long = 0.215 kg.

Item no. 9

Diagonal Bracing of "X" configuration & Struts under Roof

Framing with Struts made of timber planks and bracings made
of 4 strands of twisted 13gauge Gl wires.

Material quantities given below are required for 10 Sq.m(100Sq.ft. ) of the Roof area
100mm (4") x 25mm (1") planks = 0.016 Cmt.
10gauge Nails100mm(4") long = 0.143 kg.
13 gauge GI Wire = 1.04 kg.

70
 Care must be taken to follow every rule
given in this book in all construction. But in
disaster prone areas extra care is needed.
The construction photographs shown here
are from the Earthquake and Wind Speed
Zone V. These are not isolated examples.
They represent general scenario in disaster
prone areas of India.

Most Commonly Committed Mistakes

C
0

(A
c Never construct stone masonry by simply
Never leave vertical joints unfilled
stacking one stone over another without
o proper fitting and using mortar.
without mortar.

_^^^^^^^^^^^M
k I .ii Column

0) r^_UMi
•?. IiH 1
^rTO( Beam L—1

tf)
*xP™h8s! ^^^^m*^^^

1. Never provide RC columns without Never connect one wall to another

providing RC beams. through the use of toothing left out in the
c 2. Never construct fat RC column on
top of thin RC column or on top of
wall that is built first.

o masonry.
i. Never construct one column on
another with their centre lines not
matching.

Never make any one of these mistake.

In a disaster this could be an expensive mistake
and could put your life at risk
71
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Common Mistakes In RC Work

Never leave free end of reinforcement in a

RC Band without overlapping with other bar.

Never place reinforcing bars wihtout

or with little concrete cover. They add
very littleto the strength.

Never construct
RC Band that is
much smaller
than the width
of wall.

Never finish the surface smooth on which

concrete is going to be placed, rather make
it rough.

NEVER ALLOW CONCRETE

TO DRY UNTIL AFTER
CURING ENDS

Never use rings without Never do concreting without

hooks bent inwards at
proper and continuous Never connect one bar to
rodding, or use vibrator another with hooks.
135°.

72
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Common Mistakes in
Masonry

Never use Concrete Blocks in dry state in

construction . It will suck the water from
mortar and a crack will develop.

Never place stones without interlocking

where both faces of wall remain separate.
Never use thin concrete blocks in vertical
position. They will make unstable wall.

-A yi
*""" * V

>
55
- • 'i •.

i •
i'
EJ
1
.

1 : .-a. ' ' I

WktM '

SSC *^ Never
\Pmake
^mrnwm

inner wall
Never make two walls

<8> that are not connected

properly to each other.
without RC Band that is
integrally connected to the
Band in outer walls.
Never build RC slab without full connection
with the beam. Never use different materials in the adjacent walls.

73
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Common Mistakes in Masonry (Cont.)

Neverconstruct a singlefree standing wall taller

than 1.5m (5'-0"). Never rest roofon unreinforced brick piers.

Never construct outside walls without Never construct RCC columns without
constructing interior walls at the same time constructing beams resting on it and fully
and fully connected to them. connected to it.

Never construct
corners alone
without rest of
the walls.

74
 Restoration
~—.7;,.-.:—
1st Step to Rehabilitation ^yiafjT^;';
mmnSSW^
Bringing back a damaged structure
to its pre-earthquake state is called
Restoration. This results into the JS*"**""*2-^*?*—
Ip Hlffil
restoration of its original strength.
•

Painting, plastering or changing

floor tiles is not restoration.

Damage Grading and Description

Damage is categorized from G1 to G5
Grades as per IS:1893 (Part DPage 33

Grade G-1: Grade G-2:

0) Slight damage Moderate damage
0) Thin hairline cracks in plaster or in un- Small cracks max. 5mm (1/5") wide in
plastered masonry thatare notdeep, and walls, falling of plaster over large areas,
falling of some plaster. cracking of non-load bearing parts like
chimneys, parapets, etc.

o
o

Damage Measurement:
c Only length ofthe cracks can be measured. Damage Measurement:
Cracks are some times across the full
o Effect on Structure: thickness of wall. Length and width can
• •• This does not weaken the structure. be measured.

Effect on Structure:
The load carrying capacity of the
structure is not reduced appreciably.
hi
Grade G-3:
o Heavy damage

(A Large and deep cracks 6mm to1 Omm (1/4" to 1/2")

wide in walls, widespread cracking of walls and
0) columns, And tiltingor collapse of chimneys.

Damage Measurement: Cracks are

generally across full thickness of
wall. Length, width and depth, all
three could be measured.

Effect on Structure:
The load carrying capacity of the
structure isappreciably reduced.

75
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Grade G-4:
Destruction damage

Gaps in walls, portions of walls about to collapse due to tilting,

bulging, delamination or major cracks, or already collapsed.

Damage Measurement: Effect to Structure:

The height, width and depth of the collapsed Corner collapse,
portion or portions about to collapse are measured. Building is unsafe and can collapse further.

Grade G-5:
Total collapse

Ref: NCPDP Shock Table Test Program 2002

76
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Restoration Procedure for Wall Damage

Damage: Grade G-1 crack

Plaster cracking
Restoration Procedure: Replaster damaged portion

Make a 'V notch along the crack Clean it with wire brush, Fill up the gap with 1:3 Cement
wash and wet with water. mortar. Finish the restored parts to
match the surrounding wall.

Damage : Grade G-2 type crack

Width up to 5mm (1/5")
•SSi Damage: Grade G-3 crack
-♦
Width more than 5mm (1/5")
but less than 10mm (1 /2 ")

Restoration Procedure: Crack Sealing & Grouting:

1. Make a 'V notch along the 2. Fix grouting nipples in the 'V groove 3. Prepare cement slurry 1:1
at a spacing of 150mm to 200mm, or (non-shrink cement : water)
crack, or widen it with raking
tool and clean it with wire brush. leave holes at that spacing while sealing
the crack with 1:3 cement mortar.

5. Inject cement
slurry into the
nipple, or holes
starting with the
4. Fill up hydraulic lowest nipple.
pump or a simple Cut off the
hand-pump with nipples, seal the
non-shrink cement holes with 1:3
slurry. cement mortar.

77
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Restoration Procedure: Crack Sealing & Grouting: (cont.)

Alternatively,
^*»

Pipe
When a crack is large
and more quantity of
6. Simple hand-pump can be made
grout is to be pumped Fill up cement slurry and raise
quickly from PVC pipe pieces of 35mm
then a drum with a the drum and allow the slurry to
and 10mm dia., a reducer, and a simple
nozzle at bottom can flow under gravity pressure in
wooden piston.
be used. the crack.

Alternatively, if non-shrink grout or grouting equipment is not available, then..

Restoration Procedure: Crack Sealing & Splicing:

1. Remove plaster, if existing and 2. Fill the crack with 1:3 cement 3. Alternatively install 150mm wide
rake joints up to 12mm depth.
mortar (cement: fine sand) and 14 ga. 25x 25mm Gl \A/WM with
install 8mm TOR splice on both 100mm long wire nails inserted at
faces of the wall. spacingofmax. 150mm.
10 gauge CI wires
^2-8mm
/ j/VTOR rod

Detail of
8mm Tor
splice
4 A I 50mm
6mm MS rod

4. If WWM isnot availableeither use "C" clamp

or use splice made of 2-8mm TOR rod.

600mm

100mm
•tf "C" clamp 5. Plaster over the splice, C clamp or WWM with two 12mm
coats of 1:3 cement plaster.
4 H 8mm TOR rod 6. Cure it for 15 days.
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Damage: Grade G-4

Damage - Wall is in imminent danger of collapse or has already collapsed

The photographs below cover a variety of situations with G-4 Damage.

Out of plumb wall Bulging wall Delaminated stone wall

Partially collapsed gable wall Partially collapsed wall Corner collapse

Restoration: Making the wall stable

In all of the above situations follow the procedure described

Procedure: Rebuild entire wall or only the damaged portion of wall.

1
1l

1. Mark the damaged portion of

the wall plus 300mm (1'-0")
extra on all sides.

2. Support the roof or the floor above; 3. Rebuild the wall with the 4. Once curing is over remove
remove the marked portion in salvaged or new material. Use the props and finish the wall to
stepped manner. mortar that is stronger than that match.
used in the existing construction.
79
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Restoration Procedures for Roof Damage

1. Restoration of Damaged Roof with CGI /AC

Sheet or Clay Tile

A. Damaged timber elements

1. Remove all the roofing from damaged area.
2. If roof damage is because of wall damage then clear the severely damaged
portions of walls and reconstruct them.
3. Repair the cracks and other minor damage.

4. Repair the cracked elements of

5. Replace the severely damaged 6. Replace CGI / AC sheets or
timber by nailing or splicing with
timber elements of roof. tiles that were removed.
metal straps or MS flats. Pre-drill
holes in old timber.

B. Deformed CGI sheets

r£>

&

Straighten out bent sheets using Seal all open holes with M-seal
Straighten out bent sheets
wooden hammer and 40mm dia.
remove any rusted edges
pipe under the sheeting.
around the existing nail / bolt
holes with a fi le or a hammer.

2. Restoration of damaged RCC slab

A. Sealing of fine crack in RC roof B. Sealing of Moderate (G2) Non
Structural crack

T
uk

W La_J 1. Clean the crack with wire brush., 1. Rake the crack with chisel.
2. Fill itwith cement: water (1:1)slurry 2. Clean it with wire brush.
and cure for at least 15 days, OR 3. Seal it thoroughly with a sealant
use polymer epoxy for grouting. like M-seal using thumb pressure.

80
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

C. Restoration of Partially Collapsed RC Roof

1.Support the
undamaged
portion of the
Jfel slab.
600mm
Mark
(2'-
1 v** 0") extra on
1 *M all sides from
the damaged
.% m portion.

Remove
Steel dowel
oncrete
750 long for
overlapping
joint between
old and new
bars

2. Break off concrete from the 3. Install shuttering. Tie 750mm 4. Apply bonding agent at the
collapsed portion and straighten out (2'-6") long steel dowel of the same exposed edge of the undamaged
the bars to get them in correct diameter overlapping on each slab. Pour concrete and cure the
alignment. Rebuild damaged walls. rebar. new slab for 15 days.

D. Saving a RC slab by restoration of severely damaged

or collapsed walls supporting it

The damaged walls have to be restored carefully in a

systematic manner so that roof does not get damaged.

2. Wherever removal of damaged wall is

1. Prop up the slab inside and outside the building exercising required, it must not exceed 3m (3' 0") at a
care not to raise the slab. Start construction of the new wall from time. Continue the process till all damaged
the corner. Build it in a stepped manner. walls have been restored.

When restoration is complete, remove all the supports, and retrofit the entire
structure as deemed necessary following the instructions for retrofitting
81
 Preparing for Natural hazards like
Earthquake, Cyclone and Floods:
It is neither possible nor economically
viable to demolish all existing vulnerable
structures in disaster prone areas. It would
be best to upgrade their strength (i.e.
retrofit them) to save them from damage
and destruction in future.

WHAT IS RETROFITTING?
• It is possible to reduce the vulnerability of an existing unsafe building. There are
simple ways to do this. It is called Retrofitting.
• Retrofitting means preparing a structure in a scientific manner to withstand the forces
of a natural hazard that may occur in future. This needs to be done on all structures
that are found to be vulnerable, whether they are damaged or not. (A
• It is generally the most economical and fastest way to achieve the safety of the
people who occupy the vulnerable building. 0)

3
(A
ft
O
2
Uttarakhand House Kutchch House

All these houses and thousands

more in all disaster prone areas
of the country are vulnerable to
future disasters. They all cannot
be demolished and rebuilt. So
for the safety of their occupants
they need to be retrofitted.
Kashmir House

o
Advantage of Retrofitting
The advantages of retrofitting over replacing an existing building for safety against
future disasters are:
• Retrofitting can be done in phased manner depending upon the availability of funds
and time. So it is not necessary to retrofit the whole structure in one go.
• Retrofitting eliminates the need for a temporary shelter since retrofitting can be taken
up in a few rooms at a time.
• Retrofitting eliminates the cost of total demolition and removal of debris from
demolition.
• Retrofitting can save most of the improvements carried out in the building. There is no
need to redo all of it.

82
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

RETROFITTING MEASURES FOR VULNERABLE

EXISTING BUILDINGS IN DISASTER PRONE AREAS

If a building is not designed and constructed to resists the forces of expected natural
hazards, it must be strengthened by introducing Retrofitting Measures as shown below
to eliminate all the weaknesses present in the building as shown in Chapter 4.

Install diagonal collar beams

Install diagonal bracings

Strengthen gable wall by
Anchor roof truss to walls stalling sloping belt on gable wall
with brackets 99
§•
Anchor floor joists to walls Strengthen corners
with brackets with seismic belts at
iddle floor and eave level

Improve story- to- story Induce tensile strength against

connectivity by providin vertical bending by providing vertical
vertical reinforcement reinforcement at all inside and
outside corners 9 9
Induce tensile strength in
walls against in-plane tension Provide in-plane bracings
and horizontal seismic belts under timber floor

Provide bond elements in'stone wall Encase wall opening with

reinforcement or reduce the
Strengthen masonry number or size of openings
column with jacketing

Remember:
Anchor down
Any vulnerable part of a
R C Slab to wall building will benefit from
with proper the retrofitting measure
connection
with Vertical
only if the measure is
reinforcement securely bonded to that
99
part of the building where
it is applied.

(p Earthquake v?y Wind i} Flood &Rain

83
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Retrofitting of Existing Stone Masonry Walls

1. Cast In-situ RC Bond Elements in RR walls
Disaster Type: (^ $j

Weakness in Random Rubble Wall:

Bulging and Delamination of wythes (faces) in RR walls because of
• Poor interlocking between two wythes.
• Absence of bond elements or 'through' stones.

Where to apply remedy? All parts of RR walls.

Specifications:
• Install one'through stone' at horizontal and vertical distance ofabout 1m apart, with 500mm horizontal stagger.
• Use 8mm TOR rod 50mm shorter than the wall thickness, hooked on both ends.

Special equipment:
For stone extraction: A 12mm dia. MS rod no longer then 750mm long (2' - 6" ) with one end flattened and
the other end pointed.
How to install RC Bond Elements?

1. Mark points at desired 2. Select a stone to be removed. 3. Remove the material from
locations, avoiding built in Rake out mortar from all around behind the stone and make a
cupboards. Remove surface using Extraction Rod. Loosen it 75mm (3") diameter hole till the
plaster of 230mm x 230mm gently and pull itout carefully. stone on the other face is reached.
(9"x9") patch at each point. Removethisslowlyfrom other side.

5. Fill the bottom half of hole

with non shrink cement 6. Finish the surface with
concrete, place rebar hooked at cement plaster. Cure for
4. The hole should be dumbbell minimum 10 days.
shaped, bigger in size at both faces both ends and fill it completely
with concrete.
and narrower in the wall core.

Caution: Make no more than 6 holes at a time in a single wall, and fill them up
with concrete on the same day. Exercise extreme caution not to damage the
building by hammering while making holes. Do not use crowbar for this.
84
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Retrofitting of Existing Stone Masonry Walls (cont.)

2. Horizontal Belt

Disaster Type: ($ ^

Weaknesses in Brick, Stone or concrete block

masonry walls:
Cracking caused because of:
• Poor wall- to- wall connection,
• Inadequate in-plane tensile strength (against tearing),

Where to apply remedy? Un-interrupted seismic

belts are to be provided on all walls as shown here. Just below floor
level if floor is
Just below th other than RCC
sloping top lab.
edge of gable At lintel level
walls. unless the gap
between eave
level and lintel is
less than 900mm.
Just below
eave level
when the
roof is other Tie Rod: When it is possible to install belt on only
than RCC
three walls then adjacent to the fourth wall a tie rod
slab
must be installed to ensure some continuity
Specification of Belt:
• Belt is made with reinforcement consisting of galvanized weld wire mesh (WWM) and TOR / MS bars.
• Reinforcement should be anchored to wall and fully encased in cement plasteror microconcrete from
all sides.
• Width of belt shall be 30mm wider than the width of WWM.
• 13 gauge WWM is recommended since 10 gauge is too stiff to handle.
Specification of Reinforcement: For rooms with wall length 5m or less
Hazard Risk Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh plus Galvanized MS Rods
Seismic Zone IV & Wind
Speed Zone III G13- 175mm wide with 8 longitudinal wires plus 2- 6mm dia. bars

Seismic Zone V & Wind G13- 225mm wide with 10 longitudinal wires plus 2- 6mm dia. bars
Speed Zone IV
The transverse wires in the mesh could be spaced up to 150mm.

These are used to

Shear Connector:
Tie rod: It shall be 12mm dia. MS bar with each end anchor the belt to wall.
threaded overan adequate length alongwithtwo nuts L-shaped bar in a RC Bond Element
with its bent leg sticking out of the
and a 100mmX100mmX5mm MSbearing plate.

(_Jl wall to which any reinforcement

mesh can be attached.

K ^^Weld Wire Mesh

r ^8 mm TOR Rod
leg for anchoring

85
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

How to install WWM Belt?

1. Mark the top & bottom edges

of belt on wall using string and 2. Using electric grinder, or
tube level.
chisel, cut the plaster along
the markings.

3. Remove the plaster from the

marked area exposing wall surface.

4. Rake all the mortar joints to

5. In case of no electricity, use
the depth of 15mm (5/8") using
chisel. Clean the surface with
electric grinder.
wire brush and water.

6. Cut weld wire mesh as required.

7. Attach precut 6mm
reinforcing bars with 8. Install WWM on
binding wires. the prepared surface.

Install Shear Connectors

9. In brick or concrete block wall 10. In case of rubble walls install

use 100mm (4") to 150mm (6") Cast in-Situ RC shear connectors
longwirenails driven in to mortar with bar sticking out every 1.25m
joints, at 300mm (12") spacing in (4'0"). Attach WWM to the bar with
a staggered fashion in two rows. binding wire. Inaddition use 100mm
long square headed nails at 150- 11. Provide spacers 15mm (1/2")
300mm spacing. thick between the wall and the mesh.

86
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

12. Ensure continuity of reinforcing bars as well as of

WWM through lapjoints minimum 300mm (12") long.

14.A Tie rod must be installed level from one wall to the
opposite wall going clear through a conduit placed in both walls
and through the belts.
»All tie-rods must be in place,
before plastering the belt.
» Tie-rods must be level

13. Splash the exposed wall surface » Tie rods must have
with water and apply neat cement approximately 2.5m (8' 2")
slurry followed by first coat of vertical clearance from the floor.
cement: sand (1:3) plaster. In the absence of such clearance
install pilasters to create
additional support to the walls.
•ft*** » Tie-rod must be taut to be

Vertical leg
of Belt

—Special Shear
14.B Tighten the Tie rod, after finishing Reinforcement

the belt, with the help of two nuts at •

each end. Place 75x75x5mm bearing Provide the
15. Where the belt
plate infront ofthe nut before tightening. additional shear
alignment crosses an
opening take the belt up or reinforcement shown
down around the opening. here in the vertical
leg of the belt.

16. Place plaster in two coats, each

12mm (1/2") thick at an interval of 1 to 2
hours to provide 16mm (5/8") cover over
the reinforcement.

87
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Vertical Reinforcement
Disaster type: (j| ^
Weaknesses in brick or stone masonry walls :
• Poor storey- to- storey connection.
• Poor wall to roof connection.
m^^Mmmr^*- ~ ^*»~V P^PQBJTV^^^^^^kz

Where to apply remedy?

At all wall- to- wall junctions and at other locations in walls from foundation to roof.

To be applied in all buildings At all

in Seismic Zones IV & V & in junctions of
Wind Speed Zone III & IV, walls
and in 2 and 3 storey (Corners).
buildings in Seismic Zone III.
In all storeys

Options of Vertical Reinforcement:

A. Single reinforcing bar B. Vertical Belt with WWM and reinforcing bars.
Specifications:
1A. Bar or WWM belt sizes are given here for walls 5m. In length or shorter.
Single Vertical Reinforcing TOR Bar Size ***
No. of Seismic Zones Zone III Zone IV Zone V
Storey
storeys Wind Speed Zone Zone III Zone IV

One Ground 10 12

Two Upper 10 12
Ground 12 16

Three Top 10 10 12

Upper 10 12 16
Ground 12 16
12

B. Vertical Belt with Welded Wire Mesh & Bars

Weld Mesh - N = No. of longitudinal wires in mesh; B = Width of finished belt ***
All Reinforcement in the belt should be Galvanized.
Seismic Zones IV Seismic Zones V
Wind Speed Zone III Wind Speed Zone IV
WWMG13 WWMG13 Additional Bars
No. of storeys Storey
N B N B

One Ground 10 MM 14 400 2 - 6mm dia.

Two Upper 10 300 14 400
Ground 14 400 14 400
Three Top 10 300 14 400
Upper 14 400 14 400 6 - 6mm dia.
Ground 14 400 14 400 6 - 6mm dia.

Note: WWM made of 13 gauge wires is recommended here since 10 gauge wire mesh is difficult to handle
because of its stiffness.
*** : For all other situations see National Disaster Management Division, Govt, of India Guidelines or
appropriate National Building Codes.
• 88 —
 ••^^••••••••^•H Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Vertical Reinforcement (cont.)

A. How to install Vertical Bar in a corner?

4. Remove 300 x 300mm

patch of flooring and
excavate to 450mm depth.
2. Rake all the mortar joints 3. Clean the surface with
In the excavation place a
to the depth of 15mm (5/8"). wire brush.
bar with bottom 230mm
(9") bent in 'L' shape. The
rod will pass through each
1. Using plumb-bob
intermediate floor.
demarcate 100mm (4")
wide patch at the corner
on both walls. Remove the
plaster from the marked
area.

1
I ly
1 1
1 I
1 •_
* irrr

< E
w 600mm (24"
i ^J 6. Place 8mm TOR bars in the
holes and connect them to the
l50mm (6") vertical bar making sure it is 35 to 7. Keeping vertical bar in plumb,
!p iT
«.
J- ! -' *•-__
50 mm (1 Vz to 2") from both the pour the 1:2:4 concrete with
continuous rodding in the hole in
walls.
\ M*
the ground to completely encase the
bottom of steel rod in concrete.

5. Make holes for shear connectors

in both walls, starting on one wall
at 150mm (6") from the floor, and
then at every 600mm (24"), but in
alternate wal Is.
8. Clean all the shear
connector holes and fill
Make sure to maintain 35 them up with non-
to 50 mm (1V2" to 2") gap shrink cement cum
polymer grout. Making
between the vertical rod
sure that bar is fully
and both walls. encased.

89
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India •••••m^H

A. How to install Vertical Bar in a corner (cont.)?

11. Once the

concrete is set
move the form-
work upwards
and continue
concreting.

Ensure at least 15mm

9. Once all the shear connectors 10. Do concreting in stages with
are grouted, clean the wall with their height not exceeding 900mm (5/8") concrete cover all
wire brush and water. Install Gl or (3'-0"). Pour l:l!&:3 micro around on the vertical bar.
timber centering forconcreting. concrete withcontinuous rodding.

12. In a sloping roof with 13. In RC slab, expose the slab

wooden wall-plate extend the reinforcing bars and connect the top 14. Wet the slab and apply neat
bar above the top of the wall and bent portion of the vertical bar to the cement slurry followed by cement
bend it over the wall plate in exposed bars using binding wires mortar in 1:3. Finish it to match
order to anchor it to the wall. with minimum 300mm (12") overlap. surrounding area. Cure for 15 days.
B. How to install Weld Wire Mesh Vertical Belt at wall junctions ?
When it is not possible to install vertical rod inside the room because of some
obstruction the option of WWM Belt can be used on the outer face of walls.

3. Rakeall the mortar joints to

the depth of 12mm (1/2") by
chiselor electricgrinder. Clean
1. Mark the belt alignment on 2. Remove the plaster from the marked the surface with wire brush.
the wall using plumb-bob. area and expose the walling material.
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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

B. How to install Weld Wire Mesh Vertical Belt at wall junctions (cont.)?

5. Prepare the mesh straps of required

6. Install ready WWM strap. Use
length and and width and attach to it the
precut 6mm bars with binding wires. 100mm (4") long wire nails in
bricks and square headed nails in
stone at 300mm (12") spacing in
Separate mesh from wall by plat ing staggered manner to anchor it.
15mm (5/8") thick spacers

4. At the base excavate

400X150mm pit 300mm
deep to anchor WWM in
concrete.

9. Ensure continuity of WWM

and bars through overlap
8. Shear connectors are to be installed joints. The minimum overlap
7. In RR walls also use Cast in-Situ RC at a maximum spacing of 600mm (24"). shall be 300mm (12").
Shear Connectors with 'L' shaped Once the concrete hardens, attach
dowel bar to anchor the WWM. WWM to it with binding wire.

10. Splash the exposed wall surface with water.

1PI 11. After 1 to 2 hours
apply second layer of
plaster with the same
mix to provide 16mm
While still wet, apply neat cement slurry followed (5/8") cover over the
by first coat of cement-sand (1:3) plaster of 12mm reinforcement. Cure
for 15 days.
(1/2") thickness.

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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

4. Opening Encasement With Belt

Disaster type:© ©
Weaknesses in Masonry Walls:
Diagonal cracking at openings because of:
• Capacity of wall to withstand tension reduced by
door and window openings.
Where to apply remedy? On one face of a wall around every
opening for door, and window

Option B
A- A

Specification of belt: A
As
A. Galvanized 10 Gauge WWM - No. of wires = 10; Mesh width •

Ps—

225mm; Belt width = 280mm. \—6 Wires —*l 3 Gauge WWM

Alternatively, for easier handling: 2 - 6mm Galv. MS Rods
B. Galvanized 13 Gauge WWM - Plus 2-6mm dia. Galv. MS Bar.
C. If right WWM not available then use 8mm TOR rods with Option C ^!3Gauge wires
equivalent area of steel with 13 g Gl wire tied crisscross.
£_ A
A r

How to install Encasement Belt around opening? \\ 'l50mm (6"l \ 8mm TOR
Rod
2 - 8mm TOR Rods

1.Demarcate the belt around the openings. If

lintel belt is installed, the encasement belt is
The installation procedure is exactly same as lhat
required only on the side and under the
used tor the horizonl.il and vertical seismic belt.
window openings, and only on sides fordoor.

4.Belts on all sides of encasement 5.The belts on top sides must 6. Merge two vertical belts in case
must overlap at corners. overlap with the lintel level belt. the spacing between two
openings is less than 560mm.

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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

5. Diagonal Braces & Struts in Timber Floor/ Flat Roof Deck

Disaster type: ($ ©
Weakness in Timber Floor/ Flat Roof :
Weakness against sideway forces causing distortions
(rectangle becoming parallelogram) in floor/ roof

Where to apply remedy? At the underside of floor and roof

Specification : The timber plank for bracings and struts : Floor deck damage - Loosening of joints
100mm (4") X 25mm (1")

How to install timber struts and braces under flat deck?

1. Install 2-
100mm (4") x
25mm (1")
struts (plank) on
the underside
of the floor
beams next to
where they are
resting on walls 2. Pre-drill these planks
with two nails/ 3. Install bracings in same way.
to prevent splitting Adopt "K" or "X"arrangement so that
screws at each
the angle between bracing and struts
end. is close to 45 degrees.
Do not keep bracings
too long. If possible nail
them to each floor joist.
Strut Gussel
4.Install more
sets of bracings
5. Instead of two Two
to cover more
nails or screws for a BoHJd
area of the deck.
stronger connection
use 2 bolts with
3mm thick steel
gusset plate.

6. Collar Beam for Rafters in Pitched Roof Understructure

Disaster type: (^ tfify Where to apply the remedy?
Weakness in Sloping Roof : Between the opposite pairs of rafters.
Sideways push on walls from roof rafters resting on them because of:
• Flexibility in roof structure.
Specifications: Use pre- drilled Planks 35x100mm (1 */i" x 4") in
How to install Collar Beam / Horizontal Tie?

Use 2-10 g 75mm long wire

nails or 2- 5mm bolts for fixing
Install Collar Beams as shown above.
Ensure proper level using watertube. plank to the rafter at each end.

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Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

7.Timber Roof & Floor Anchor to Masonry Wall

Disaster type: ($ ^
Weakness in Wooden Roof/ Floor supported on Masonry Walls:
Roof and walls are not connected to each other. So walls are unsupported at top and
hence, more vulnerable.

Specification
"L" shaped bracket of MS
angles 50x50x3mm with Alternatively, bracket with
both legs 220mm long 150x150x3mm MS plate having two
having 3-15mm dia. holes for better connection with wall.
holes,

How to anchor roof/floor deck to the masonry walls?

3.Connect bracket to the

1. Drill holes at a suitable 2. Install brackets on the wall using underside of wood beams with
location in walls using 15mm 12mm dia. Bolts with mechanical 2-12mm dia. bolts placed
dia. bit. anchor such as expansion bolt. through the beams.

8. Diagonal Bracings & Struts in Pitched Timber Roof

Disaster type: (p $
Weakness in Pitched Timber Roof :
Weak against sideway forces causing distortions (rectangle becoming
parallelogram ) of timber framing and resultant damage to gable walls.

Where to apply remedy? At the underside of the rafters or purlins.

Roof distortion damage
How to install bracings & struts under roof?

Rectangle becoming
Parallelogram

Roof with Rafter from Ridge to Eave Roof with Purlins from Gable to Gable

Install struts as shown in photos. Install Bracing Alternately, a cheaper and simpler
in K, Z or X pattern. Use 100mm (4") x 25mm option:
(1") or heavier planks. Pre-drill the planksas Make X-Bracings of four 13 gauge
Two bolts with gusset plate well as principal rafters to prevent splitting. Gl wires tied to strut and twisted
Use 2 nails at each joint. to pre-tension them.
make stronger connection.
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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

9. Knee Braces at Beam-Column joint Disaster type: (^ ^

Weakness in Beam-to-Column Connection:
Weak flexible connection allows excessive swayoftimber frame that results in damage towalls.
How to install Knee Braces?

Install one knee brace for each beam

resting on column from different direction.
Knee brace can be made of MS Angles,
MS Pipes or timber.
Knee brace connection to column and
beam must be able to take tension and
compression.
Column
Knee brace should be heavy enough to
Retrofitted Roof Deck resist buckling under pressure.

10. lacketing of Masonry Column Disaster type: ($

Weakness in Masonry Column:
Bending of column by lateral forces causes cracking becausecolumn has no ductility.
Fill holes with non-shrink grout.
How to Jacket ii column?

Install 8mm TOR

shear connectors in Install two 8mm At top connect the
Remove plaster pre-drilled holes in TOR rods on each bars with rebars of
and rake the columns for ancho face along with slab or beams with Cover all reinforcement including
joints. ring 8mm TOR verti 6mm rings—a4- adequate overlap. joint attop with 1:4 cement mortar.
cal rods to them. 300mm c/c.

11. Anchoring Roofing Tiles & Sheeting to Understructure

Weakness in Tile Roofing:
Absence of anchoring results in tiles and sheeting getting blown off. Disaster type: f3 $
How to anchor roof tiles and sheeting to understructure?

Install two 10 ga. Gl Install RC Strips Install U- hooks to

Install a Gl wire hook
wires on the lowest 100X100mm with 10mm anchor sheet
under every tile
row of tiles from one dia TOR bar at max. roofing to purlins.
attaching it to purlin.
end to other. spacing 1200mm.

Details for all these itemsare given in Chapter 7 on "New Construction"

95
 By now the reader must have
understood the retrofitting measures
that are necessary in his area. After
selection of the measures to retrofit a
building the main question that he
will be faced with is "what quantity of
materials are needed" and "how much
money he will have to spend".

How to use the Material Quantity information? :

• Here for a specific quantity of each feature the quantities of material required such
c
as cement, steel bars, sand, aggregates etc. are given. o
• The user has to finalize which features he is going to use and determine the quantity
of each feature.

• Next, with that quantity in hand use the information provided in this Chapter.
• Simply multiply quantity of a particular feature to the material quantities provided in
this Chapter to arrive at the total quantity of material required.
• For each material quantity the commonly used measuring systems are adopted to
make it easy for user as well as for ease of ordering the materials.
(A
Material quantities listed lure arc .i|>pli< able to one or more of the Seismic Zones (A
III, IV and V, and Wind Zones III and IV as indicated in Chapter 11 & 12.
0)
Restoration Features

Item no.1.
G-1 & G-2 Crack sealing with 1:3 Cement Sand mortar. a) 2
Material quantities: For 10m length of Crack
Cement 0.004 Cu.m = 0.13 Bags
Sand 0.01 Cu.m = 0.003 Brass
•- ©
Item no. 2. G-3 Crack grouting using appropriate grouting plasticizer
in (a) 350mm thick Brick wall with 30% cavity in crack and
2 s
(b) 450mm thick UCR wall with 150% cavity.
c 0)
Material quantities: For 10m (32' 9'/a") length of Crack <B C
Brick Masonry UCR Masonry
3 Z
Cement
Sand
0.01 Cu.m = 0.2 Bags 0.04 Cu.m = 1.2 Bags
0.013 Cu.m = 0.01 Bras 0.01 Cu.m = 0.03 Bras; a S • Ml
Grouting Plasticizer 0.03 Liter 0.2 Liter

Item no. 3.
Crack Stitching Strap 280 mm wide with 250 mm ^1^ —
• "5 o
wide WWM having 9-13 gauge wires longitudinally
and cross wires at spacing of 75mm and covered in
35mm thick cement mortar.
4) o
Material quantities: For 10m (32' 9'A") length of Crack stitching
Galvanized WWM -13gauge 25mmx75mm = 2.3 Sq.m « *
5mm thk. 100mm (4") long Galvanized Nails with washer = 4.5 kg.
Cement = 0.03 Cu.m = 0.9 Rags
2 <*
Sand = 0.1 Cu.m = 0.03 Brass

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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Retrofitting Features
Item no.1.
100mm dia. Cast In-situ Concrete Bond Element cum
Shear Connector with 8mm TOR rod reinforcement
and infill of Concrete 1:2:4.

Material quantities : for 10 no. of Bond Elements

M
225mm thk. Wall 450mm thk. Wall
Cement 0.004 Cu.m =0.11 Bags 0.01 Cu.m = 0.25 Bags
8mm TOR Steel Rods 2.8 kg. 3.7 kg.
Sand 0.01 Cu.m = 0.003 Brass 0.02 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass
Aggregates 0.02 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass 0.031 Cu.m = 0.011 Brass

Item no 2.
Vertical bar at corners encased in 100x100mm (4"x4") triangle of 1:1.5:3 micro concrete.
'w Material quantities: for 10 meter length of the Vertical Bar
with bottom 400mm bent in 'L' shape
2 Cement 0.1 Cu.m = 0.4 Bags
Sand 0.021 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass
M Aggregates 0.04 Cu.m = 0.02 Brass
10mm dia. 12mm dia. 1 6mm dia.
Steel 8.64 kg. 12.5 kg. 22.1 kg.

Item no.3.
Vertical bar bottom anchor 450x300x300mm (18 "x12"x12") filled with 1:3:6 micro
concrete.
Material quantities: for 10 no. of Vertical Bar Anchor at Bottom
Cement = 0.06 Cu.m = 1.748 Bags
Sand = 0.19 Cu.m = 0.065 Brass
Aggregates = 0.369 Cu.m = 0.13 Brass

Item no.4.

Vertical bar RCC slab roof anchor covered in 1:1 V^ :3 micro

concrete or Cement Mortar (1:3).
Material quantities: for 10 no. of Vertical Bar Anchor with RC Slab
Cement = 0.01 Cu.m = 0.25 Bags
Sand = 0.01 Cu.m = 0.004 Brass
Aggregates = 0.02 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass

Item no 5.
Vertical WWM Strap 400 mm wide made with WWM having14-13 gauge galvanized wires
in longitudinal direction and cross-wires at 75mm spacing plus 2-6mm dia. MS bars and 1-
12mm TOR bar (for lower storey only) and covered in 35mm thick 1:3 Cement plaster.
Material quantities: For 10m (32' 91/2") lenjith of Vertical WWM Strap
Top storey lop storey ; Lower storey
Gl WWM -13 gauge 25mmx50mm 0.25 Sq.m 3.50 Sq.m
6mm MS Steel Rods = 4.5 kg.
12mm TOR Steel Rods 0 0 9.0 kg.
Cement 0.33 Cu.m =1.0 Bags 0.044 Cu.m = 1.32 Bags
Sand 0.1 Cu.m =0.035 Brass 0.14Cu.m = 0.049Brass
5mm thk. Gl Nails with washer = 6.7 kg.

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Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Item no 6.

Vertical WWM Strap bottom anchor 400x150x300 (16"x6"x12") filled with 1:3:6 concrete.
Material quantities: For 10 no. of Vertical WWM Strap Anchor at Bottom
Gl WWM -1 3 gauge 25mmx50mm = 0.9 Sq.m
6mm MS Steel Rods = 1.8 kg.
12mm TOR Steel Rods = 3.6 kg.
Cement = 0.03 Cu.m = 0.8 Bags
Sand = 0.1 Cu.m = 0.03 Brass
Aggregates = 0.2 Cu.m = 0.1 Brass

Item no 7.
Vertical WWM Strap top anchor covered in 1:1 Vz :3 micro concrete or (1:3) Cement Mortar.
Material quantities: For 10 no. of Vertical WWM Strap Anchor to RC Slab
Gl WWM -13 gauge 25mmx50mm = 0.7 Sq.m
6mm MS Steel Rods = 1.33 kg.
12mm TOR Steel Rods = 2.7 kg.
Cement = 0.01 Cu.m= 0.14 Bags
Sand = 0.01 Cu.m = 0.003 Brass
Aggregates = 0.02 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass

Item no 8. Horizontal Belt 280 mm wide with 250 mm wide WWM having9-13 gauge
longitudinal wiresand crosswiresspacingof 75mm, plus longitudinal 6mm
dia. MS bar covered in 35mm thick 1:3 Cement plaster.
Material quantities: For 10m (32' 9'/") length of horizontal belt
< 5mt. wall. Up to 6mt. wall.
Gl WWM -g1 3 25mmx50mm 2.3 Sq.m
>mm Ihik Gl Nails with washer 4.5 kg.
Cement 0.024Cu.m=0.73Baj 0.01 Cu.m= 0.14 Bags
Sand 0.08Cu.m=0.03Brass 0.1 Cu.m = 0.033 Brass

6mm MS Steel Rods < 5mt. wall. up to 6mt. wall

2no. 4.5 kg. 2no. 4.5 kg. 2no. 4.5 kg. 4no. 9.0 kg.

Item no 9. 12mm dia. MS Tie Rod with 100mm long threading at both ends
with 2 nuts and 100x100x5mm MS bearing at each end.
Material quantities: For 10 m length of Tie Rod
12mm dia. TOR Steel Rods = 9.0 kg.
Steel - MS Bearing Plates - 2 ea. = 4.7 kg.
Misc.- Nuts, threading, washers etc. = 20.0 no.
Cement

Sand
= 0.02 Cu.m = 0.5 Bags
= 0.03 Cu.m = 0.01 Brass \ X?'-
*

ft w
Aggregates = 0.06 Cu.m = 0.02 Brass
HI 1
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 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Item no 10.

Jacketing of 350x350mm (14"x14") brick column with

8 - 8mm TOR rods and 6mm stirrups at 300 c/c
covered in 1:4 Cement mortar.

Material quantities: For 10m (32' 9'A") height of Column

6mm MS Steel Rods = 12.25 kg.
12mm TOR Steel Rods (Main bars) = 31.6 kg.
Cement = 0.04 Cu.m = 1.25 Bags
Sand = 0.17 Cu.m = 0.06 Brass

Item no 11.
Brick Column jacketing shear connector 8mm TOR dowel 150mm
long, embedded 150mm (6") deep in brick masonry and grouted with
appropriate non-shrink grout (1 )Non-shrink. Cement: (1) Water.
Material ciuantities: For 10 no.Brick Column Shear Connector.
Steel - 8mm TOR = 1.2kg.
Non - shrink Cement =0.4kg.

Item no 12.
Timber Attic floor anchor to wall made of 50x50x3mm L shape MS
Angle with 300mm(12") long each leg mounted on wall with 4 -
12mm dia. bolts and connected to floor joist with 3-12mm dia. Bolts.

Material quantity: For 10 no. of Anchors

Anchor Brae kets - MS Angle 50x50x3mm, 12"x12" with three 13mm holes in each leg. 13.80 Kg
10"Long 12 mm dia. Bolt with 2 no. Washers &1 no. nut. 30 no.

8"Long 8 mm dia. Mechanical Fasteners with 1 no. washers & 1 no. nut. 40 no.

• Item no. 13

Wooden Diagonal Bracing (K) &

Struts For Floor and Roof Framing.
Material quantities: For 10 Sq.m of Floor/ Roof area
100mm (4") x 25mm (1") timber plank = 0.03 Cu.m
4 nails / plank -1 Ogauge 100mm long = 16 no.

Item no.14.

Diagon al Gl Wire Bracing (X) & Wood Struts for Roof Framing:
Struts m« ide of timber planks and bracings made of 4 strands of twisted
Pre-tens oned 13gauge Gl wires.

Material quantities: For 10 Sq.m of Roof area

100mm (4") x 25mm d") strut (plank) = 0.2 Cu.m
10 gauge Nailsl 00mm long = 8 no.
13 gauge Gl Wire = 1.0 Kg

99
 While doing Restoration &
Retrofitting pay attention to
following principles of good
practice:

Belt & Vertical Reinforcement

1. Study the building and the levels of door and

window lintels to decide the exact alignment of full
belt before starting its installation to avoid
unexpected obstructions later.

2. Use tube level to mark out the belt alignment and use
electric grinder to make a groove along the top and
bottom of belt alignment in orderto minimize damage to
plaster during its removal and thus reduce the cost.
0)

3. Rakeall joints 15mm (5/8") deep and clean the

wall surface with wire brush and then with water
<*
to ensure good bond with the wall.

4. Ensure total encasing of WWM and bars in cement (0

mortar by keepinga 12mm V/2") gap between wall and
WWM with the use of some spacers such that the
mortar covers it from behind. o
to
O
tc
I

to

o
5. Use galvanized WWM for all 6. End of WWM belt must always
applications on exterior face of wall overlap with other WWM belt or a
to prevent corrosion. steel rod forcontinuity.

100
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

Vertical Reinforcement

7. Ensure adequate all around concrete cover

on Vertical Reinforcement by ensuring a gap of
38 to 50mm (1 V2" to 2") between the rod and
the wall.

8. Concrete for encasing vertical reinforcement should

contain aggregates no larger than 12mm O/2") and
concreting should be accompanied by continuous
rodding for proper encasing in concrete.

Shear Connectors & Bond Elements

1. Make dumbbell shaped holes with its core

just wide enough to permit the insertion of the
8mm TOR rod with hooked end in order to
ensure its effectiveness in holding the wythes
(wall faces) together and to reduce mortar
consumption.
In RR masonry use aggregates no bigger than
6mm (1/4") in concrete. In brick masonry use
mortar instead of concrete with coarse sand.
Reinforcing bars must be fully encased in
concrete.

Roof & Floor

1.Use of gusset plate with at least 2. If nails are used for connection of 3. Pre-drilling is
two bolts in installing brecings timber struts and bracing use a desirable with timber
and struts is stronger than that minimum of two nails or screws for to prevent cracking.
with nails. each joint.

4. If bracing is made of multiple strands

of Gl wires then use carpenter's hammer
to pull each wire tight during installation.

5. Twist all wires along one diagonal

in the bracings together with the help
of a 150mm (6") long MS rod for pre-
tensioning.

101
r Having a right tool on hand for
each restoration and retrofitting
activity is important. It will reduce
the effort, increase speed and
improve the quality of work.

Restoration and Retrofitting involve a few activities that are not carried out in routine
construction. These activities require special tools that are not commonly found at a
construction site. The list presented below consists mainly of such tools that ought to be
procured and kept readily available at site prior to taking up restoration and retrofitting
activities. The power tools are optional. But ifelectric power is available then these tools
can not only help in doing a neat job but also greatly expedite the work.

For Wall Preparation & Making Holes i_ 0

m

Electric grinder
0
for plaster 1L W
cutting
Safety goggles
+J 1-
Power drill with
ong extension c 0
cord
0
Drill bits of
Brick masonry hole making
12mm (1/2"),
16mm (5/8"),
20mm (5/6"),
tool 35mm d'A") dia. Gl pipe
300mm 12" and 450mm 18"
E 4)
300mm (12")
long.
long
a tt
Wire brush to clean the wall 1 ^M

Stone extraction tools 3 <*

Tool for raking O"
mortar joints
LU 0)
Hammer
c
73 •••

C JJ
(0
' w
• ••

!#•
Stone extraction rod

(A 0
For Shear Anchors and Concreting ^" ^
Bar bending set
0 +*
Sheet metal for form work
of corner vertical
reinforcement concreting Bar bending tools 0 0)
H oc
'Pliers with wire cutter
Different size chisels for
cutting steel rods, WWM
and concrete

Spanners for the wall

anchor bolts

tongs to hold chisel

5 kg. Sludge hammer
102
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

For WWM Belt

Belt Alignment Marking tools

Tube level

Cotton String

Heavy duty vVire cutter

Plumb
bob

Simple Grouting Equipment

Grout pouring mug

Binding Wire
tightening tool
Additive measuring cups

owel

Grouting Canister Grouting Hand pump

50x25mm (2"x1") wood batten
for forming the lower edge of belt
plaster, or an aluminum straight
edge 1.82m (6' 0") long.
Big Funnel Small Funnel

Carpenter's Tools

Carpenter's
hammer
Bolts & Nails

Handdrill

Handdrill Carpenter's sa

103
 Poor Performance of RCC
Structures
It is the mistakes that make a structure
weak and vulnerable against forces of
nature. So it is important for those
building RCC structures to understand
the correct way of building them and
follow the basic rules.

Before Kutchch Earthquake most people thought that RCCstructures would never
collapse. But the earthquake showed them that they were wrong. Every one has
seen cracksin beams, columnsand slabs,and chunksofconcrete separatingfrom
the underside of slab and falling, and exposing the corroded bars.

o
> 3

Corrosion Damage Collapse in earthquake

3 O
1.Purpose and Limitations : o
The technology of RCC structure is based on scientific principles. Its design involves
use of these principles. Each situation demands a new design that meets the
requirements of that situation. For some one to carry out such a design he must have
thenecessary engineering knowledge. But for those whodo not have this knowledge
and still want to plan and build small RC structures, it is important that they know
o oc
some basic rules that are given here so that major mistakes are avoided. It is,
however, not possible to give rules that would help the builder decide the size of
different components and the number of reinforcing bars to be used. Nonetheless, it
will be best ifan engineer's advise istaken. «*- 0)
In this Chapter the numerical information given under 3. Sketches of RCC
Construction Details is applicable to small size structures that are commonly built 0)
without the involvement of engineer. The maximum sizesof various components in (0
such a building are given below including size of RC slab, beams and columns. In
addition the commonly used bar sizes are also given. Seekadvise of an engineer for 0 c
buildings with bigger components.

Caution: The guidance given in this chapter is for buildings having no more than 2
storeys, room dimensions no more than 5m and storey height no more than 3m.
c
Max. Room Dimension
= 5m(16'4'/4"
Max. Beam size approx. 250X250mm (10"x10"
Rebars used 10 or 12mm dia. TOR
— I
Max Slab thickness approx. 115mm (4Ve")
Rebars used 8 or 10mm dia. TOR. W c
Max. Storey Height = 3m (9' 10")
(0 o
Column size approx. 230mmX 230mm or larger
MS : Mild sleel h.n Main Rebars used 10, or 12mm dia. TOR
TOR : Deformed ba Rings - 6mm MS or 8mm dia. TOR

104
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

2.Precautions to be taken in RCC Construction

A. For small structures 43 grade B.Always use fresh cement. C. Use no

cement is preferred over 53 Do not use cement which is larger than
grade cement. six months old or older. 20mm (3/4")
aggregate.

old
(i-ment

D.Use 300x300x300mm E .Use of machine for F. If machine is not

(12"x12"x12")-3"box for exact
measurement of ingredients.
mixing concrete preferred.
Ik* available then mix dry
cement and sand first
with hands. Then add
aggregates and mix
everything three times.
Next add water and mix
it throughly until the
color is uniform and is
of desired consistency.

F. Volume of water used in preparing the G. Reinforcing bars must be clean, free from loose
concrete should not be too little or too much. rust, and coating of paints, oil, mud, dirt etc.
Fori 00
cubic feet of
concrete
The water
add 6 to 10 should be
cubic feet of clean. Water Any impurity
water. For fit for drinking on bar
1cu.m of is best for weakens the
concrete
concrete. Sea bond between
add 60 to
100 litres of water must steel and
water. never be used concrete

H.Always usespacersto lift the I. All cantilevered slabs must have

reinforcement so that they get main reinforcement bars near the ). When the slab
the required concrete cover. top and not near the bottom and continues over a
Make spacers at site with 1:3
cement mortar and binding anchored fully at the back to heavy wall or beam to the
wire. stabilizing weight. next room, always
crank up alternate
r Bars near t=y •Slal bars or provide extra
pieces of steel as it
goes over the wall or
the beam.

.«•
L. Do not use weak centering. Use good M. Keep RC work wet
K. Once the
concrete is quality centering that does not deform for minimum ofl 5 days.
* ..: placed, when concrete is placed.
•m>? -\ rodding must
Vi!m "
h5L^»c—• be done with
C3p steel bar, or a
vibrator to
remove all
r AfP "^^ the air from
the concrete.

105
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India I

3. Sketches of RCC Construction Details

1. Spacing of Reinforcement:

Maximum spacing between ^s^ Minimum spacing

reinforcing bars in Slab />>^ between reinforcing bars

2. Minimum Concrete Cover for reinforcement

in. 40mm dVi"

In slab and beam in coastal areas with high humidity the
minimum cover should be 30mm (1 '/s")
<5i V

Beam - Connected to Columns

Column

Min. 25mm (1"

Slab - Continuous Over Support

Min. 1 5 rim (W)

Min. 40mm OVi"

,
y y

^
V
Min.
Column
15mm (5/a"K

Support
Column Support Support

Beam - Simply Supported

Slab - Simply Supported

^ Min. 25mm
yZ
0")
>

Support Support Support Support

106
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

3. Reinforcement Arrangement in Continuous Beam

(Equal or nearly equal spans and uniformly loaded)
At least two straight bars must be provided at top and at bottom in
the entire length of the beam in addition to the bars shown here.

4. Suggested Tie/Ring Spacings for Beams

Min. 2 bars
Max. 50mm TOR bar dia. D throughout at top
& bottom

Ties/ Rings at:

Lesser of d/4 or 8D2
But < 100mm

5.Anchorage of Bars: Minimum requirement

If straight
length is
L1=d1 x50
not
enough •Bar of Diameter d1
then bar
can be
bent

^ar of Diameter d2
L2 = d2 x 50

Ties at
spacing no
more than
150mm (6")
apart
Support 50xbar dia.

107
Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

6. Confining
Reinforcement in
1—"y
♦ pC l5C\ «1
Provide ties @ 75- ro f

100mm within the = v. E 3-

joint. Also see 9. t-

7. Special Confining Reinforcement in

Column Ending in Footing

Column

Caution: Ties
must extend in to
noting

Tie Spacing 75-

Lap
100mm (3"-4")
vertical
bars in
middle hall
only

9. Beam Column Joint

\t fBeam Bars

3P
8. Tie for Column Size less than 300mm ^

77"
Column

Column
r\ Column s/ f-fieam Bars

/
75mm
(3") y "Sc
J-
8 TOR dia.Tie Tie
Beam Bars should run straight through column

10.Continuous Slab Suggested bar arrangement

4 (Simply supported at ends and intermediate supports)
Suppor
Li IS
I*-
-U' b

\ a/* Bend alternate —*a

/ \ )
Supp rh " Li *"'••i^'.p s" - i<hl77T J Suppor1
la

c = bottom steel; a = alternate bent barslfrom c); b = extra straight bars if needed

Alternate bar of
11. Simply Supported Slab & Beam
20 1 main steel bent up Reinforcement Arrangement
f Bar dia. D \ \
/Temperature Steel
i . , , ,>.•>• I ., • I I

20 J ~M Main Steel
50D/3
Jj2_

-v-
108
 Manual on Hazard Resistant Construction in India

REFERENCES

1. A.S.Arya Dr. Principal Seismic Advisor, NDMA, Ministry of Home Affairs,

Government of India, 2005, Guidelines for "Repair, Restoration and Retrofitting of
Masonry Buildings in Earthquake Affected Areas of Jammu & Kashmir", and
Guidelines for "Earthquake Resistant Reconstruction and New Construction of
Masonry Buildings in Jammu and Kashmir State"
2. A.S.Arya Dr., Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Gujarat.
2002, Guidelines for "Repair, Restoration and Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings in
Kutchch Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat" and Guidelines for "Reconstruction
and New Construction of Houses in Kutchch Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat".
3. Anand S. Arya Dr., 2007, "Earthquake Disaster Reduction: Masonry Buildings,
Design and Construction"
4. BMTPC, 2000, "Guidelines for Damage Assessment and Post-Earthquake Action
Part" II: "Repair and Retrofitting of Buildings in the Chomoli Earthquake Affected
Areas",
5. BMTPC, 1999, "Guidelines Improving Earthquake Resistance of Housing",
6. BMPTC, Government of India, "Guide to Earthquake Safety for Uttaranchal"
7. BMTPC, 1997, Vulnerability Atlas of India
8. BMTPC, 1999-2000, "Guidelines Improving Wind/Cyclone Resistance of Housing
9. BMTPC, 2000, "Manual on Earthquake Safety for Garhwal" in Hindi language
10. DESAI, RAJENDRA, 1999, "Field Shake Table Program- A Sure Way of Confidence
Building in Quake Resistant Building Technology", ASAG, (unpublished, available
from the author)
11. ASAG,, 1994, "Earthquake and our House" in Marathi Language
12. ASAG, 1994, "Repaires and Retrofitting The Marathwada Houses"
13. NCPDP, 2006, "Manual for restoration and Retrofitting of Rural Vernacular
Structures in Kashmir".
14. SCRC-UNDP, 1996, "Guidelines for Mitigating Damage to Dwellings due to
Cyclones"
15. BRE 1988 "Cyclone-Resistant Houses for Developing Countries"
16. HUDCO, 2000 "Guidelines for Building Reconstruct'., in Cyclone Affected Areas
in Orissa"
17. .Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee, 1989, "A Manual of Earthquake
Resistant Non-Engineered Construction"
18. "Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings-Guidelines",
IS:13828:1993
19. "Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings-Guidelines", IS: 13827:1993
20. "Repair & Seismic Strengthening of Buildings-Guidelines", IS: 13935:1993.
21. "Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Code of Practice"
(Second Revision), IS:4326-1993
22. "Plain and reinforce concrete" IS 456:200
23. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces -
Code of Practice" IS 13920-1993

109
 About GOI-UNDP DRM Programme
Disaster Risk Management Programme is a multi donor funded, joint GOI-UNDP Programme being
implemented in 169 multi hazard prone districts of 17 selected states, with the overall goal of sustainable
reduction in disaster risk across India.

The main objectives of the programme are as follows:

• National Capacity Building to institutionalize the system for natural disaster risk management in the
Ministry Of Home Affairs

• Environment building, education, awareness programmes and strengthening capacities at all levels in
disaster risk management and sustainable recovery

• Multi hazard preparedness, response and mitigation plans for disaster risk management, developing
and promoting policy frameworks at state and national level.

Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Project, a sub component of the GOI-UNDP DRM
Programme is being implemented in 38 seismic prone cities of India falling either in Zone III, IVand V
having a population of more than half a million. The project aims at sustainable reduction in earthquake
risk in urban areas of India.

The major objectives of the project are

• Creating awareness on earthquake preparedness.
Building up the capacity of professionals like architects, engineers and masons on earthquake resistant
construction technology.
Amending the building rules /Byelwas to ensure to structural safety in natural hazard prone areas.
• Build the capacity of local community by putting in place earthquake preparedness and response plan
and training them in lifesupporting skiIIsfor effective response in a post disaster situation.
• Networking of knowledge and best practices across the cities on earthquake risk preparedness and
mitigation.

About NCPDP

National Centre for Peoples'-Action in Disaster Preparedness (NCPDP)

NCPDP was created with a focus on disaster preparedness in October, 2000 at the time of
Bhavnagar Earthquake in Gujarat. This was an outcome of seven years of post earthquake
intervention by itstwo honorary directors in regions of Latur, Jabalpur and Chomoli in India. Later,
it played a major role in rehabilitation as well as capacity building for long-term preparedness in
Gujarat in the aftermath of Kutchch Earthquake, and also worked on capacity building and
technology demonstration in the quake affected Kashmir.

NCPDP is one of a few technology-based organizations in the country with first-hand experience
of working at the grass-roots. It has a firm beliefthat buildingcapacityof people from within isthe
only way to mitigate disasters for a safer world. Hence, we believe that intervention by external
agencies inthe aftermath ofa disasterismost needed to work inthisdirection. Skill up-gradation of
buiIding artisans should formthe backbone ofthis approach.

NCPDP strives to bring viable, eco-friendly and sustainable technologies to help people reduce
their vulnerability against future disasters. It strives to remain prepared for timely intervention in
the aftermath of major disasters. It iscontinuing to work on disaster mitigation through (a)training
ofengineers and buildingartisans, (b) awareness &confidence buildingprograms incommunities,
(c) preparing readyto use technical information for people, (d) research on structural behaviorof
masonry structures, and (e) building vulnerability studies indifferent partsof India. (O.vulnerability
reduction through retrofitting (g). policy interventions.